স্টেইনলেস স্টিল, মার্কেটেনসিটিক
440C Stainless Steel (S44004) Bar
A martensitic stainless steel with the highest carbon content in the 400 series.
440C stainless steel is a member of the 400 series of stainless steels. It has the highest carbon content among them. It is capable of attaining, after heat treatment, the highest strength, hardness and wear resistance of all the stainless alloys. Its very high carbon content is responsible for these characteristics, which make 440C particularly suited to such applications as ball bearings and valve parts.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment.
440C stainless steel is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its excellent hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is the highest carbon content stainless steel in the 440 series, making it ideal for applications requiring high strength and edge retention.
Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
পিডিএফ ডাউনলোড করুন
Range Enquiry
অনুগ্রহ করে লক্ষ্য করুন
আপনি যদি যা খুঁজছেন তা না পান, অনুগ্রহ করে আপনার সাথে যোগাযোগ করুন। স্থানীয় সেবা কেন্দ্র আপনার নির্দিষ্ট চাহিদা অনুযায়ী.
440C Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| সিস্টেম / স্ট্যান্ডার্ড | দেশ / অঞ্চল | গ্রেড / পদবী |
| এআইএসআই | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | 440C |
| ইউএনএস | আন্তর্জাতিক | S44004 |
| ই.এন. / ডব্লিউ.এন.আর. | ইউরোপ | 1.4125 |
| ইএন নাম | ইউরোপ | X105CrMo17 |
| ASTM A276 | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | 440C (bars, shapes) |
| এএসটিএম এ৩১৪ | যুক্তরাষ্ট্র | 440C (forged bars) |
| জাপানিজ শিল্প মান | জাপান | SUS440C |
| GB (common usage) | চীন | 9Cr18Mo |
| গোস্ত | রাশিয়া | 95X18 (95Х18) |
গুণাবলী
রাসায়নিক গঠন
1.4125 Steel
EN 10088-3
| রাসায়নিক মৌল | % উপস্থাপন |
| কার্বন (C) | 0.95 - 1.20 |
| ক্রোমিয়াম (Cr) | 16.00 - 18.00 |
| ম্যাঙ্গানিজ (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| সিলিকন (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| ফসফরাস (পি) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| গন্ধক (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| মলিবডেনাম (মো) | 0.40 - 0.80 |
| লৌহ (Fe) | সমতা |
যান্ত্রিক ধর্ম
Bar Up To 100mm Dia or Thickness
EN 10088-3
| যান্ত্রিক সম্পত্তি | মূল্য |
| প্রমাণ চাপ | 448-1900 MPa |
| টানজনিত শক্তি | 758-2030 MPa |
| প্রসার A50 মিমি | 4-14 % |
সাধারণ ভৌত বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ
| শারীরিক ধর্ম | মূল্য |
| ঘনত্ব | 7.65 g/cm³ |
| তাপীয় প্রসারণ | 10.1 x 10-6/K |
| স্থিতিস্থাপকতার মডিউল | ২০০ জিপিএ |
| তাপ পরিবাহকতা | 24.2 W/m.K |
| বৈদ্যুতিক প্রতিরোধকতা | 0.6 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance. It is widely used for precision components, cutting tools, and high-strength applications.
1. Bearings and Precision Components
Ball bearings, roller bearings, and bearing races
Valve components and pump parts requiring high wear resistance
Precision mechanical parts in industrial machinery
2. Cutting Tools and Blades
Knives, scissors, and cutting tools
Surgical instruments and dental tools
High-wear industrial tooling
3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications
High-strength shafts and fasteners
Springs and precision components
Components requiring high hardness and wear resistance under stress
4. Industrial and Engineering Equipment
Wear-resistant gears and bushings
Components in machinery exposed to moderate corrosive environments
Die and mold parts requiring both hardness and dimensional stability
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel is ideal for applications requiring high hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its properties make it suitable for bearings, precision tools, cutting instruments, and high-strength mechanical components in industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications.
