স্টেইনলেস স্টীল, ডুপ্লেক্স
1.4501 S32760 (F55) Super Duplex
High performance duplex steel with additions of chromium, molybdenum, and nitrogen for enhanced pitting and crevice corrosion resistance.
Superduplex UNS S32760 (F55) combines the desirable aspects of both austenitic and ferritic grades and gives significant life cycle cost advantages when used in severe and corrosive conditions.
It has exceptional resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and to stress corrosion cracking and have high strength combined weldability.
The higher chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen contents result in a Pitting Resistance Equivalent number (PREN) of >40, providing pitting and crevice corrosion resistance superior to austenitic and duplex stainless steels in almost all corrosive media. It also provides higher strength than both austenitic and 22% Cr duplex stainless steels.
পিডিএফ ডাউনলোড করুন
পরিসীমা
| পণ্যের ফর্ম | Size Range |
| গোল বার ছিলা K12 | 5⁄8" - 3" |
অনুগ্রহ করে লক্ষ্য করুন
আপনি যদি যা খুঁজছেন তা না পান, অনুগ্রহ করে আপনার সাথে যোগাযোগ করুন। স্থানীয় সেবা কেন্দ্র আপনার নির্দিষ্ট চাহিদা অনুযায়ী.
1.4501/S32760 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| সিস্টেম / স্ট্যান্ডার্ড | দেশ / অঞ্চল | গ্রেড / পদবী |
| ইউএনএস | আন্তর্জাতিক | S32760 |
| ই.এন. / ডব্লিউ.এন.আর. | ইউরোপ | 1.4501 |
| ইএন নাম (ইএন ১০০৮৮) | ইউরোপ | X2CrNiMoCuWN25-7-4 |
| ASTM A240 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | S32760 (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | S32760 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A479 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | S32760 (bars for pressure) |
| ASTM A789 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | S32760 (seamless tubing) |
| ASTM A790 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | S32760 (seamless pipe) |
| ASTM A182 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | F55 (super duplex forging) |
| বাণিজ্যিক নাম | আন্তর্জাতিক | Zeron 100 |
গুণাবলী
রাসায়নিক গঠন
1.4501/S32760 Steel
| রাসায়নিক মৌল | % উপস্থাপন |
| কার্বন (C) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| ক্রোমিয়াম (Cr) | 24.00 - 26.00 |
| ম্যাঙ্গানিজ (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| সিলিকন (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| ফসফরাস (পি) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| গন্ধক (S) | 0.00 - 0.01 |
| নিকেল (নি) | 6.00 - 8.00 |
| নাইট্রোজেন (N) | 0.20 - 0.30 |
| তামা (Cu) | 0.50 - 1.00 |
| মলিবডেনাম (মো) | 3.00 - 4.00 |
| Tungsten (W) | 0.50 - 1.00 |
| লৌহ (Fe) | সমতা |
যান্ত্রিক ধর্ম
Bar & Section Up to 160mm Dia/Thickness
| যান্ত্রিক সম্পত্তি | মূল্য |
| প্রসার A50 মিমি | 25 % |
| কঠোরতা ব্রিনেল | ২৭০ সর্বোচ্চ এইচবি |
| টানজনিত শক্তি | 750 N/mm2 |
| 0.2% Proof Stress | 550 N/mm2 |
সাধারণ ভৌত বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ
| শারীরিক ধর্ম | মূল্য |
| ঘনত্ব | 7.81 g/cm³ |
| তাপীয় প্রসারণ | 17.2 x10-6/K |
| তাপ পরিবাহকতা | 14.2 W/m.K |
| বৈদ্যুতিক প্রতিরোধকতা | 0.8 x10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 (UNS S32760, often known by trade names like ZERON® 100) is a super duplex stainless steel with very high pitting resistance (PREN > 40), excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking and yield strength roughly twice that of 304/316, making it ideal for highly aggressive chloride and mixed-process environments.
1. Offshore Oil & Gas and Subsea Production
Subsea manifolds, jumpers, flowlines and umbilical hardware exposed to cold, high-pressure seawater
Seawater injection systems, risers and topside process piping handling chlorides, CO₂ and small amounts of H₂S
Christmas trees, valves, connectors, hubs and fittings where both high strength and maximum localized-corrosion resistance are critical
2. Seawater Handling, Desalination and Marine Engineering
Seawater cooling-water systems: intake piping, pump casings, strainers and heat-exchanger components
Desalination plant high-load parts: high-pressure components, evaporator/RO hardware and brine-handling equipment
Highly exposed marine structures and hardware in splash/tidal zones where 316/2205 may pit or crevice-corrode over time
3. Chemical, Petrochemical and Refining Service
Equipment handling hot chloride-bearing, acidic or mixed chloride/acid media where 316L/2205 are borderline
Reactors, columns, heat exchangers and transfer lines in aggressive brines, chlorinated process streams and certain organic acids
Critical components where both high mechanical load এবং top-end localized-corrosion resistance must be combined in one alloy
4. Pulp, Paper, Mining and Minerals Processing
Bleach plant equipment (towers, washers, filtrate lines) in very aggressive chloride + oxidizing conditions
Components in strong, hot liquors where pitting, crevice corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking are severe risks
Slurry piping, pumps, mixers and flotation/processing hardware in mining and mineral-processing plants handling abrasive, chloride-containing slurries
5. Power Generation and Other High-Load Corrosive Duties
Power-plant seawater cooling systems, condensers and high-load structural hardware in coastal installations
FGD (flue-gas desulfurization) equipment where chloride-contaminated condensates and high temperatures are present
High-strength fasteners, shafts, flanges and fittings that must withstand both high stress and very aggressive wet corrosion in industrial plants
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel is chosen for the most aggressive chloride and mixed-process environments—offshore and subsea oil & gas, seawater and desalination systems, harsh chemical and pulp-and-paper service, mining slurries and power-generation cooling—whenever designers need superior pitting/crevice resistance and chloride SCC resistance, together with very high strength, beyond what 316L or even standard duplex grades like 2205 can reliably provide.
