{"id":3740,"date":"2025-11-26T16:10:39","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T08:10:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=3740"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:14:18","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:14:18","slug":"s32101-stainless-steel-s2101","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/s32101-stainless-steel-s2101\/","title":{"rendered":"S32101 Stainless Steel (S2101)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3740\" class=\"elementor elementor-3740\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-921516e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"921516e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4225e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4225e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Duplex\n\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e8b7eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e8b7eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S32101 Stainless Steel (1.4162)<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99ab3ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99ab3ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A low-alloyed, general purpose lean duplex stainless steel.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c0e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32c0e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/s32101-stainless-steel-s2101\/\">S32101<\/a> is a lean duplex stainless steel (ferritic\u2013austenitic microstructure) with the trade name LDX 2101\u00ae in many mills. It combines about 21\u201322% chromium with high manganese and a low nickel content, plus nitrogen and small additions of molybdenum and copper. This balanced composition provides <strong data-start=\"360\" data-end=\"388\">high mechanical strength<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"432\">good resistance to localized corrosion<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"488\">excellent stress-corrosion cracking resistance<\/strong> in chloride-containing environments.<\/p><p>Compared with conventional 304L stainless steel, S32101 offers roughly <strong data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"666\">twice the yield strength<\/strong> and generally <strong data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"732\">better pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance<\/strong>, approaching or matching 316L in many service conditions, while keeping alloy cost lower thanks to its reduced nickel content.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f75670 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f75670\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ff447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"25ff447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1609203 elementor-position-inline-end elementor-mobile-position-inline-end elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1609203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c83d9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f9c83d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa7b70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fa7b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b21672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b21672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41da24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41da24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S32101 Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa1e8d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"aa1e8d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-164\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"14\"\n           data-wpID=\"164\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4162                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name (EN 10088)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X2CrMnNiN21-5-1                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101 (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A479                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A789                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101 (tubing)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A790                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101 (pipe)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB \/ GB\/T 20878                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32101                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS (approx.)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS821L1                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Trade name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        LDX 2101                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Trade name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Forta LDX 2101                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Producer grade                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        J2101                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-164'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8c765 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1d8c765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e9d37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26e9d37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20cf1e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"20cf1e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467fbc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"467fbc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f61847 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5f61847\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-163\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"163\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.04                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        21.00 - 22.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.35 - 1.70                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4.00 - 6.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.00 - 0.80                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.04                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Copper (Cu)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.10 - 0.80                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.20 - 0.25                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-163'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d978f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d978f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc21de elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1cc21de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-162\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"162\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        450 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        650 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        30 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-162'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ba096 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2ba096\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-079b664 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"079b664\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-161\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"3\"\n           data-wpID=\"161\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.8 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-161'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead 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!important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed4c50a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ed4c50a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f7abc e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11f7abc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d097ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d097ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ae170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ae170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<article class=\"text-token-text-primary w-full focus:outline-none [--shadow-height:45px] has-data-writing-block:pointer-events-none has-data-writing-block:-mt-(--shadow-height) has-data-writing-block:pt-(--shadow-height) [&amp;:has([data-writing-block])&gt;*]:pointer-events-auto scroll-mt-(--header-height)\" dir=\"auto\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-turn-id=\"8f22e38b-23b5-442f-a1e3-52d2cb595a24\" data-testid=\"conversation-turn-1\" data-scroll-anchor=\"false\" data-turn=\"user\"><div class=\"text-base my-auto mx-auto pt-3 [--thread-content-margin:--spacing(4)] thread-sm:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(6)] thread-lg:[--thread-content-margin:--spacing(16)] px-(--thread-content-margin)\"><div class=\"[--thread-content-max-width:40rem] thread-lg:[--thread-content-max-width:48rem] mx-auto max-w-(--thread-content-max-width) flex-1 group\/turn-messages focus-visible:outline-hidden relative flex w-full min-w-0 flex-col\" tabindex=\"-1\"><div class=\"flex max-w-full flex-col grow\"><div class=\"min-h-8 text-message relative flex w-full flex-col items-end gap-2 text-start break-words whitespace-normal [.text-message+&amp;]:mt-1\" dir=\"auto\" data-message-author-role=\"user\" data-message-id=\"8f22e38b-23b5-442f-a1e3-52d2cb595a24\"><div class=\"flex w-full flex-col gap-1 empty:hidden items-end rtl:items-start\"><div class=\"user-message-bubble-color relative rounded-[18px] px-4 py-1.5 data-[multiline]:py-3 max-w-[var(--user-chat-width,70%)]\"><h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"65\"><strong data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"65\">Applications of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"67\" data-end=\"344\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ EN 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel that combines <strong data-start=\"144\" data-end=\"167\">high yield strength<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"169\" data-end=\"227\">good corrosion resistance (\u2248 316L level in many media)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"294\">excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, with a more cost-stable, low-nickel composition.