Applications of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance. It is widely used for precision components, cutting tools, and high-strength applications.
1. Bearings and Precision Components
Ball bearings, roller bearings, and bearing races
Valve components and pump parts requiring high wear resistance
Precision mechanical parts in industrial machinery
2. Cutting Tools and Blades
Knives, scissors, and cutting tools
Surgical instruments and dental tools
High-wear industrial tooling
3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications
High-strength shafts and fasteners
Springs and precision components
Components requiring high hardness and wear resistance under stress
4. Industrial and Engineering Equipment
Wear-resistant gears and bushings
Components in machinery exposed to moderate corrosive environments
Die and mold parts requiring both hardness and dimensional stability
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel is ideal for applications requiring high hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its properties make it suitable for bearings, precision tools, cutting instruments, and high-strength mechanical components in industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications.
অতিরিক্ত তথ্য
তৈরি/নির্মাণ
Fabrication of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance. It is commonly used for cutting tools, bearings, and precision components. Its fabrication characteristics differ significantly from austenitic stainless steels due to its martensitic structure and high carbon content.
১. গঠন
গরম কাজ:
Hot forging is possible in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন at temperatures of 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth, which can reduce toughness.
শীতল কাজের প্রক্রিয়া:
Limited cold forming is possible but may lead to cracking or high internal stresses due to high hardness.
Preferred to perform forming in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন.
২. মেশিনিং
440C has high hardness, which makes machining challenging in the hardened condition.
Best machined in the annealed or softened state.
প্রয়োজন sharp carbide tooling, slower cutting speeds, and adequate coolant to avoid excessive tool wear.
৩. ওয়েল্ডিং
Not typically recommended due to high carbon content and susceptibility to cracking and distortion.
If welding is necessary, preheating and post-weld heat treatment are required to reduce stresses.
4. Heat Treatment Considerations
Fabrication is usually done before hardening.
After forming or machining, 440C can be hardened via heat treatment to achieve maximum strength and wear resistance.
৫. পৃষ্ঠ সমাপ্তি
হতে পারে polished to a high finish ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা বৃদ্ধি করার জন্য।.
Passivation may be applied to further improve corrosion resistance, especially in moist or corrosive environments.
৬. আবেদনসমূহ
Ball and roller bearings
Cutlery and knives
Valve components and precision instruments
Wear-resistant mechanical parts
সারসংক্ষেপ
Fabrication of 440C stainless steel is best performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন due to its high carbon content and martensitic structure. It can be hot worked, machined, and formed before hardening. Post-fabrication তাপ শোধন imparts high hardness and wear resistance, making 440C ideal for cutting tools, bearings, and precision components.
ঢালাইযোগ্যতা
Weldability of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance. However, its weldability is limited due to the high carbon content, which increases the risk of cracking and distortion ওয়েল্ডিং করার সময়.
1. Welding Challenges
High carbon content leads to martensite formation in the heat-affected zone, increasing the risk of brittle welds and cracking.
Hardness in the as-hardened condition makes welding difficult or inadvisable.
Residual stresses can cause distortion or dimensional changes.
2. Welding Recommendations
Preheating: Heat parts to 150–300°C (300–570°F) to reduce thermal stress.
Filler Material: ব্যবহার করুন matching low-carbon martensitic stainless steel filler rods/wires (e.g., 410 or 420 types).
Controlled Cooling: Slow cooling after welding reduces the risk of cracking.
Post-Weld Heat Treatment: Required to relieve stresses and restore toughness.
৩. ওয়েল্ডিং পদ্ধতি
TIG (GTAW) or SMAW: Preferred for precise control and minimal heat input.
এমআইজি (জিএমএডব্লিউ): Can be used with appropriate preheating and controlled cooling.
Avoid welding in the সম্পূর্ণ শক্ত অবস্থায় whenever possible.
4. Practical Considerations
For critical applications, mechanical fastening or brazing may be preferred over welding.