Characteristics of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 (UNS S32760, often known under trade names like ZERON 100) is a super duplex stainless steel with a duplex (austenite + ferrite) structure, very high pitting resistance এবং yield strength roughly twice that of 304/316, designed for the most aggressive chloride and mixed-process environments.
1. Super Duplex Microstructure and Alloy Design
প্রায় ৫০১টিপি৩টি ফেরাইট / ৫০১টিপি৩টি অস্টেনাইট দ্রবণ-অ্যানিল করা অবস্থায়।.
High alloying levels (Cr, Mo, N, often W and Cu) give a very high pitting resistance compared with standard duplex (2205) and 300-series austenitic grades.
The duplex structure provides a balance of high strength, good toughness and excellent resistance to stress-corrosion cracking.
2. Very High Strength and Structural Efficiency
ফলন শক্তি সাধারণত about twice that of 304L/316L and higher than standard duplex 2205.
Allows designers to use:
Thinner wall thicknesses in piping and vessels
Lighter, more compact sections in structural and mechanical components
This high strength is crucial offshore and subsea, where weight reduction and compact, high-load parts are valuable.
3. Outstanding Pitting and Crevice Corrosion Resistance
High Cr + Mo + N (and often W) give a very high PREN (pitting resistance number), comfortably above standard duplex and 316L.
এর বিরুদ্ধে চমৎকার প্রতিরোধ পিটিং এবং ফাটল আক্রমণ এতে:
Natural seawater (including warm, oxygenated conditions)
Concentrated brines and chlorinated waters
Aggressive chloride/acid mixtures found in chemical and oil & gas service
This makes S32760 a “go-to” grade where 316 or even 2205 cannot deliver sufficient localized-corrosion margin.
4. Excellent Resistance to Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC)
Duplex microstructure gives ক্লোরাইড-সিসি-র বিরুদ্ধে অত্যন্ত উচ্চ প্রতিরোধ, even at elevated temperatures and stress levels where austenitic grades fail.
Particularly suited to:
Warm seawater and high-chloride cooling systems
Offshore production, injection and process lines under high pressure
This SCC resistance is a key reason for its widespread use in offshore, subsea and desalination equipment.
5. Erosion–Corrosion and Corrosion-Fatigue Performance
High strength plus robust passive film give good resistance to erosion–corrosion in high-velocity seawater and abrasive, chloride-containing slurries.
Duplex structure provides strong corrosion-fatigue resistance under combined cyclic loading and corrosive attack.
Well suited to pumps, valves, mixers, manifolds, risers and slurry-handling components in harsh service.
6. Toughness and Temperature Capability
Toughness is lower than austenitic 316, but high for such a highly alloyed, high-strength grade যখন অণুবিন্যাস সঠিক হয়।.
Performs well at typical offshore and subsea temperatures, including low-temperature seawater.
Like other duplex and super duplex grades, long exposure in certain intermediate/high temperature ranges can form embrittling intermetallic phases, so fabrication heat treatments and service temperatures must respect manufacturer limits.
7. Weldability and Fabrication Considerations
ঝালাইযোগ্য, but must be welded using super duplex-specific procedures:
Carefully controlled heat input and interpass temperature
Super duplex or over-alloyed austenitic filler metals
Proper shielding and back purging to avoid oxidation and loss of corrosion resistance
Correct procedures produce welds with strength and corrosion resistance close to the base metal; poor procedures can lead to intermetallics, reduced toughness and much lower pitting resistance.
৮. যান্ত্রিক ও ভৌত বৈশিষ্ট্যের ভারসাম্য
উচ্চ elastic modulus and strength give excellent stiffness and load-carrying capacity.
Lower thermal expansion than austenitic grades improves dimensional stability in temperature-cycling service.
Ferrite phase makes the alloy চুম্বকীয় in all conditions (unlike annealed 304/316).
Overall, S32760 offers a strong combination of mechanical strength, toughness, fatigue resistance and top-tier localized corrosion resistance.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel that combines a duplex microstructure, very high strength, outstanding pitting/crevice and chloride SCC resistance, good erosion–corrosion and corrosion-fatigue performance, and weldability with appropriate procedures—making it a premier choice for the most demanding offshore, subsea, seawater, chemical and mining environments where both mechanical load and extreme corrosion must be handled in a single material.
অতিরিক্ত তথ্য
ঢালাইযোগ্যতা
Weldability of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 (super duplex) is weldable, but it is much more sensitive than 304/316 or even 2205. To keep its very high strength and corrosion resistance, welding must follow strict super-duplex procedures for heat input, filler choice, shielding and post-weld cleaning.
১. সাধারণ ওয়েল্ডেবিলিটি বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ
Can be welded with standard stainless processes, but:
Process window is narrow compared with austenitic and standard duplex grades.
Incorrect parameters quickly lead to intermetallic phases (sigma, chi) and loss of toughness and pitting resistance.
Super duplex welds must preserve:
A balanced ferrite–austenite ratio ঢালাই ধাতু ও তাপ-প্রভাবিত অঞ্চলে।.
উচ্চ ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা এবং SCC resistance comparable to the base metal.