<\/p><hr data-start=\"346\" data-end=\"349\" \/><h3 data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"395\"><strong data-start=\"355\" data-end=\"395\">1. Storage Tanks and Process Vessels<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"682\"><li data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"501\"><p data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"501\">Storage tanks for water, process liquids and mild chemicals where 304L\/316L strength is insufficient<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"574\"><p data-start=\"504\" data-end=\"574\">Process vessels in food, beverage, pharmaceutical and biotech plants<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"682\"><p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"682\">Dimple-jacketed and agitated tanks where higher strength allows thinner walls and lighter constructions<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"687\" \/><h3 data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"743\"><strong data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"743\">2. Pulp, Paper and General Chemical Processing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"1018\"><li data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"831\"><p data-start=\"747\" data-end=\"831\">Digesters, bleaching equipment and liquor handling systems in pulp and paper mills<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"925\"><p data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"925\">Piping, vessels and heat exchangers for mildly to moderately aggressive process chemicals<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"926\" data-end=\"1018\"><p data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"1018\">Agitated process equipment where corrosion-fatigue resistance and strength are important<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1023\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1080\"><strong data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1080\">3. Desalination, Water and Wastewater Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1324\"><li data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1157\"><p data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1157\">Desalination plant equipment, seawater tanks and brackish-water systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1240\"><p data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1240\">Large potable and process-water storage tanks, distribution lines and fittings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1324\"><p data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1324\">Wastewater treatment basins, channels, gates and other water-control structures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1329\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1393\"><strong data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1393\">4. Structural Components, Infrastructure and Fasteners<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1722\"><li data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1513\"><p data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1513\">Structural members in bridges, walkways and architectural elements exposed to de-icing salts or marine atmospheres<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1606\"><p data-start=\"1516\" data-end=\"1606\">Stainless reinforcing bars in concrete for coastal or chloride-contaminated environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1722\"><p data-start=\"1609\" data-end=\"1722\">High-strength bolts, screws, shafts, flanges and fittings requiring both load capacity and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1727\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1729\" data-end=\"1784\"><strong data-start=\"1733\" data-end=\"1784\">5. Marine, Shipbuilding and Transport Equipment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"2030\"><li data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1857\"><p data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1857\">Shipbuilding structures and deck hardware in splash and tidal zones<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1858\" data-end=\"1952\"><p data-start=\"1860\" data-end=\"1952\">Cargo and chemical tanks, tank truck and railcar vessels where weight saving is beneficial<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1953\" data-end=\"2030\"><p data-start=\"1955\" data-end=\"2030\">Ballast-water treatment units and exhaust-gas cleaning (scrubber) systems<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2035\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2037\" data-end=\"2086\"><strong data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2086\">6. Energy, Oil &amp; Gas and Power Generation<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2350\"><li data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2169\"><p data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2169\">Process piping, manifolds and equipment in oil &amp; gas and petrochemical plants<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2170\" data-end=\"2253\"><p data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2253\">Cooling-water systems, condensers and heat-exchanger components in power plants<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2254\" data-end=\"2350\"><p data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2350\">General high-strength, corrosion-resistant mechanical parts in rotating and static equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2352\" data-end=\"2355\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2357\" data-end=\"2372\"><strong data-start=\"2361\" data-end=\"2372\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2374\" data-end=\"2870\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) lean duplex stainless steel is widely used in <strong data-start=\"2447\" data-end=\"2654\">tanks and vessels, pulp and paper and chemical plants, water and wastewater systems, structural and fastener applications, marine and transport equipment, and energy\/oil &amp; gas\/power-generation components<\/strong>, wherever designers need <strong data-start=\"2680\" data-end=\"2739\">higher strength and better SCC resistance than 304\/316L<\/strong>, while maintaining corrosion resistance that is generally superior to 304L and competitive with 316L in many service environments.<\/p><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/article>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd8c14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dd8c14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d79cf elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d0d79cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3733b64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3733b64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"68\"><strong data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"68\">Characteristics of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"70\" data-end=\"368\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ EN 1.4162) is a <strong data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"136\">lean duplex stainless steel<\/strong> that combines a duplex (austenite + ferrite) microstructure with <strong data-start=\"202\" data-end=\"225\">high yield strength<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"227\" data-end=\"256\">good corrosion resistance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"261\" data-end=\"323\">excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, at a lower alloy and nickel cost than 316L.<\/p><hr data-start=\"370\" data-end=\"373\" \/><h3 data-start=\"375\" data-end=\"435\"><strong data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"435\">1. Lean Duplex Microstructure with Low-Nickel Design<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"808\"><li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"548\"><p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"548\">Duplex microstructure of roughly <strong data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"503\">50% ferrite \/ 50% austenite<\/strong> gives a balance of strength and toughness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"672\"><p data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"672\">\u201cLean\u201d alloy design uses <strong data-start=\"576\" data-end=\"592\">lower nickel<\/strong> and increased manganese and nitrogen to stabilise austenite and control cost.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"808\"><p data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"808\">Provides duplex-level performance (strength + SCC resistance) with <strong data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"765\">more stable pricing<\/strong> than high-Ni duplex and austenitic grades.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"813\" \/><h3 data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"871\"><strong data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"871\">2. High Yield Strength and Structural Efficiency<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"1167\"><li data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"1032\"><p data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"937\">Yield strength is <strong data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"926\">about twice that of 304L\/316L<\/strong>, allowing:<\/p><ul data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"1032\"><li data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"957\"><p data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"957\">Thinner walls<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"960\" data-end=\"985\"><p data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"985\">Lighter constructions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1032\"><p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1032\">Smaller cross-sections for the same load<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1167\"><p data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1167\">High strength and good fatigue performance make it well suited to <strong data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1166\">tanks, structural members, pipework and mechanical components<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1172\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1238\"><strong data-start=\"1178\" data-end=\"1238\">3. Corrosion Resistance Comparable to 316L in Many Media<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1664\"><li data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1385\"><p data-start=\"1242\" data-end=\"1385\">General corrosion resistance is <strong data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1294\">better than 304L<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1299\" data-end=\"1329\">broadly comparable to 316L<\/strong> in many mildly to moderately aggressive environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1386\" data-end=\"1563\"><p data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1563\">Good resistance to <strong data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1440\">pitting and crevice corrosion<\/strong> in chloride-bearing waters (seawater, brackish and process waters), provided design avoids severe crevices and deposits.