{"id":2551,"date":"2025-11-14T05:23:16","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T05:23:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2551"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:28:19","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:28:19","slug":"420-stainless-steel-s42000-bar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/420-stainless-steel-s42000-bar\/","title":{"rendered":"420 Stainless Steel (S42000) Bar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2551\" class=\"elementor elementor-2551\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a04394 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3a04394\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-324e2ee e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"324e2ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bf9113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9bf9113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Martensitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-402155d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"402155d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">420 Stainless Steel  (S42000) Bar\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-faff9e4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"faff9e4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A martensitic machining bar with machinability enhanced through the addition of sulphur.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9121c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9121c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As with most other free-machining stainless steels the improvement in machinability is achieved by addition of sulphur which forms manganese sulphide inclusions; this sulphur addition also lowers the corrosion resistance, weldability and formability to below that of its non-free machining equivalent <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/410-stainless-steel-s41000-bar\/\">Grade 410<\/a>.<\/p><p data-start=\"123\" data-end=\"404\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/420-stainless-steel-s42000-bar\/\">420 stainless steel<\/a> is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in applications that require cutting edges, wear resistance, and the ability to be hardened.<\/p><p>Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-682cbed e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"682cbed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74beffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"74beffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-37742a5 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"37742a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51681c2 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"51681c2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad21d19 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad21d19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range Enquiry\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f294677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f294677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8a48b1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d8a48b1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">420 Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b65edda elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"b65edda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-193\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"193\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        420                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S42000                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4021                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X20Cr13                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Type 420 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A314                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Type 420 (forged\/rolled bars)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A743                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CA-40 (cast 420-type)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2Cr13                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS420J1 \/ SUS420J2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        420S37 \/ 420S45                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-193'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 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class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f79f28e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f79f28e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eebd1b3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"eebd1b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2500\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beec874 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"beec874\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e8cf69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1e8cf69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-92\">1.4021 Steel<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-92\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-92\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"8\"\n           data-wpID=\"92\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.16 - 0.25                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12.00 - 14.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.04                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-92'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2501\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2501\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2501\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e286fc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e286fc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f373d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5f373d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-93\">Bar Up to 160mm Dia \/ Thickness<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-93\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-93\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"93\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        500 - 600 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        700 - 950 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12 - 13 %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-93'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2502\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2502\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2502\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78c76f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"78c76f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e83d5f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"e83d5f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-94\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"94\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.75 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.3 x 10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        24.9 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.55 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-94'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    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elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1117a90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35d8739 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"35d8739\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c79169 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7c79169\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b81527e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b81527e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"125\">Applications of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"392\"><strong data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"150\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"199\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"293\">excellent hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is widely used in applications requiring <strong data-start=\"339\" data-end=\"389\">cutting performance, precision, and durability<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"397\" \/><h3 data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"434\"><strong data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"434\">1. Cutting Tools and Blades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"552\"><li data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"481\"><p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"481\">Knives, scissors, and surgical instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"511\"><p data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"511\">Razors and trimming tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"552\"><p data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"552\">Industrial cutting and shaping tools<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"557\" \/><h3 data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"606\"><strong data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"606\">2. Mechanical and Industrial Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"714\"><li data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"638\"><p data-start=\"609\" data-end=\"638\">Gears, shafts, and bushings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"672\"><p data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"672\">Bearings and valve components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"714\"><p data-start=\"675\" data-end=\"714\">Dies, molds, and wear-resistant parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"719\" \/><h3 data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"769\"><strong data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"769\">3. Automotive and Aerospace Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"897\"><li data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"806\"><p data-start=\"772\" data-end=\"806\">High-strength fasteners and pins<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"843\"><p data-start=\"809\" data-end=\"843\">Springs and precision components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"897\"><p data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"897\">Components requiring wear resistance under stress<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"902\" \/><h3 data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"952\"><strong data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"952\">4. Household and Decorative Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"953\" data-end=\"1109\"><li data-start=\"953\" data-end=\"984\"><p data-start=\"955\" data-end=\"984\">Kitchen knives and utensils<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"985\" data-end=\"1045\"><p data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1045\">Tools and hardware exposed to moderate wear and moisture<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1109\"><p data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1109\">Decorative fittings requiring moderate corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1111\" data-end=\"1114\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1131\"><strong data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1131\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1132\" data-end=\"1460\">420 stainless steel combines <strong data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1235\">high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1346\">cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items<\/strong>. It is particularly suitable for applications requiring <strong data-start=\"1403\" data-end=\"1457\">sharp edges, durability, and dimensional stability<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dcfc97 