২. উপযুক্ত ওয়েল্ডিং প্রক্রিয়া
Commonly used processes:
জিটিএডব্লিউ (টিআইজি) – preferred for root passes and thin sections; excellent control.
জিএমএডব্লিউ (এমআইজি/এমএজি) – for production welding of pipe, tube and plate.
SMAW (MMA) – for site work and repairs with super duplex electrodes.
এফসিএডব্লিউ – for shop fabrication using super duplex flux-cored wires.
Autogenous welding (no filler) is generally সুপারিশ করা হচ্ছে না, except on very thin material, because filler composition is critical for phase balance and corrosion resistance.
৩. ফিলার ধাতু নির্বাচন
ব্যবহার করুন matching or slightly over-alloyed super duplex fillers specifically intended for S32760-type alloys.
Filler must:
প্রদান করুন PREN at least equal to, preferably higher than, the base metal.
Deliver a duplex weld metal with suitable ferrite–austenite balance after cooling.
In special cases, over-alloyed austenitic fillers may be used for dissimilar joints or to maximise toughness, but weld metal strength and corrosion resistance must still meet design requirements.
৪. তাপ ইনপুট, ইন্টারপাস তাপমাত্রা এবং শীতলীকরণ
Tight control of heat input is critical:
Too low → excess ferrite, low toughness, reduced corrosion resistance.
Too high / too slow cooling → formation of sigma and other intermetallics, serious embrittlement and loss of pitting resistance.
সাধারণ অনুশীলন (ধারণাগতভাবে):
Keep heat input in a narrow, moderate band recommended for super duplex.
সীমা ইন্টারপাস তাপমাত্রা (often quite low), and avoid heat build-up.
ওয়েল্ডগুলোকে অনুমতি দিন স্থির বাতাসে ঠাণ্ডা; no water quenching.
The goal is a refined duplex microstructure in weld and HAZ with minimal harmful phases.
5. Weld Microstructure, Mechanical Properties and Corrosion Behaviour
Correctly welded S32760 joints can achieve:
উচ্চ শক্তি close to the base metal.
ভাল আঘাত সহনশীলতা, including transverse toughness where required.
পিটিং, ক্র্যাক এবং SCC প্রতিরোধ comparable to the parent plate in seawater/brine service.
Poor welding practice leads to:
Ferrite-rich or intermetallic-containing welds/HAZ with কম দৃঢ়তা.
Markedly reduced pitting resistance, often visible as early corrosion near the welds in seawater or brine.
6. Joint Design, Shielding and Post-Weld Cleaning
যৌথ নকশা:
Avoid excessive restraint and sharp stress raisers at weld toes.
Ensure good access for torch/wire and for later cleaning and inspection.
Shielding / backing:
Use high-quality shielding and ব্যাক পার্জিং (typically inert gas) on root passes to prevent oxidation and loss of corrosion resistance on the inside surface.
Post-weld cleaning:
সরান স্লেগ, স্প্যাটার, তাপের রঙের দাগ এবং অক্সাইড স্কেল by grinding, brushing or blasting.
Use suitable আচারকরণ এবং/অথবা নিষ্ক্রিয়করণ to restore a clean, chromium-rich passive film on and near welds.
৭. ওয়েল্ডের পর তাপ চিকিত্সা (PWHT)
In most cases, no PWHT is applied to S32760; properties are controlled by welding parameters, not by tempering afterwards.
Standard carbon-steel-type stress-relief cycles are উপযুক্ত নয় and can promote intermetallics and embrittlement.
If any PWHT is specified, it must follow strict super duplex guidance from the material standard or mill; otherwise, it can severely damage toughness and corrosion resistance.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel is weldable, but only with carefully controlled super-duplex procedures: use appropriate super duplex fillers, keep heat input and interpass temperature within a very narrow window, ensure excellent shielding and back purging, and thoroughly clean and passivate welds to maintain the alloy’s very high strength, toughness and top-tier pitting/SCC resistance in seawater, brines and other aggressive environments.
তৈরি/নির্মাণ
Fabrication of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel with very high strength and top-tier corrosion resistance. It can be fabricated successfully, but the process window is tighter than for 304/316 or even 2205, so forming, welding and heat input must be carefully controlled.
১. সাধারণ নির্মাণ পদ্ধতি
প্রধানত …-এ সরবরাহিত সলিউশন-অ্যানিলড এবং পিকলড condition (plate, pipe, tube, bar, forgings).
অধিকাংশ আকৃতি দেওয়া, মেশিনিং এবং ওয়েল্ডিং এই অবস্থায় এটি করা উচিত।.
Very high yield strength means:
উচ্চ গঠন ও কাটার বল
More spring-back in bending/rolling
Planning must integrate:
গঠন ক্রম
Weld sequence and access
Final tolerances, residual stresses and distortion control
২. গঠন এবং শীতল কাজের প্রক্রিয়া
Cold formability is lower than 304/316 and standard duplex 2205, but still adequate for:
Rolling and bending of plate and sections
Forming shells, cones, heads and moderate profiles
ভাল অনুশীলন:
ব্যবহার করুন বৃহত্তর বাঁক ব্যাসার্ধ এজ ক্র্যাকিং এড়ানোর জন্য 304/316-এর তুলনায়।.
ফর্ম ইন ক্রমিক পদক্ষেপ with smooth tools and good lubrication to reduce galling.
Expect and compensate for increased spring-back.
Heavy cold work raises strength/hardness and introduces residual stresses; for critical parts in severe environments, very high cold strain should be followed by সমাধান এনিলিং.
3. Hot Working and Solution Annealing in the Route
Hot working (forging, hot bending) must follow super duplex temperature limits to avoid intermetallic phases.