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1564\" data-end=\"1664\"><p data-start=\"1566\" data-end=\"1664\">Suitable for many <strong data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1650\">chemical, pulp &amp; paper, water treatment and marine-atmospheric<\/strong> environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1669\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1740\"><strong data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1740\">4. Excellent Resistance to Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1742\" data-end=\"2189\"><li data-start=\"1742\" data-end=\"1870\"><p data-start=\"1744\" data-end=\"1870\">Duplex structure gives <strong data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1835\">very high resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/strong> compared with austenitic grades.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1999\"><p data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1999\">Much lower SCC susceptibility than 304L\/316L under combined <strong data-start=\"1933\" data-end=\"1985\">chloride + tensile stress + elevated temperature<\/strong> conditions.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2189\"><p data-start=\"2002\" data-end=\"2189\">Particularly advantageous for <strong data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2107\">desalination, cooling water, seawater-contact, structural and high-load<\/strong> applications where SCC is a typical failure mode for 300-series stainless steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2191\" data-end=\"2194\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2196\" data-end=\"2249\"><strong data-start=\"2200\" data-end=\"2249\">5. Good Weldability and Fabrication Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"2744\"><li data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"2373\"><p data-start=\"2253\" data-end=\"2373\">Weldable using standard duplex welding practices with <strong data-start=\"2307\" data-end=\"2370\">nitrogen-balanced duplex or over-alloyed austenitic fillers<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2374\" data-end=\"2540\"><p data-start=\"2376\" data-end=\"2540\">Heat input and interpass temperature must be controlled to maintain the correct <strong data-start=\"2456\" data-end=\"2485\">ferrite\u2013austenite balance<\/strong> and avoid loss of toughness or corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2541\" data-end=\"2744\"><p data-start=\"2543\" data-end=\"2744\">Formability is generally good, though <strong data-start=\"2581\" data-end=\"2609\">somewhat lower ductility<\/strong> than 304\/316 means tighter bends and heavy forming require attention to tooling, radii and, if necessary, intermediate heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2746\" data-end=\"2749\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2751\" data-end=\"2802\"><strong data-start=\"2755\" data-end=\"2802\">6. Mechanical and Physical Property Balance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2804\" data-end=\"3322\"><li data-start=\"2804\" data-end=\"2909\"><p data-start=\"2806\" data-end=\"2909\">Combines <strong data-start=\"2815\" data-end=\"2876\">high strength, good toughness and good fatigue resistance<\/strong>, including in corrosive media.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2910\" data-end=\"3032\"><p data-start=\"2912\" data-end=\"3032\">Toughness is lower than austenitic grades but adequate for most engineering uses when correctly fabricated and welded.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3033\" data-end=\"3207\"><p data-start=\"3035\" data-end=\"3207\">Shows <strong data-start=\"3041\" data-end=\"3068\">lower thermal expansion<\/strong> and higher stiffness (elastic modulus) than 304\/316, improving dimensional stability in structural and temperature-cycling applications.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3208\" data-end=\"3322\"><p data-start=\"3210\" data-end=\"3322\">Duplex structure gives a <strong data-start=\"3235\" data-end=\"3256\">magnetic response<\/strong>, unlike non-magnetic austenitic grades in the annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"3324\" data-end=\"3327\" \/><h3 data-start=\"3329\" data-end=\"3344\"><strong data-start=\"3333\" data-end=\"3344\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"3346\" data-end=\"3844\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel with a <strong data-start=\"3413\" data-end=\"3670\">duplex microstructure, high yield strength, corrosion resistance generally superior to 304L and comparable to 316L in many environments, excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking, good weldability and a favourable strength-to-cost ratio<\/strong>, making it an attractive choice for tanks, structural components, piping and marine\/chemical service where both mechanical performance and corrosion resistance are critical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3e020 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7a3e020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398ba8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"398ba8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f273836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"f273836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9c5ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9c5ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f22bda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f22bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Weldability of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel with <strong>generally good weldability<\/strong>, but\u2014like all duplex grades\u2014it requires <strong>controlled welding procedures<\/strong> to preserve the correct ferrite\u2013austenite balance and maintain toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Weldability Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Weldable with conventional stainless-steel welding processes when <strong>heat input and interpass temperature are properly controlled<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex microstructure means welding must avoid:<\/p><ul><li><p>Excessive ferrite (too low heat input \/ too fast cooling)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excessive austenite \/ intermetallics (too high heat input \/ high interpass temperature)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Compared with higher-alloy duplex grades, lean duplex S32101 is <strong>more forgiving<\/strong> and easier to weld, but still less tolerant than austenitic 304\/316 to poor procedures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Suitable Welding Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Commonly used processes:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>GTAW (TIG)<\/strong> \u2013 for root passes and thin sections, with excellent control of heat input.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>GMAW (MIG\/MAG)<\/strong> \u2013 for production welding of plate, tube, tanks and structures.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>SMAW (MMA)<\/strong> \u2013 for site work and repairs with appropriate duplex electrodes.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>FCAW<\/strong> \u2013 for higher deposition rates in fabrication shops using duplex flux-cored wires.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Autogenous (no-filler) welding is <strong>not recommended<\/strong> except for very thin gauges, because filler composition is important to restore the correct phase balance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Filler Metal Selection<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Filler metals are typically <strong>duplex or slightly over-alloyed austenitic<\/strong> grades, chosen to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Achieve the correct <strong>ferrite\u2013austenite balance<\/strong> in the weld metal.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide <strong>pitting and crevice corrosion resistance<\/strong> at least equal to the base metal.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For most applications:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>duplex filler<\/strong> designed for lean duplex or standard duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Over-alloyed austenitic fillers may be used in some cases to maximise weld toughness, especially in highly restrained joints, but should still provide adequate corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Matching the filler to both <strong>corrosion requirements<\/strong> and <strong>mechanical property targets<\/strong> is essential in seawater, desalination, chemical and structural service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Heat Input, Interpass Temperature and Cooling<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Controlled heat input<\/strong> is critical:<\/p><ul><li><p>Too low \u2192 excess ferrite, reduced toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Too high \u2192 risk of excessive austenite and\/or intermetallic phases, reducing impact toughness and corrosion performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Keep <strong>heat input in a moderate band<\/strong> (not extremely low or high; follow filler\/manufacturer guidance).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Limit <strong>interpass temperature<\/strong> (often in the ~100\u2013150\u00b0C range) to avoid over-tempering and intermetallic formation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow the weld to <strong>cool in still air<\/strong>; water quenching is not used.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good control helps ensure weld metal and HAZ retain a <strong>balanced duplex structure<\/strong> with mechanical and corrosion properties close to the parent plate.