Post-weld machining or polishing may be required to restore surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
Welding is generally limited to small repairs or non-critical areas.
৫. আবেদনসমূহ
Small repairs of bearings or valve components
Non-critical joining of precision components where welding cannot be avoided
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel has limited weldability due to its high carbon content and martensitic structure. Welding requires careful preheating, filler selection, controlled cooling, and post-weld heat treatment. For critical applications, alternative joining methods may be preferred to maintain শক্তি, কাঠিন্য, এবং ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ.
যন্ত্রযোগ্যতা
Machinability of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত excellent hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. এর high carbon and hardness make machining more challenging compared to austenitic stainless steels.
১. মেশিনিং বৈশিষ্ট্য
Difficult to machine in the hardened condition due to high hardness (up to 60 HRC after heat treatment).
Better machinability in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন, which is recommended for forming and shaping before hardening.
Tends to produce short, stiff chips, reducing the risk of entanglement.
২. টুলিং সুপারিশসমূহ
টুলের উপকরণ: ব্যবহার করুন carbide or high-speed steel (HSS) tools, preferably coated for heat resistance.
Cutting speed: Low to moderate; higher speeds generate heat that can reduce tool life.
Feed rate: Moderate to maintain surface finish and avoid tool chatter.
কুল্যান্ট Adequate cutting fluid is essential to reduce heat and improve tool life.
৩. মেশিনিং অপারেশনসমূহ
Turning, milling, and drilling: Best performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন. Hardened 440C requires specialized carbide tooling.
Grinding: Often used after hardening for precision dimensions and surface finish.
EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining): Can be employed for hardened parts with complex shapes.
৪. সুবিধা
Can achieve high precision and wear-resistant surfaces after machining and heat treatment.
উপযুক্ত bearings, cutting tools, and precision components when proper machining practices are followed.
৫. সীমাবদ্ধতা
Machining in the hardened condition is slow and tool-intensive.
Work hardening can occur if machining is attempted in partially hardened areas.
৬. যন্ত্রযোগ্যতা থেকে সুবিধা গ্রহণকারী অ্যাপ্লিকেশনসমূহ
Bearings and rollers
Cutlery, knives, and blades
Precision valves and mechanical components
Wear-resistant parts for industrial machinery
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel has challenging machinability due to its high carbon content and hardness. Machining is best performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন with proper tooling, speed, feed, and cooling. After machining and heat treatment, it offers excellent wear resistance, strength, and dimensional precision, এটিকে এর জন্য আদর্শ করে তোলে cutting tools, bearings, and precision components.
ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ
Corrosion Resistance of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its corrosion resistance is good for martensitic stainless steels but lower than that of austenitic types like 304 or 316.
১. সাধারণ ক্ষয় প্রতিরোধ
প্রতিরোধ করে হালকা জারন পরিবেশ, including air and mildly corrosive atmospheres.
ভালভাবে সম্পাদন করে dry conditions and is suitable for components with occasional exposure to moisture.
উপযুক্ত নয় continuous exposure to chlorides or harsh chemical environments, যেখানে পিটিং এবং ক্রেভিস ক্ষয় হতে পারে।.
2. Effect of Carbon Content
High carbon content increases hardness and wear resistance, but may reduce corrosion resistance compared to low-carbon martensitic or austenitic steels.
যথাযথ heat treatment and tempering help balance hardness and corrosion resistance.
3. Surface Treatment
Polishing or passivation can significantly improve corrosion resistance.
Coatings, such as oil or plating, may be applied in severe environments to protect against rust.
৪. ক্ষয়রোধীতার উপকারী প্রয়োগ
Bearings and rollers used in controlled environments
Precision mechanical parts exposed to moderate moisture
Cutlery, knives, and surgical instruments in dry or lightly humid conditions
Valve components and small industrial tools
৫. সীমাবদ্ধতা
সুপারিশ করা হয় না সামুদ্রিক পরিবেশসমূহ or exposure to strong acids and chlorides.