গুরুত্বপূর্ণ হট ওয়ার্কের পর, একটি পূর্ণ সমাধান এনিল + দ্রুত শীতলীকরণ is typically required to:
Restore a balanced austenite–ferrite microstructure
Recover toughness and maximum pitting/SCC resistance
Components are normally put into service in the সমাধান-অ্যানিল করা অবস্থা, with no additional PWHT after correct welding.
৪. মেশিনিং
যন্ত্রযোগ্যতা হল more demanding than 304/316 and 2205 because of higher strength and work-hardening.
Recommendations:
ব্যবহার করুন rigid setups and carbide tooling designed for duplex/super duplex.
প্রয়োগ করুন moderate cutting speeds and adequate feed to cut below any work-hardened layer.
ব্যবহার করুন প্রচুর কুল্যান্ট and good chip-breaking geometries.
সাধারণ পথ:
Rough machining in the solution-annealed condition.
After all welding/straightening, apply light finishing cuts or grinding to reach final size and surface finish.
5. Welding as Part of Fabrication
S32760 is weldable, but welds must follow super duplex procedures (see Weldability section):
Tight control of তাপ ইনপুট এবং ইন্টারপাস তাপমাত্রা.
সঠিক super duplex filler metals.
High-quality shielding and ব্যাক পার্জিং for roots.
Normally no PWHT is used; properties are controlled by welding parameters, not post-weld tempering.
৬. পৃষ্ঠ পরিষ্কারকরণ, পিকলিং এবং প্যাসিভেশন
To achieve full corrosion performance, all fabricated surfaces and welds must be যথাযথভাবে পরিষ্কার করা:
গ्राइন্ডিং, ব্রাশিং বা ব্লাস্টিংয়ের মাধ্যমে স্ল্যাগ, স্প্যাটার এবং তাপজনিত রঙের দাগ সরান।.
Use suitable আচার তৈরি (or high-quality mechanical cleaning) followed by নিষ্ক্রিয়ীকরণ.
Aim for smooth, defect-free surfaces, especially in seawater / brine / crevice-prone areas.
Poorly cleaned or heat-tinted areas will lose a large part of the alloy’s pitting and crevice resistance advantage.
৭. বিকৃতি, অবশিষ্ট চাপ এবং মাত্রাগত নিয়ন্ত্রণ
High strength and lower thermal expansion than austenitics help dimensional stability, কিন্তু:
Welding and heavy cold work still introduce significant residual stresses.
Practical measures:
ব্যবহার করুন balanced weld sequences এবং পর্যাপ্ত ফিক্সচার।.
Avoid excessive local cold straightening in critical areas.
For precision parts, plan:
Form → Weld (with super duplex WPS) → Light straighten if needed → Finish machine / grind.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel can be fabricated successfully when treated as a very high-strength, narrow-window duplex alloy: do forming and machining mainly in the solution-annealed state, use super-duplex-qualified welding procedures, and always finish with thorough cleaning, pickling/passivation and light final machining or grinding to preserve its balanced duplex microstructure, very high strength and exceptional corrosion performance in the most aggressive environments.
গরম কাজ
Hot Working of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel can be hot worked successfully, but it has a narrow and critical temperature window. Correct hot-working practice is essential to avoid intermetallic phases and to maintain toughness and very high corrosion resistance.
১. প্রস্তাবিত গরম কাজের তাপমাত্রার পরিসর
Typical hot-working / forging range is about 1100–1250°C.
রূপান্তর শুরু করুন towards the upper part সেরা প্লাস্টিসিটির জন্য এই পরিসরের.
করো not work below roughly 1000°C – ductility drops rapidly and the risk of cracking increases.
দীর্ঘ ধরে রাখা এড়িয়ে চলুন 800–1000°C region, where intermetallic phases (e.g. sigma) can form.
২. তাপ দেওয়া ও ফোরজিং অনুশীলন
Heat slowly and uniformly through the full section before heavy deformation.
ব্যবহার করুন substantial, well-controlled reductions per pass, not light tapping, to refine the grain structure.
Reheat when the workpiece temperature falls near the lower working limit – do not continue to work it “too cold”.
Avoid overheating or excessive soaking at maximum temperature to limit grain growth, scale formation and property loss.
৩. উত্তপ্ত কাজের পর এবং দ্রবণ এনিলিংয়ের পর শীতলীকরণ
After forging or hot forming, allow the part to cool in স্থির বাতাস down to a safe handling temperature.
For S32760, a full solution anneal after significant hot work is normally mandatory সর্বাধিক অনুকূল বৈশিষ্ট্য পুনরুদ্ধার করতে:
Reheat to the specified solution-annealing range (per mill/specification).
সম্পূর্ণ উত্তাপ প্রবাহের জন্য ভিজিয়ে রাখুন।.
দ্রুত ঠান্ডা করুন (usually water quench, or very fast air for small/thin sections).
এড়িয়ে চলুন slow cooling through the 600–1000°C range, which promotes intermetallic phase formation and embrittlement.
৪. পৃষ্ঠ স্কেল, মেশিনিং অ্যালাও্যান্স এবং পরিচ্ছন্নতা
At hot-working temperatures, super duplex develops heavy oxide scale and may suffer some surface damage.
Leave sufficient মেশিনিং/গ्राइন্ডিং ছাড় to remove scale and any decarburised or otherwise damaged surface layer.
After hot working and solution annealing, apply:
Mechanical cleaning (grinding, blasting, brushing) and/or
Pickling and passivation
to restore a clean metallic surface and full corrosion resistance.