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Weld Microstructure, Properties and Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Properly welded S32101 joints show:<\/p><ul><li><p>A <strong>duplex weld metal<\/strong> with roughly 30\u201370% ferrite, depending on procedure and thickness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good <strong>toughness and fatigue resistance<\/strong> for structural and pressure applications.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Corrosion resistance comparable to the parent metal in many service environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor welding practice can result in:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Ferrite-rich welds<\/strong> with lower toughness and reduced corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Formation of intermetallic phases in overheated HAZ or weld metal, causing impact-toughness loss and pitting susceptibility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Post-weld <strong>pickling and passivation<\/strong> (or mechanical cleaning plus passivation) are important to restore a clean, chromium-rich surface and remove heat tint, slag and contaminants.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Practical Fabrication Guidelines<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Design joints to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Avoid <strong>excessive restraint<\/strong> and high residual stresses (which can promote cracking and SCC).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide good access for both welding and cleaning.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Use:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Back purging<\/strong> with inert gas on root passes for pipe and tank welding to protect the weld root from oxidation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Qualified welding procedures (WPS \/ PQR) specifically developed for <strong>duplex steels<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex-aware NDE techniques where critical (e.g. ferrite measurement in weld metal \/ HAZ, as required by some codes).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For critical service (desalination, structural bridges, offshore, chemical tanks), follow <strong>material supplier and code guidance<\/strong> on allowable heat input, ferrite range and PWHT (typically none for S32101, unless specified for stress reasons).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) stainless steel has <strong>good weldability for a duplex grade<\/strong>, provided duplex-appropriate procedures are used: moderate heat input, controlled interpass temperature, suitable duplex or over-alloyed austenitic fillers, proper cleaning and joint design all ensure a balanced duplex weld microstructure with mechanical and corrosion properties matching the lean duplex base metal in demanding structural, tank, piping and marine applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"667c3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6d094b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6d094b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Fabrication of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel. Fabrication is broadly similar to other duplex grades: it machines and welds well with the right procedures, but its higher strength and duplex (ferrite + austenite) structure mean you must pay attention to forming loads, heat input and post-weld cleaning.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Fabrication Approach<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Normally supplied <strong>solution-annealed and pickled<\/strong> (plate, sheet, coil, tube).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Most <strong>forming, cutting, machining and welding<\/strong> are done in this condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Because yield strength is roughly <strong>twice that of 304\/316<\/strong>, designs can use thinner sections \u2013 but forming and cutting forces are higher.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Fabrication planning should always consider:<\/p><ul><li><p>Maintaining the <strong>duplex phase balance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoiding excessive cold work without subsequent heat treatment<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ensuring adequate machining allowances for scale and distortion<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Forming and Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Cold formability is <strong>good but lower ductility<\/strong> than 304\/316 due to higher strength.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Recommended practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>larger bend radii<\/strong> than you would for 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply <strong>gradual forming<\/strong> with good lubrication to reduce galling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For severe forming (deep drawing, tight bends on thicker plate), consider <strong>stepwise forming with intermediate annealing<\/strong> (supplier guidance) if properties are critical.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Cold work increases strength and hardness and introduces residual stresses; for demanding corrosion or fatigue service, avoid very heavy cold deformation unless followed by appropriate heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Hot Working and Heat Treatment in the Route<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Hot working (forging, hot forming) is carried out in a similar range to other duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Key points:<\/p><ul><li><p>Heat uniformly through section before deformation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>substantial reductions<\/strong>, not light tapping, to refine grains.<\/p><\/li><li><p>After heavy hot work, perform a <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> (typically water quench or fast air, per supplier spec) to restore a balanced duplex structure and full corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For most plate and light-gauge products, hot working is done at the mill; fabricators mainly deal with <strong>cold forming + welding<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Machinability is <strong>similar to other duplex steels<\/strong> and generally more demanding than 304\/316 because of higher strength.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>rigid setups and sharp carbide tooling<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Run <strong>moderate cutting speeds with adequate feed<\/strong> to avoid rubbing and excessive work hardening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply <strong>plenty of coolant<\/strong> for heat removal and chip control.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Plan the route as:<\/p><ul><li><p>Rough machining in the solution-annealed condition \u2192 welding\/forming \u2192 final <strong>light finish machining or grinding<\/strong> to restore tolerances and surface finish after any distortion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Welding as Part of Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>S32101 has <strong>good weldability for a duplex grade<\/strong>, but duplex rules apply:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>duplex or slightly over-alloyed austenitic fillers<\/strong> recommended for lean duplex.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Keep <strong>heat input and interpass temperature<\/strong> within the ranges specified for duplex steels to maintain a healthy ferrite\u2013austenite balance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>back purging<\/strong> and good shielding on pipe\/tank roots to avoid oxidation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Normally <strong>no post-weld heat treatment<\/strong> is required; the crucial step is:<\/p><ul><li><p>Thorough <strong>post-weld cleaning (grinding\/pickling\/passivation)<\/strong> to remove heat tint and contamination and recover corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Finishing, Cleaning and Dimensional Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>For best corrosion performance:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove <strong>scale, heat tint, slag and spatter<\/strong> from welds and HAZ.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use suitable <strong>pickling or mechanical cleaning plus passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean, chromium-rich passive film.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Prefer <strong>smooth, ground or brushed finishes<\/strong> in aggressive or chloride environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Dimensional considerations:<\/p><ul><li><p>Higher strength means stronger forming and residual stresses; control <strong>fixturing and sequence<\/strong> in welding and forming to minimise distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex steels have <strong>lower thermal expansion<\/strong> than austenitics, which helps with dimensional stability in service, but parts still need sensible welding sequences and clamps during fabrication.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is straightforward to fabricate when treated as a <strong>high-strength duplex stainless steel<\/strong>: do most forming and machining in the solution-annealed state, use duplex-appropriate welding procedures with controlled heat input and correct filler, and always finish with proper cleaning, pickling\/passivation and light final machining or grinding to deliver the required duplex microstructure, corrosion resistance, dimensional accuracy and surface quality.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b02c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8b02c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed5ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ed5ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Hot Working of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel that can be hot worked using similar practices to other duplex grades. Correct temperature control, reductions and cooling are important to maintain a balanced ferrite\u2013austenite structure and good mechanical and corrosion properties.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Typical hot-working \/ forging range is <strong>about 950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Start deformation toward the <strong>upper end of the range<\/strong> for best plasticity.