প্রয়োজন careful maintenance and protection to prevent rust in aggressive conditions.
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel offers মাঝারি রাসায়নিক প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা, উপযুক্ত industrial, mechanical, and precision applications in controlled or mildly corrosive environments. While not as corrosion-resistant as austenitic stainless steels, its combination of hardness, wear resistance, and reasonable corrosion resistance makes it ideal for bearings, cutting tools, and precision components.
শীতল কাজের প্রক্রিয়া
Cold Working of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its ability to be cold worked is limited due to its high carbon content and hardenability, requiring careful processing.
১. ঠান্ডা কাজের বৈশিষ্ট্যসমূহ
Cold working is difficult in the hardened condition because 440C is brittle and prone to cracking.
Most forming operations are performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন, where the steel is softer and more ductile.
Cold deformation increases শক্তি এবং কঠোরতা through strain hardening but reduces ductility.
২. কৌশলসমূহ
Bending and shaping: Limited in the annealed state; avoid sharp bends in hardened steel.
Drawing and stamping: Possible for thin sections in the annealed condition.
Rolling or pressing: Should be done cautiously to avoid cracks in partially hardened material.
৩. সুবিধা
Cold working in the annealed condition allows for shaping complex or precision components before final hardening.
Can improve surface finish and dimensional precision when done correctly.
৪. সীমাবদ্ধতা
Cold working in the hardened condition is সুপারিশ করা হচ্ছে না due to brittleness.
Excessive deformation may lead to cracking, distortion, or residual stresses.
প্রয়োজন subsequent heat treatment to achieve final hardness and wear resistance.
৫. ঠান্ডা কাজের মাধ্যমে উপকৃত অ্যাপ্লিকেশনসমূহ
Precision components such as bearings and valve parts
Cutlery and knife blanks before final hardening
Industrial components requiring dimensional accuracy
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel has limited cold working capability, best performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন to shape components before hardening. Cold working increases strength and hardness but can reduce ductility, so careful control and subsequent heat treatment are required to produce durable, wear-resistant, and corrosion-resistant components.
তাপ চিকিৎসা
Heat Treatment of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Heat treatment is essential to achieve its maximum hardness, strength, and wear properties.
১. এনিলিং
উদ্দেশ্য: Softens the steel for machining or forming before final hardening.
প্রক্রিয়া:
তাপমাত্রা পর্যন্ত গরম করুন 815–845°C (1500–1550°F).
Hold long enough for uniform temperature.
Slow cool in furnace to minimize residual stresses.
উৎপন্ন করে soft, ductile condition for fabrication.
2. Hardening
উদ্দেশ্য: Develops high hardness and wear resistance.
প্রক্রিয়া:
Austenitize at 1010–1075°C (1850–1970°F).
Quench in oil or air (depending on part size) to form martensite.
ফলাফল Achieves high hardness (up to 60 HRC).
3. Tempering
উদ্দেশ্য: Reduces brittleness and relieves stresses while maintaining hardness.
প্রক্রিয়া:
তাপমাত্রা পর্যন্ত গরম করুন 150–370°C (300–700°F) depending on desired balance of hardness and toughness.
Hold and then air cool.
Multiple tempering cycles may be applied for dimensional stability and toughness.
4. Stress Relief
Optional stress-relief treatments may be applied after machining or welding to minimize distortion.
Typical stress-relief temperature: 150–370°C (300–700°F).
5. Surface Treatment Post Heat-Treatment
Polishing, passivation, or coating may be applied to improve corrosion resistance and surface finish.
6. Applications Benefiting from Heat Treatment
Bearings, rollers, and valve components
Cutlery and knives
Wear-resistant mechanical parts
Precision industrial tools
সারসংক্ষেপ
Heat treatment of 440C stainless steel involves annealing for machining, hardening for maximum strength and wear resistance, and tempering for toughness and dimensional stability. Proper heat treatment allows 440C to reach its optimum hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, এটিকে এর জন্য আদর্শ করে তোলে bearings, precision tools, and high-wear components.