৫. অণুবিন্যাস এবং বৈশিষ্ট্যে প্রভাব
Correct hot working + solution annealing gives:
A fine, well-balanced austenite–ferrite (duplex) microstructure.
উচ্চ ফলন শক্তি এবং ভালো টেকসইতা।.
সর্বোচ্চ পিটিং, ক্রিভিস এবং এসসিসি প্রতিরোধ characteristic of super duplex.
Poor control (working too cold, overheating, slow cooling, long holds in mid-temperature ranges) can:
ফল-শাকসবজি মোটা শস্য and reduced impact toughness.
রূপ সিগমা এবং অন্যান্য আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায়, severely degrading toughness and localized corrosion resistance.
৬. ডিজাইন, বিকৃতি এবং ফাটল নিয়ন্ত্রণ
Design preforms and forgings with:
Smooth transitions, generous radii and uniform section thickness where possible.
No sharp corners or abrupt thickness changes that concentrate stress during forging or cooling.
For long shafts, rings or complex shapes:
Use proper support and handling during hot work and cooling to minimise bending and distortion.
ফর্জিংগুলো পরিদর্শন করুন স্তরের ভাঁজ, ভাঁজ এবং পৃষ্ঠের ফাটল before investing in final heat treatment and machining.
সারসংক্ষেপ
Hot working of 1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel must be done in a controlled 1100–1250°C range, with substantial reductions, careful reheating, followed by obligatory solution annealing and rapid cooling plus thorough cleaning, to preserve a fine duplex microstructure, very high strength, and the exceptional corrosion resistance required in its typical offshore, subsea and other highly aggressive applications.
তাপ প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা
Heat Resistance of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel designed primarily for high-strength service in aggressive, chloride-containing environments at low to moderately elevated temperatures, not as a high-temperature or creep-resistant alloy.
১. প্রস্তাবিত সার্ভিস তাপমাত্রার পরিসর
সাধারণত থেকে ব্যবহৃত হয় শূন্য ডিগ্রির নিচে থেকে প্রায় ২৫০–৩০০°C পর্যন্ত তাপমাত্রা অবিচ্ছিন্ন সেবায়.
Within this range it retains:
Very high ফলন এবং টানজনিত দৃঢ়তা compared with 304/316 and even 2205
ভাল দৃঢ়তা and excellent localized-corrosion resistance
Long-term operation significantly above this range is সুপারিশ করা হচ্ছে না, especially in critical corrosive service.
২. উচ্চ তাপমাত্রায় শক্তি ও টেকসইতা
তাপমাত্রা বাড়ার সাথে সাথে:
ফলন এবং টানমূলক দৃঢ়তা কমে যায়, but remain high relative to standard stainless steels.
অবসাদ প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা drops with temperature and cyclic loading, as with all steels.
In its intended range, S32760 provides:
A very favourable শক্তি-ওজন অনুপাত for pressure-containing and structural components
যথেষ্ট আঘাত সহনশীলতা where fabrication and heat treatment have been properly controlled
3. Chloride Environments and SCC Behaviour at Elevated Temperature
A key advantage of super duplex S32760 is its very high resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC), even at elevated temperatures where 304/316 are vulnerable.
In hot seawater, warm brines and aggressive chloride process streams:
Austenitic 300-series grades may fail by SCC.
S32760 typically maintains integrity, provided design stresses and temperature remain within recommended limits.
This makes it particularly valuable in offshore, subsea, desalination and cooling-water systems operating at elevated but not extreme temperatures.
৪. অণুবিন্যাসগত স্থিতিশীলতা এবং আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায়সমূহ
Like all duplex and super duplex alloys, S32760 is sensitive to আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায় গঠন (e.g. sigma, chi) and ৪৭৫°সেলসিয়াস ধরনের ভঙ্গুরতা if held too long in certain temperature bands.
Extended exposure in intermediate/high ranges can:
তীব্রভাবে হ্রাস করুন আঘাত সহনশীলতা
নিম্ন পিটিং এবং ফাটল-ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ
Increase susceptibility to cracking under load
For this reason, continuous long-term service at elevated temperatures is limited, and fabrication heat cycles (welding, hot working, PWHT) must be carefully controlled.
5. Oxidation and Surface Behaviour
Chromium-rich composition gives ভাল অক্সিডেশন প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা in air and combustion-type atmospheres at moderate temperatures.
Short-term higher-temperature excursions (start-up, shutdown, cleaning cycles) are typically tolerable if total exposure time is limited.
জন্য true high-temperature or creep-critical service (e.g. furnace internals, continuous operation at very high temperatures), dedicated heat-resistant austenitic or nickel alloys are usually required instead of super duplex.
৬. উচ্চ-তাপমাত্রার সেবার জন্য নকশার বিবেচ্য বিষয়সমূহ
Treat S32760 as a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy for moderate temperatures, not as a primary high-temperature material.
In design, you should:
অবিচ্ছিন্ন অপারেটিং তাপমাত্রা বজায় রাখুন within the recommended range (≈ up to 250–300°C).
ব্যবহার করুন তাপমাত্রা-নির্ভর অনুমোদিত চাপসমূহ reflecting strength loss with temperature.
Avoid geometries and conditions that create local hot spots or prolonged exposure in intermetallic-forming temperature ranges.
Combine material selection with good surface finish, strict welding procedures and suitable inspection intervals in hot, chloride-bearing service.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel offers reliable heat resistance and very high strength in aggressive, chloride-containing environments at low to moderately elevated temperatures, retaining superior SCC and localized-corrosion resistance compared with 304/316 and standard duplex grades; however, it is not intended for long-term high-temperature or creep-controlled service, where intermetallic phase formation and property degradation become significant risks and dedicated heat-resistant alloys are more appropriate.