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Finish hot working above roughly <strong>900\u00b0C<\/strong> to avoid cracking as ductility drops at lower temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Exact temperatures and soak times should follow the mill\u2019s data sheet for the specific product.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Heating and Forging Practice<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Heat material <strong>slowly and uniformly<\/strong> through the section before heavy deformation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>firm, substantial reductions per pass<\/strong> (not light tapping) to promote good grain refinement.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For large forgings or complex shapes, <strong>reheat<\/strong> as soon as temperature approaches the lower working limit.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid <strong>overheating or long soaking<\/strong> at peak temperature to limit grain growth and excessive scaling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Cooling After Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>After hot forming or forging, cool components in <strong>still air or controlled conditions<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For heavily hot-worked pieces, a subsequent <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> is recommended to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a proper duplex (ferrite\u2013austenite) balance<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximise toughness and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Avoid very slow cooling through the <strong>475\u20131,000\u00b0C<\/strong> range, which may allow formation of undesirable phases in duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Surface Scale, Machining Allowance and Cleaning<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>At forging temperatures S32101 will form <strong>oxide scale<\/strong> and some surface roughening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow a suitable <strong>machining\/grinding allowance<\/strong> to remove scale and any decarburised or damaged surface layer.<\/p><\/li><li><p>After hot working and any solution anneal, use <strong>pickling and\/or mechanical cleaning plus passivation<\/strong> to achieve a clean, metallic surface with full corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Effect on Microstructure and Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Correctly performed hot working in the right temperature range produces a <strong>fine, balanced duplex microstructure<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>A refined structure improves:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Toughness and ductility<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Fatigue performance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Uniformity of corrosion behaviour<\/strong> through the section<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor control (overheating, insufficient reduction, too slow cooling) can lead to <strong>coarse grains or unwanted phases<\/strong>, reducing impact toughness and pitting resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Design, Distortion and Cracking Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Preforms and forgings should be designed with <strong>smooth transitions and generous radii<\/strong> to reduce stress concentrations.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid sharp corners, abrupt thickness changes and heavy local reductions that promote cracking during forging or cooling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For long shafts, rings or complex shapes, use proper <strong>support and handling<\/strong> during hot working and cooling to minimise bending and distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Inspect forgings for <strong>laps, folds and surface cracks<\/strong> before committing to final heat treatment and machining.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Hot working of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is best carried out in the <strong>950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong> range with uniform heating, substantial reductions and controlled air cooling, followed where necessary by solution annealing and proper cleaning; this approach preserves a fine, balanced duplex microstructure and ensures the high strength, toughness and corrosion resistance required for demanding structural, tank and piping applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b3e46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87b3e46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc92608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc92608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"0\" data-end=\"68\"><strong data-start=\"3\" data-end=\"68\">Heat Resistance of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"70\" data-end=\"392\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel designed mainly for <strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"204\">ambient to moderately elevated temperature service<\/strong>, especially in chloride-containing environments. It has good strength retention and SCC resistance at moderate temperatures, but it is <strong data-start=\"340\" data-end=\"347\">not<\/strong> a high-temperature or creep-resistant alloy.<\/p><hr data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"397\" \/><h3 data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"447\"><strong data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"447\">1. Recommended Service Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"957\"><li data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"529\"><p data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"529\">Best suited for continuous service from <strong data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"526\">ambient up to roughly 200\u2013250\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"530\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"532\" data-end=\"564\">Within this range, it maintains:<\/p><ul data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"658\"><li data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"612\"><p data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"612\">High yield strength compared with 304\/316<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"615\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"658\">Good toughness and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"957\"><p data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"772\">Long-term use at <strong data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"715\">significantly higher temperatures<\/strong> is generally not recommended, because duplex steels can:<\/p><ul data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"957\"><li data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"860\"><p data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"860\">Form embrittling phases (e.g. sigma, 475\u00b0C embrittlement) with prolonged exposure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"863\" data-end=\"957\"><p data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"957\">Lose toughness and corrosion resistance if held too long at intermediate\/high temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"962\" \/><h3 data-start=\"964\" data-end=\"1022\"><strong data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1022\">2. Strength and Toughness at Elevated Temperatures<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1551\"><li data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1214\"><p data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1081\">As temperature rises, S32101 behaves like other steels:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1214\"><li data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1155\"><p data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1155\"><strong data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1125\">Yield and tensile strength decrease<\/strong> with increasing temperature<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1214\"><p data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1214\"><strong data-start=\"1160\" data-end=\"1180\">Fatigue strength<\/strong> is reduced under cyclic loading<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1410\"><p data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1271\">Even so, within its recommended range it still offers:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1410\"><li data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1336\"><p data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1336\"><strong data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1310\">Higher strength than 304L\/316L<\/strong> at the same temperature<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1339\" data-end=\"1410\"><p data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1410\">Good structural efficiency for tanks, piping and structural members<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1551\"><p data-start=\"1413\" data-end=\"1551\">Toughness remains adequate in the intended range, but duplex grades are <strong data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1501\">not intended<\/strong> for very high-temperature, creep-limited service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1553\" data-end=\"1556\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1558\" data-end=\"1627\"><strong data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1627\">3. Chloride Environments and Elevated Temperature Wet Service<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"2171\"><li data-start=\"1629\" data-end=\"1882\"><p data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1759\">One key advantage of S32101 is its <strong data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1734\">excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/strong> compared with 304\/316:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1882\"><li data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1882\"><p data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1882\">In warm chlorinated waters, desalination, cooling water and seawater splash zones, it is much more resistant to SCC.