তাপ প্রতিরোধ ক্ষমতা
Heat Resistance of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. While it excels in mechanical strength and wear properties, its heat resistance is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels like 304 or 316.
১. তাপমাত্রার সীমা
অবিচ্ছিন্ন সেবা: প্রায় পর্যন্ত ১৫০–২০০°সেলসিয়াস (৩০০–৩৯০°ফারেনহাইট).
Intermittent exposure: Can tolerate slightly higher temperatures for short periods.
Prolonged exposure to higher temperatures may cause softening, loss of hardness, or tempering effects, reducing wear resistance.
২. অক্সিডেশন প্রতিরোধ
প্রতিরোধ করে mild oxidation at low to moderate temperatures.
উপযুক্ত নয় high-temperature oxidizing environments.
Surface scaling can occur if exposed to temperatures above recommended limits.
3. Effect on Mechanical Properties
Elevated temperatures can reduce hardness and tensile strength এর কারণে tempering of the martensitic structure.
Care must be taken to avoid prolonged exposure above the tempering range to maintain wear resistance.
4. Applications
Bearings and rollers in moderate-temperature environments
Precision components in industrial machinery
Cutlery and knives not exposed to high cooking or industrial heat
Valve and mechanical parts with limited heat exposure
৫. ব্যবহারিক বিবেচনা
440C is primarily designed for wear resistance and high hardness, not high-temperature applications.
For applications involving elevated temperatures, consider martensitic or austenitic stainless steels specifically designed for heat resistance (e.g., 410, 420, 309, or 310).
Post-fabrication polishing and surface treatment help reduce oxidation at moderately elevated temperatures.
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel has limited heat resistance, উপযুক্ত মধ্যম-তাপমাত্রার প্রয়োগ where hardness and wear resistance are critical. It is ideal for bearings, cutting tools, and precision components operating below approximately 200°C, but prolonged high-temperature exposure can soften the steel and reduce performance.
গরম কাজ
Hot Working of 440C Stainless Steel
440C stainless steel হল একটি high-carbon martensitic stainless steel এর জন্য পরিচিত high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Hot working is possible, but due to its high carbon content and martensitic structure, it requires careful temperature control to avoid cracking or excessive grain growth.
১. গরম কাজের বৈশিষ্ট্য
Hot working is generally performed in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন before hardening.
Allows forging, rolling, extrusion, and shaping of components with large deformations.
Reduces work hardening compared to cold working, making shaping easier.
2. Recommended Temperature Range
Hot working (forging/rolling): 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Avoid overheating above 1150°C to prevent দানা বৃদ্ধি that can reduce toughness and wear resistance.
Controlled cooling is essential to maintain desired properties.
৩. সুবিধা
Facilitates the formation of large or complex parts.
Reduces residual stresses compared to cold working.
Provides a সুষম অণুকাঠামো when followed by proper heat treatment.
৪. সীমাবদ্ধতা
উচ্চ তাপমাত্রায় পৃষ্ঠ স্কেলিং ঘটতে পারে, যা প্রয়োজন descaling or polishing after processing.
Not suitable for strengthening by heat treatment alone; final hardness requires subsequent hardening and tempering.
প্রয়োজন skilled control of temperature and deformation rates to avoid cracking or distortion.
৫. আবেদনসমূহ
Forged or rolled parts requiring precision and strength
Bearings, valve components, and industrial tooling
Cutlery and knives (pre-hardened shaping)
Wear-resistant components in machinery
সারসংক্ষেপ
440C stainless steel can be গরমে কাজটি কার্যকরভাবে সম্পন্ন হয়েছে। in the অ্যানিলড কন্ডিশন to form complex or large components. Proper temperature control and post-processing তাপ শোধন are essential to achieve its maximum hardness, wear resistance, and dimensional accuracy, এটিকে এর জন্য আদর্শ করে তোলে bearings, cutting tools, and high-wear precision components.