যন্ত্রযোগ্যতা
Machinability of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel has relatively poor machinability compared with 304/316 and even 2205, mainly because of its very high strength, work hardening and tough duplex microstructure. It can still be machined successfully, but only with rigid setups, correct tooling and carefully chosen cutting data.
১. সাধারণ মেশিনিং আচরণ
Very high yield strength → high cutting forces and tool loads.
Work hardens if feeds are too light or tools are dull, making subsequent passes harder.
চিপস হল tough and continuous, and can be difficult to break if parameters and chip breakers are not optimised.
Overall machinability is more demanding than 304/316 and 2205, but acceptable for critical parts with proper planning.
২. মেশিনিংয়ের জন্য পছন্দসই শর্ত
Machine in the solution-annealed, pickled condition as supplied.
Avoid heavy cold work (severe forming/straightening) just before finish machining because it:
Increases surface hardness
Accelerates tool wear
Makes dimensional control more difficult
Typical route for precision parts:
Rough machine in solution-annealed condition → weld/form (if needed) → light straightening → finish machine / grind.
৩. টুলিং এবং কাটিং পরামিতি
ব্যবহার করুন high-quality carbide tooling designed for duplex / super duplex stainless steels.
Key points:
Positive or mildly positive rake geometry to reduce cutting forces.
Rigid toolholders and fixturing to minimise chatter.
Moderate cutting speeds, generally lower than for 304/316 and 2205.
Adequate feed and depth of cut to cut below any work-hardened layer.
Avoid very light “polishing” cuts that only rub the surface and cause rapid work hardening and tool wear.
৪. কুল্যান্ট এবং চিপ নিয়ন্ত্রণ
Super duplex generates considerable heat; coolant is essential:
Use abundant, well-directed cutting fluid/emulsion at the cutting zone.
For deep holes, ensure coolant reaches the tool tip and chips are flushed out.
S32760 tends to form কঠিন, অবিরাম চিপস:
Use inserts with effective চিপ ব্রেকারস.
Adjust feed and depth of cut to promote reliable chip breaking.
Good chip control improves tool life, surface finish and process stability, especially in CNC production.
৫. ড্রিলিং, ট্যাপিং এবং থ্রেডিং
Drilling
ব্যবহার করুন carbide or cobalt HSS drills with robust web and suitable point geometry.
Apply steady feed; avoid dwelling at the bottom to prevent work hardening.
For deep holes, use peck drilling with chip evacuation and strong coolant flow.
Tapping / Threading
Use premium, strong taps with generous lubrication and modest speed.
Expect high torque because of material strength; avoid shock loading.
For critical or large threads, থ্রেড মিলিং is often preferable to reduce risk of tap breakage and improve control of thread fit.
৬. পৃষ্ঠ সমাপ্তি এবং মাত্রাগত নিয়ন্ত্রণ
With correct tooling and parameters, S32760 can achieve high-quality turned, milled and ground finishes suitable for sealing surfaces and precision fits.
For dimensional accuracy:
ব্যবহার করুন rigid clamping and balanced machining (remove material symmetrically where possible).
Avoid local overheating during heavy cuts or grinding to prevent residual tensile stresses and minor distortion.
For slender parts, plan multiple lighter passes rather than one very heavy cut to maintain straightness.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel has difficult but manageable machinability: it requires rigid setups, duplex/super-duplex-rated carbide tooling, conservative cutting speeds with adequate feed, abundant coolant and good chip-breaking strategies, plus a sensible route of roughing in the solution-annealed condition and light finishing after fabrication, to achieve accurate dimensions, good tool life and high-quality surfaces on critical high-strength, corrosion-resistant components.
ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ
Corrosion Resistance of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel has outstanding corrosion resistance, বিশেষ করে seawater, high-chloride brines and aggressive mixed chloride/acid environments. Its Cr + Mo + N (+ often W, Cu) alloying gives it a very high pitting resistance well above 316L and 2205.
১. সাধারণ ক্ষয় আচরণ
এর বিরুদ্ধে চমৎকার প্রতিরোধ uniform corrosion অনেক শিল্প, সামুদ্রিক এবং প্রক্রিয়াগত পরিবেশে।.
স্পষ্টভাবে এর চেয়ে উন্নত 304/316 and even to standard duplex grades such as 2205 in demanding chloride service.
Designed for long service life in seawater, brines and chloride-containing process streams where conventional stainless steels pit or crack.
২. ক্লোরাইড মাধ্যমে পিটিং ও ফাটল ক্ষয়
High levels of Cr, Mo, N and often W give S32760 a very high ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা (PREN well above 40).
Provides:
এর বিরুদ্ধে চমৎকার প্রতিরোধ pitting in natural and warm seawater.
এর বিরুদ্ধে শক্তিশালী প্রতিরোধ crevice corrosion under gaskets, deposits and tight joints, provided designs minimise stagnant crevices.
Widely used where 316L and even 2205 cannot provide sufficient margin against localized attack in seawater and concentrated brines.
৩. ক্লোরাইড স্ট্রেস-করোসন ক্র্যাকিং (SCC)
Duplex microstructure gives ক্লোরাইড-সিসি-র বিরুদ্ধে অত্যন্ত উচ্চ প্রতিরোধ, far superior to austenitic 304/316.
In hot, aerated chlorides (e.g. warm seawater, brackish process waters, chlorinated cooling water):
304/316 often suffer SCC under tensile stress.
S32760 normally remains crack-free within its recommended temperature and stress limits.
This SCC resistance is a key reason for its use in offshore, subsea, desalination and seawater-handling systems.