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1883\" data-end=\"2171\"><p data-start=\"1885\" data-end=\"1920\">However, like all stainless steels:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"2171\"><li data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"2031\"><p data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"2031\">High temperature + high chloride + high tensile stress can still create SCC risk if limits are exceeded.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2171\"><p data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2171\">Design should keep <strong data-start=\"2055\" data-end=\"2122\">service temperature and stress levels within recommended ranges<\/strong>, especially for critical wet-service components.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2173\" data-end=\"2176\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2243\"><strong data-start=\"2182\" data-end=\"2243\">4. Oxidation and Surface Behaviour at Higher Temperatures<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2245\" data-end=\"2684\"><li data-start=\"2245\" data-end=\"2367\"><p data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2367\">Chromium content gives <strong data-start=\"2270\" data-end=\"2299\">good oxidation resistance<\/strong> for moderate-temperature service in air or flue-like atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2368\" data-end=\"2497\"><p data-start=\"2370\" data-end=\"2497\">For temperatures <strong data-start=\"2387\" data-end=\"2425\">much above the normal design range<\/strong>, dedicated heat-resistant austenitic or nickel alloys are preferable.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2498\" data-end=\"2684\"><p data-start=\"2500\" data-end=\"2573\">Smooth, clean surfaces (no heavy scale, heat tint or contamination) help:<\/p><ul data-start=\"2576\" data-end=\"2684\"><li data-start=\"2576\" data-end=\"2609\"><p data-start=\"2578\" data-end=\"2609\">Maintain oxidation resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2612\" data-end=\"2684\"><p data-start=\"2614\" data-end=\"2684\">Preserve fatigue and corrosion performance under temperature cycling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2686\" data-end=\"2689\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2691\" data-end=\"2741\"><strong data-start=\"2695\" data-end=\"2741\">5. Design and Heat-Exposure Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2743\" data-end=\"3278\"><li data-start=\"2743\" data-end=\"2903\"><p data-start=\"2745\" data-end=\"2903\">Avoid prolonged exposure in temperature bands where duplex steels can form <strong data-start=\"2820\" data-end=\"2856\">embrittling intermetallic phases<\/strong> (typically mid-to-high temperature regions).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2904\" data-end=\"3108\"><p data-start=\"2906\" data-end=\"3019\">For components that may occasionally see higher excursions (e.g. during upset or cleaning cycles), design should:<\/p><ul data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3108\"><li data-start=\"3022\" data-end=\"3045\"><p data-start=\"3024\" data-end=\"3045\">Limit exposure time<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"3048\" data-end=\"3108\"><p data-start=\"3050\" data-end=\"3108\">Ensure proper cooling back into the safe operating range<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"3109\" data-end=\"3278\"><p data-start=\"3111\" data-end=\"3278\">S32101 is best treated as a <strong data-start=\"3139\" data-end=\"3198\">high-strength, corrosion-resistant structural stainless<\/strong>, not as a primary material for long-term high-temperature \/ creep applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"3280\" data-end=\"3283\" \/><h3 data-start=\"3285\" data-end=\"3300\"><strong data-start=\"3289\" data-end=\"3300\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"3302\" data-end=\"3779\">S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) offers <strong data-start=\"3336\" data-end=\"3458\">good heat resistance for structural and process equipment operating at moderate temperatures (roughly up to 200\u2013250\u00b0C)<\/strong>, retaining higher strength than 304\/316 and excellent resistance to chloride SCC; however, it is not designed for long-term high-temperature or creep-critical service, so for sustained exposure at significantly higher temperatures, more highly alloyed heat-resistant stainless steels or nickel alloys should be selected.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efea2ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efea2ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f48683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f48683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Machinability of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel with <strong>higher strength and stiffness<\/strong> than 304\/316, and machinability broadly similar to other duplex grades: workable, but more demanding than austenitic stainless steels and far from a free-cutting steel.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Machining Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Higher yield strength means <strong>higher cutting forces<\/strong> than 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Work hardening is <strong>less extreme than austenitic<\/strong> grades, but still present if feeds are too light or tools are dull.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Surface finish and tool life are very sensitive to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Tool sharpness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Machine rigidity<\/p><\/li><li><p>Correct cutting data (speed, feed, depth of cut)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Preferred Condition for Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Best machinability is in the <strong>solution-annealed condition<\/strong> as delivered from the mill.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid heavy cold work (severe forming, straightening) immediately before finish machining, as it:<\/p><ul><li><p>Raises surface hardness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Increases tool wear<\/p><\/li><li><p>Makes dimensional control harder<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For tight-tolerance parts, a good route is:<br \/><strong>Rough machining \u2192 welding\/forming (if needed) \u2192 straightening \u2192 finish machining \/ grinding.<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Tooling and Cutting Parameters<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Carbide tooling<\/strong> is strongly recommended for turning, milling and drilling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use:<\/p><ul><li><p>Inserts and grades <strong>designed for stainless \/ duplex steels<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Positive rake<\/strong> geometries to reduce cutting forces and heat<\/p><\/li><li><p>Rigid toolholders and solid fixturing to minimise chatter<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Cutting data guidelines (conceptually):<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Moderate cutting speeds<\/strong>, lower than for 304\/316 at similar operations<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Adequate feed and depth of cut<\/strong> to cut below any work-hardened skin<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid very light \u201cpolishing\u201d cuts that only rub and harden the surface<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Coolant Use and Chip Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex steels generate significant heat \u2192 <strong>coolant is essential<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use plenty of cutting fluid \/ emulsion at the cutting zone<\/p><\/li><li><p>For deep holes and pockets, ensure good <strong>chip evacuation<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>S32101 tends to form <strong>tough, continuous chips<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use inserts with <strong>effective chip breakers<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Optimise feed + depth of cut to encourage chip breaking<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good chip control improves tool life, surface finish and process reliability (especially on CNC \/ automatic machines)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Drilling, Tapping and Threading<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Drilling<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>carbide or cobalt HSS<\/strong> drills with robust web and good point geometry<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply steady feed and avoid dwelling at the bottom of the hole<\/p><\/li><li><p>For deep holes, use <strong>peck drilling<\/strong> to clear chips and maintain cooling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p><strong>Tapping \/ Threading<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Use high-quality, strong taps with <strong>abundant lubrication<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Keep speeds modest to control torque and avoid galling<\/p><\/li><li><p>For critical or large threads, <strong>thread milling<\/strong> is often preferable:<\/p><ul><li><p>Lower risk of tool breakage<\/p><\/li><li><p>Better control of thread fit and minor-diameter size<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Finish, Distortion and Dimensional Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>With proper parameters, S32101 can achieve <strong>very good surface finishes<\/strong> after turning, milling and grinding.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For best dimensional control:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>balanced machining<\/strong> (remove similar amounts of material from both sides of plates\/rings where possible)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid excessive local heating during heavy cuts or grinding to prevent:<\/p><ul><li><p>Localised tempering<\/p><\/li><li><p>Residual tensile stresses<\/p><\/li><li><p>Minor distortion on thin or slender parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Duplex steels have <strong>higher stiffness and lower thermal expansion<\/strong> than austenitics, which helps dimensional stability in service, but fabrication stresses and clamping must still be managed carefully.