৪. রাসায়নিক ও প্রক্রিয়া পরিবেশে আচরণ
অনেকেই ভালো প্রতিরোধ দেখাচ্ছে acidic, alkaline and mixed media, especially where chlorides are present:
Aggressive bleach and oxidizing environments in pulp and paper plants.
Chloride-bearing process streams in chemical and petrochemical service.
Certain acid–chloride mixtures where 316L and 2205 are at or beyond their limits.
For extremely strong mineral acids or very reducing conditions, nickel alloys or high-molybdenum super-austenitics may still be required; S32760 is optimised for ক্লোরাইড-প্রধান পরিবেশসমূহ.
৫. ওয়েল্ড, তাপ-প্রভাবিত অঞ্চল এবং আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায়
সহ correct super duplex welding procedures (controlled heat input, proper filler, limited interpass temperature), weld metal and HAZ can achieve corrosion resistance মূল ধাতুর কাছে.
খারাপ ওয়েল্ডিং অনুশীলন করতে পারে:
Leave welds ferrite-rich, reducing toughness and localized-corrosion resistance.
রূপ সিগমা এবং অন্যান্য আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায় in welds/HAZ, which sharply reduce pitting resistance and impact toughness.
For critical seawater/brine service, qualified WPS/PQR and strict QC around welding are essential to maintain the alloy’s corrosion performance.
৬. পৃষ্ঠ সমাপ্তি, পরিচ্ছন্নতা এবং নকশার প্রভাব
As with all stainless steels, corrosion resistance depends strongly on পৃষ্ঠের অবস্থা:
গ्राइন্ডিং বা ব্লাস্টিংয়ের মাধ্যমে ওয়েল্ড স্কেল, তাপজনিত রঙের দাগ, স্ল্যাগ এবং দূষণ অপসারণ করুন।.
Follow with appropriate আচারকরণ এবং/অথবা নিষ্ক্রিয়করণ একটি পরিষ্কার, ক্রোমিয়াম-সমৃদ্ধ নিষ্ক্রিয় ফিল্ম পুনরুদ্ধার করতে।.
Smooth finishes (ground, brushed, polished) resist pitting and fouling better than rough or damaged surfaces.
ভাল ডিজাইন কর্মক্ষমতা আরও উন্নত করে:
সর্বনিম্ন করুন ফাটল, মৃত শাখা এবং ময়লা ফাঁদ in seawater/brine systems.
Ensure proper drainage and access for inspection and cleaning.
Use compatible materials to avoid adverse গ্যালভানিক যুগল in wet service.
সারসংক্ষেপ
1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel offers top-tier pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance, outstanding resistance to chloride SCC and excellent overall corrosion behaviour in seawater, brines and aggressive chloride-containing process environments; when it is correctly welded, properly cleaned and sensibly detailed, it provides a very robust, long-life solution where 304/316 and even 2205 cannot deliver enough corrosion margin.
তাপ চিকিৎসা
Heat Treatment of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel, and like other duplex alloys it is not hardened by quenching like martensitic steels. Heat treatment is mainly used to set and restore the correct duplex microstructure and to protect toughness and corrosion resistance by avoiding harmful intermetallic phases.
১. সাধারণ তাপ-প্রক্রিয়াকরণ আচরণ
শক্তি আসে high alloy content + duplex (ferrite + austenite) structure, not from martensite.
The key treatment is solution annealing with rapid cooling.
Conventional low-temperature “tempering” or carbon-steel-type stress relief is উপযুক্ত নয় and can damage properties.
Long exposure in certain intermediate temperature ranges can form sigma and other intermetallic phases, causing embrittlement and loss of corrosion resistance.
২. সলিউশন অ্যানিলিং (প্রাথমিক তাপ চিকিত্সা)
উদ্দেশ্য
একটি পুনরুদ্ধার করুন balanced austenite–ferrite microstructure গরম কাজের পর বা ভারী ঠান্ডা কাজের পর।.
ক্ষতিকর অবক্ষিপ্ত পদার্থগুলো দ্রবীভূত করে পুনরুদ্ধার করুন। toughness and top-tier pitting/SCC resistance.
সাধারণ অনুশীলন (ধারণাগত)
Heat to a high-temperature solution-annealing range (super duplex band specified by the mill/standard).
সেকশনটি সম্পূর্ণভাবে উত্তপ্ত হওয়া পর্যন্ত যথেষ্ট সময় ধরে ধরে রাখুন।.
দ্রুত ঠান্ডা করুন – usually water quench (or very fast air for thin products) – to freeze in the desired duplex structure and avoid intermetallic formation.
After correct solution annealing + rapid cooling, S32760 has:
Very high yield strength for a stainless steel.
Good impact toughness.
Maximum pitting, crevice and SCC resistance for this grade.
3. Stress Relief and Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
অধিকাংশ প্রয়োগে, no PWHT is performed; properties are controlled by the welding procedure, not by tempering after welding.
Standard carbon-steel-type stress-relief cycles (long holds in mid-temperature ranges) are dangerous for super duplex:
They can cause 475 °C embrittlement and form sigma/chi phases.
This severely reduces toughness and localized-corrosion resistance.
If any stress relief or PWHT is absolutely required by a code or client, it must:
Follow super-duplex-specific limits from the material standard or mill.
Be applied with strict control of temperature and time.
In practice, most components are used as-welded in the solution-annealed condition, with careful welding and thorough cleaning instead of PWHT.
৪. মাইক্রোস্ট্রাকচার এবং বৈশিষ্ট্যে তাপ চিকিত্সার প্রভাব
সঠিক সমাধান এনিলিং + দ্রুত শীতলীকরণ:
Produces a fine, balanced duplex structure.
Delivers very high strength with good toughness.
Restores maximum resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and SCC.
Incorrect heat exposure (overheating, long holds, slow cooling in the 600–1000 °C range):
প্রচার করে সিগমা এবং অন্যান্য আন্তঃধাতব পর্যায়.
Causes sharp drops in impact toughness.
Reduces resistance to localized corrosion, especially in seawater and brine.
Repeated uncontrolled heat cycles do not increase strength and can only damage the alloy’s mechanical and corrosion performance.
5. Practical Heat-Treatment Route in Fabrication
Typical route for critical S32760 parts:
Supply from mill in সলিউশন-অ্যানিলড এবং পিকলড অবস্থা.
Hot working / heavy forming (if required) → followed by solution annealing + rapid cooling.
Cold forming, machining and welding with super-duplex procedures in the solution-annealed state.
No PWHT, only:
যথাযথ weld procedure control (heat input, interpass, filler).
পুঙ্খানুপুঙ্খ ওয়েল্ডিং পরবর্তী পরিষ্কার, পিকলিং এবং প্যাসিভেশন একটি পরিষ্কার নিষ্ক্রিয় পৃষ্ঠ পুনরুদ্ধার করতে।.
সারসংক্ষেপ
For 1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel, heat treatment is centred on উচ্চ-তাপমাত্রার দ্রবণে অ্যানিলিং, এরপর দ্রুত শীতলীকরণ to obtain a fine, balanced duplex microstructure with very high strength and maximum corrosion resistance; routine stress relief or tempering cycles are avoided, and prolonged exposure in intermetallic-forming temperature ranges must be strictly prevented to keep toughness and pitting/SCC resistance at super-duplex levels.
শীতল কাজের প্রক্রিয়া
Cold Working of 1.4501 / S32760 Super Duplex Stainless Steel
1.4501 / S32760 is a super duplex stainless steel with very high strength and limited ductility compared with 304/316 and even 2205. It can be cold worked, but only with sensible forming limits, generous radii and good process control.
১. সাধারণ ঠান্ডা কাজের সক্ষমতা
অনেক higher yield strength and lower ductility than austenitic 304/316.
Cold work is more restricted than for 2205:
Suitable for moderate bending, rolling and profiling.
Not ideal for very severe deep drawing or tight-radius bends in thick sections.
Expect significantly higher forming loads and more spring-back.
২. বাঁকানো, রোলিং এবং আকৃতি প্রদানের অনুশীলন
ব্যবহার করুন বৃহত্তর ন্যূনতম বাঁক ব্যাসার্ধ than for 304/316 and 2205 to avoid edge cracking.
ফর্ম ইন multiple, gradual steps rather than one heavy hit, especially on thicker plate.
ব্যবহার:
Smooth, well-polished tools
Generous lubrication to reduce friction and galling
Good alignment and support to avoid local over-strain
Always allow for extra spring-back in tooling angles and roll settings.
৩. কাজের কঠোরীকরণ এবং অবশিষ্ট চাপ
S32760 work hardens strongly during cold deformation:
Deformed areas become harder, stronger and less ductile.
High residual stresses are introduced, which can affect fatigue and corrosion performance.
Heavy cold work may:
Make subsequent machining noticeably more difficult.
Increase distortion risk during and after welding.
For critical components in severe seawater or brine service, avoid very high local strain in highly stressed regions.
4. Heavy Cold Work and Solution Annealing
জন্য light to moderate forming (typical bends, rolling shells, cones, simple profiles):
Parts are often used without further heat treatment, provided welding procedures and cleaning are correct.
জন্য কঠোর ঠান্ডায় কাজ, for example:
Tight-radius bends on thick plate
Heavy cold reduction in thickness or diameter
Large-area stretch forming or deep drawing
a পূর্ণ সমাধান এনিল + দ্রুত শীতলীকরণ is normally recommended to:Restore a proper austenite–ferrite balance
Recover toughness and maximize pitting / crevice / SCC resistance
Remove the hard, highly strained structure created by heavy cold work.
৫. ওয়েল্ডিং এবং মেশিনিংয়ের সাথে মিথস্ক্রিয়া
ঠাণ্ডা-প্রক্রিয়াজাত অঞ্চলসমূহ:
Are more susceptible to বিকৃতি when welded due to stored strain energy.
May respond differently in the heat-affected zone if heavily work-hardened.
Practical sequence for precision/critical parts:
Form → Weld (with super duplex procedure) → Light straightening if needed → Finish machine / grind.This keeps cold strain moderate before welding and ensures final dimensional accuracy and surface quality.
6. Design Recommendations for Cold-Worked S32760 Components
ধরা যাক very high forming forces and ensure presses/rolls are capable.
এড়িয়ে চলুন:
Sharp corners and very tight radii in highly loaded or seawater-exposed zones.
Local necking or severe thinning in critical areas.
For demanding offshore, subsea or desalination service:
ঠাণ্ডা ছেঁকে রাখুন মধ্যম এবং সুষমভাবে বিতরণকৃত, not concentrated.
Consider solution annealing after extreme forming steps if maximum toughness and corrosion resistance are required.
সারসংক্ষেপ
Cold working of 1.4501 / S32760 super duplex stainless steel is possible but must be treated as high-strength, limited-ductility forming: use generous radii, gradual forming with good lubrication, expect high forming forces and spring-back, keep strains moderate in critical areas, and apply solution annealing after very heavy cold work to restore a balanced duplex microstructure and top-level toughness and corrosion resistance for severe seawater and high-chloride service.