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) has <strong>moderate machinability<\/strong> for a high-strength duplex stainless steel: it machines cleanly when you use rigid setups, suitable duplex\/stainless carbide tooling, conservative cutting speeds with adequate feed, generous coolant and effective chip breaking, combined with sensible process planning (roughing in the solution-annealed condition and finishing with light cuts) to achieve accurate dimensions, good tool life and high-quality surfaces on structural, tank, piping and mechanical components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed5927 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ed5927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c5c0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c5c0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Corrosion Resistance of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel with corrosion resistance <strong>better than 304L and broadly comparable to 316L in many environments<\/strong>, plus <strong>much higher resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/strong> thanks to its duplex (austenite + ferrite) structure.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Good overall resistance to <strong>uniform corrosion<\/strong> in many industrial, marine-atmospheric and process environments.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Performs clearly better than <strong>304L<\/strong> and typically close to <strong>316L<\/strong> in many mildly to moderately aggressive chloride-containing waters.<\/p><\/li><li><p>The duplex structure and alloying (high Cr, N, lean Ni) give a robust passive film with good resistance to corrosion fatigue in agitated service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Atmospheric and Aqueous Environments<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Very good performance in <strong>rural, urban and marine atmospheres<\/strong>, with low risk of rust staining when surfaces are kept clean.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Suitable for <strong>fresh water, cooling water, process water and many natural waters<\/strong> where chlorides are low to moderate.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Widely used in <strong>tanks, piping, structural work and water-treatment equipment<\/strong> exposed to condensation, splash, spray and intermittent wetting\/drying.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion in Chloride Media<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Improved <strong>pitting and crevice corrosion resistance<\/strong> compared with 304L due to higher chromium and nitrogen.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In many natural and process waters, resistance is <strong>similar to or slightly better than 316L<\/strong>, provided temperatures and chloride levels are not extreme.<\/p><\/li><li><p>As with all stainless steels, tight crevices, deposits and stagnant zones can become initiation sites; good design (smooth transitions, drainability, easy cleaning) is essential.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For <strong>very hot or highly concentrated chlorides<\/strong> (e.g. strong brines, evaporators at high temperature), more highly alloyed duplex or super-austenitic grades may be required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC) Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>One of S32101\u2019s key advantages is its <strong>excellent resistance to chloride SCC<\/strong> compared with austenitic grades:<\/p><ul><li><p>Duplex microstructure makes it far less susceptible than 304\/316 in warm, stressed, chloride-bearing service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>This is especially valuable in:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Desalination and cooling-water systems<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Seawater-contact structures and piping<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Bridge and infrastructure components<\/strong> exposed to de-icing salts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>SCC risk is not zero, but the safe operating \u201cwindow\u201d (temperature \u00d7 chloride \u00d7 stress) is much wider than for 300-series stainless steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Intergranular Corrosion and Welded Joints<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>S32101 is designed to have good resistance to <strong>intergranular corrosion<\/strong> when correctly fabricated and welded.<\/p><\/li><li><p>With proper welding procedures (controlled heat input, suitable duplex or over-alloyed austenitic fillers, correct ferrite\u2013austenite balance), weld metal and HAZ retain:<\/p><ul><li><p>Good toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Corrosion behaviour close to the base metal<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Excessive heat input or poor welding practice can promote formation of <strong>intermetallic phases<\/strong> or unbalanced microstructures, which reduce both toughness and corrosion resistance\u2014so duplex-specific WPS\/PQR control is important.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Influence of Surface Finish, Cleaning and Design<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>As with all stainless steels, <strong>surface condition strongly affects corrosion performance<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Smooth, ground or brushed finishes resist pitting and fouling better than rough, damaged or heavily heat-tinted surfaces.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Welds should be properly <strong>cleaned, pickled and\/or passivated<\/strong> to remove oxides, slag and iron contamination.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good design practice further improves corrosion resistance:<\/p><ul><li><p>Avoid stagnant pockets, tight <strong>crevices and lap joints<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide drainage and access for inspection and cleaning.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use compatible fasteners and avoid galvanic couples that could drive local attack in wet service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) offers <strong>corrosion resistance superior to 304L and broadly comparable to 316L in many natural and process waters<\/strong>, combined with <strong>outstanding resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong> and good pitting\/crevice resistance for lean duplex level; when welded and finished correctly and used within its intended temperature and chloride ranges, it provides a very robust, cost-effective corrosion-resistant solution for tanks, piping, structural and marine-related applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c866eba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c866eba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63b0d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d63b0d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Treatment of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel. Like other duplex grades, it <strong>cannot be hardened by quenching<\/strong> in the way martensitic steels can; heat treatment is mainly used to obtain the correct duplex microstructure, restore toughness and corrosion resistance after forming or hot working, and control residual stress.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Heat-Treatment Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Microstructure is roughly <strong>50% ferrite \/ 50% austenite<\/strong> in the solution-annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Strength comes from <strong>composition + duplex structure + any cold work<\/strong>, not from martensitic hardening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Main treatments in practice are:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Solution annealing<\/strong> after hot working or heavy cold work<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very limited <strong>stress relief<\/strong>, only when absolutely necessary<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Prolonged exposure in intermediate temperature ranges can form <strong>embrittling intermetallic phases<\/strong>, so duplex steels are not heat-treated like ordinary low-alloy or martensitic steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Solution Annealing (Softening \/ Resetting the Structure)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Purpose:<\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a <strong>balanced duplex microstructure<\/strong> after hot working or heavy forming<\/p><\/li><li><p>Dissolve unwanted precipitates and recover <strong>toughness and corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical practice (exact range depends on mill spec):<\/p><ul><li><p>Heat into a high-temperature solution-annealing range (around <strong>\u2248 1020\u20131100\u00b0C<\/strong>).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Soak long enough for full through-heating of the section.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapid cooling<\/strong>, usually water quench (or very fast air for thin sections), to freeze in the desired ferrite\u2013austenite balance and avoid intermetallic formation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>After proper solution annealing and rapid cooling, S32101 has:<\/p><ul><li><p>High yield strength for a stainless steel<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good impact toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximum available resistance to pitting, crevice and stress-corrosion cracking for this grade.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Stress Relief and Post-Fabrication Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex steels in general, including S32101, <strong>do not usually require stress relief<\/strong> after welding or forming if good procedures are used.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Low-temperature \u201ctempering-type\u201d treatments used for carbon steels are <strong>not appropriate<\/strong>; holding duplex steels too long in mid-temperature ranges can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Promote <strong>475\u00b0C embrittlement<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Encourage formation of intermetallic phases<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduce toughness and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>If a code or design absolutely requires some stress relief, it must:<\/p><ul><li><p>Be at <strong>relatively low temperature and short time<\/strong>, and<\/p><\/li><li><p>Follow the steelmaker\u2019s or code guidance specifically for duplex grades<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For most tanks, piping and structures in S32101, the preferred route is:<\/p><ul><li><p>Fabricate (form + weld) in the <strong>solution-annealed condition<\/strong>,<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use proper welding parameters and fillers,<\/p><\/li><li><p>Then rely on <strong>careful cleaning, pickling and passivation<\/strong>, rather than PWHT, to achieve performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Correct <strong>solution annealing + rapid cooling<\/strong> gives:<\/p><ul><li><p>A fine, balanced duplex structure<\/p><\/li><li><p>High yield strength and good toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Consistent corrosion behaviour through the section<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Overheating, long soaking, or slow cooling in the intermediate range can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Produce <strong>coarse grains<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow <strong>sigma or other intermetallic phases<\/strong> to form<\/p><\/li><li><p>Lower impact toughness and make the steel more sensitive to pitting and SCC<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>S32101 <strong>does not gain extra strength<\/strong> from additional quenching steps; multiple uncontrolled heat cycles can actually <strong>damage<\/strong> properties instead of improving them.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Practical Heat-Treatment Guidelines for Fabricators<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Treat S32101 as a <strong>duplex stainless<\/strong>, not as carbon steel or martensitic stainless:<\/p><ul><li><p>No quench-hardening cycles<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid long holds in the 300\u20131000\u00b0C region unless following a qualified duplex procedure<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical fabrication route:<\/p><ul><li><p>Mill supply in solution-annealed condition<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Cold forming, machining and welding<\/strong> with duplex-appropriate procedures<\/p><\/li><li><p>Solution anneal only when:<\/p><ul><li><p>Material has been heavily hot worked, or<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very heavy cold work has been done and top-level toughness\/corrosion resistance are required<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Always finish with:<\/p><ul><li><p>Proper <strong>pickling \/ mechanical cleaning + passivation<\/strong> to remove heat tint and contaminants and restore a clean passive surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is not hardened by quenching; its key heat treatment is <strong>solution annealing at high temperature followed by rapid cooling<\/strong> to restore a balanced duplex microstructure, toughness and corrosion resistance after heavy hot or cold work, while routine welded and formed fabrications are usually left in the as-welded, solution-annealed condition with no further heat treatment\u2014provided that duplex-specific welding and thorough post-weld cleaning are correctly applied.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e1fde8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e1fde8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e70772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e70772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Cold Working of S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) is a lean duplex stainless steel with <strong>higher strength and lower ductility than 304\/316<\/strong>, but it still offers <strong>good cold formability<\/strong> for sensible bend radii and moderate forming operations when correct tooling and procedures are used.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Cold Workability<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex structure and higher yield strength mean <strong>forming loads are significantly higher<\/strong> than for 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ductility is lower than austenitic grades, but <strong>adequate for most practical bending, rolling and profiling<\/strong> when radii and tooling are chosen appropriately.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Suitable for:<\/p><ul><li><p>Rolling and bending of plate and sheet<\/p><\/li><li><p>Forming of channels, profiles, tanks and shells<\/p><\/li><li><p>Moderate flanging and edge-forming operations<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Bending, Rolling and Forming Practice<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Use <strong>larger minimum bend radii<\/strong> than you would for 304\/316 to avoid edge cracking.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply forming in <strong>gradual steps<\/strong> rather than single severe hits, especially on thicker sections.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ensure:<\/p><ul><li><p>Smooth, well-polished tools<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good lubrication to reduce friction and galling<\/p><\/li><li><p>Proper alignment and support to avoid local over-strain<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For difficult shapes or tight bends on thicker plate, consider:<\/p><ul><li><p>Stepwise forming<\/p><\/li><li><p>Trial pieces to confirm radii and spring-back<\/p><\/li><li><p>Supplier guidance for recommended minimum radii by thickness<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Work-Hardening and Residual Stresses<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>S32101 <strong>work hardens<\/strong> under cold deformation, but generally less aggressively than austenitic 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Effects of heavy cold work:<\/p><ul><li><p>Increased <strong>strength and hardness<\/strong> in deformed zones<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduced <strong>local ductility and toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Introduction of <strong>residual stresses<\/strong>, which can influence:<\/p><ul><li><p>Distortion during\/after welding<\/p><\/li><li><p>Fatigue and corrosion-fatigue behaviour<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For demanding service (pressure, fatigue, corrosive media), avoid <strong>very severe local cold deformation<\/strong> unless you plan for corrective heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Heavy Cold Work and Optional Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>For <strong>light to moderate<\/strong> cold work (normal tank\/pipe forming, reasonable bend radii), final solution annealing is usually <strong>not required<\/strong>, provided welding and cleaning are done correctly.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For <strong>heavy cold work<\/strong>, such as:<\/p><ul><li><p>Very tight-radius bends on thick plate<\/p><\/li><li><p>Large area high-strain stretch forming or deep drawing<\/p><\/li><li><p>Significant cold reduction in thickness or diameter<br \/>a <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> may be advisable to:<\/p><\/li><li><p>Restore toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Rebalance the duplex microstructure<\/p><\/li><li><p>Recover best corrosion resistance (especially in chloride service)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Interaction with Welding and Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Cold-worked areas can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Distort more when welded due to residual stresses<\/p><\/li><li><p>Show slightly different heat-affected behaviour than lightly worked base metal<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Practical approach:<\/p><ul><li><p>Do <strong>most heavy forming before critical welding<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use balanced forming and machining to reduce distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For high-accuracy parts, a route like<br \/><strong>Form \u2192 Weld \u2192 Straighten (light) \u2192 Finish machine \/ grind<\/strong><br \/>helps control final dimensions and stress state.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Design Recommendations for Cold-Worked S32101 Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Assume higher forming forces and plan <strong>press\/roll capacity<\/strong> accordingly.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid:<\/p><ul><li><p>Sharp corners and very tight radii in heavily loaded or corrosive-zone areas<\/p><\/li><li><p>Severe local thinning (necking) in high-stress regions<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In critical applications (e.g. structural, pressure, seawater service):<\/p><ul><li><p>Keep cold strain <strong>moderate and well distributed<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Consider solution annealing after extreme forming steps if top-level toughness and corrosion resistance are required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>S32101 (LDX 2101 \/ 1.4162) has <strong>good but not \u201c304-like\u201d cold workability<\/strong>: it can be bent, rolled and formed successfully when you allow for its higher strength with larger radii, higher forming loads and good lubrication; moderate cold work is normally acceptable without further heat treatment, while very heavy deformation should be followed by solution annealing or carefully limited, especially for critical, highly stressed or corrosion-exposed components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Duplex S32101 Stainless Steel (1.4162) A low-alloyed, general purpose lean duplex stainless steel. S32101 is a lean duplex stainless steel (ferritic\u2013austenitic microstructure) with the trade name LDX 2101\u00ae in many mills. It combines about 21\u201322% chromium with high manganese and a low nickel content, plus nitrogen and small additions of molybdenum and copper. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3745,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3740","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-performance-stainless-steels"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3740","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3740"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3740\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3745"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3740"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3740"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/de\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3740"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}