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3dcfc97\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10eb317 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"10eb317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80cff03 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"80cff03\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"131\">Characteristics of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"410\"><strong data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"156\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"205\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"220\" data-end=\"299\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is widely used in applications requiring <strong data-start=\"345\" data-end=\"407\">cutting performance, durability, and dimensional stability<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"415\" \/><h3 data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"448\"><strong data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"448\">1. Chemical Composition<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"688\"><li data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"524\"><p data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"524\"><strong data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"462\">Carbon:<\/strong> 0.15\u20130.40% \u2013 provides <strong data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"522\">high hardness and wear resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"600\"><p data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"600\"><strong data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"540\">Chromium:<\/strong> 12\u201314% \u2013 gives <strong data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"598\">corrosion resistance and hardenability<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"601\" data-end=\"688\"><p data-start=\"603\" data-end=\"688\">Minor elements such as manganese, silicon, and nickel enhance mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"693\" \/><h3 data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"740\"><strong data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"740\">2. Hardness and Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"741\" data-end=\"952\"><li data-start=\"741\" data-end=\"798\"><p data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"798\">Can be <strong data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"775\">hardened to 50\u201355 HRC<\/strong> after heat treatment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"853\"><p data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"853\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"851\">tensile strength and wear resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"854\" data-end=\"952\"><p data-start=\"856\" data-end=\"952\">Moderate <strong data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"892\">ductility and toughness<\/strong>, designed primarily for hard, wear-resistant applications<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"954\" data-end=\"957\" \/><h3 data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"990\"><strong data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"990\">3. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1278\"><li data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1063\"><p data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1063\">Moderate resistance to <strong data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1061\">oxidation and mild corrosive environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1153\"><p data-start=\"1066\" data-end=\"1153\">Better than carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1278\"><p data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1278\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1230\">kitchen tools, industrial components, and precision parts<\/strong> exposed to mild moisture or chemical exposure<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1283\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1325\"><strong data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1325\">4. Machinability and Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1565\"><li data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1366\"><p data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1366\">Machinable in <strong data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1364\">annealed condition<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1450\"><p data-start=\"1369\" data-end=\"1450\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1407\">polished to a bright finish<\/strong> for aesthetic or functional applications<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1451\" data-end=\"1565\"><p data-start=\"1453\" data-end=\"1565\">Welding is possible but may reduce hardness in the heat-affected zone; post-weld heat treatment is recommended<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1570\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1595\"><strong data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1595\">5. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1808\"><li data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1635\"><p data-start=\"1598\" data-end=\"1635\">Knives, scissors, and cutting tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1705\"><p data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1705\">Gears, shafts, bearings, and wear-resistant mechanical components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1706\" data-end=\"1763\"><p data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1763\">Springs, dies, molds, and precision engineering parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1808\"><p data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1808\">Kitchen utensils and decorative hardware<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1813\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1815\" data-end=\"1830\"><strong data-start=\"1819\" data-end=\"1830\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"2144\">420 stainless steel is characterized by <strong data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1950\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2090\">cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items<\/strong> requiring <strong data-start=\"2101\" data-end=\"2141\">durability and dimensional stability<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42b46d6 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"42b46d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9bd387 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b9bd387\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fea708c elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"fea708c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26840c6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26840c6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55f1a0c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"55f1a0c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"139\"><strong data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"139\">Fabrication of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"420\"><strong data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"164\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"213\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"228\" data-end=\"297\">good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Fabrication requires careful handling due to its <strong data-start=\"348\" data-end=\"417\">high carbon content and potential for hardening during processing<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"425\" \/><h3 data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"445\"><strong data-start=\"431\" data-end=\"445\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"905\"><li data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"466\"><strong data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"464\">Hot Working:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"658\"><li data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"518\"><p data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"518\">Best performed in the <strong data-start=\"493\" data-end=\"515\">annealed condition<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"587\"><p data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"587\">Typical hot working temperature: <strong data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"584\">900\u20131050\u00b0C (1650\u20131920\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"592\" data-end=\"658\">Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth and loss of toughness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"680\"><strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"678\">Cold Working:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"905\"><li data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"722\"><p data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"722\">Possible in the <strong data-start=\"701\" data-end=\"719\">annealed state<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"840\"><p data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"840\">Cold deformation increases strength through <strong data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"791\">strain hardening<\/strong>, but excessive deformation can cause cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"905\">Suitable for bending, stamping, and rolling thin sections.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"910\" \/><h3 data-start=\"912\" data-end=\"932\"><strong data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"932\">2. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"1145\"><li data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"987\"><p data-start=\"935\" data-end=\"987\">Machining is <strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"984\">easier in the annealed condition<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1079\"><p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1079\">Hardened 420 is <strong data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1030\">difficult to machine<\/strong>, requiring carbide tooling and proper cooling.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1145\"><p data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1145\">Use cutting fluids to <strong data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1142\">reduce heat and maintain tool life<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1150\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1170\"><strong data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1170\">3. Welding<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1407\"><li data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1225\"><p data-start=\"1173\" data-end=\"1225\">Welding is <strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1222\">limited due to high carbon content<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1309\"><p data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1309\">Preheating and post-weld stress relief are recommended to <strong data-start=\"1286\" data-end=\"1306\">prevent cracking<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1407\"><p data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1407\">Use <strong data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1359\">matching or low-carbon filler materials<\/strong> for better corrosion resistance and strength.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1412\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1414\" data-end=\"1439\"><strong data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1439\">4. Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1440\" data-end=\"1648\"><li data-start=\"1440\" data-end=\"1530\"><p data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1530\">Annealing is used before fabrication to <strong data-start=\"1482\" data-end=\"1527\">soften the steel for forming or machining<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1531\" data-end=\"1648\"><p data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1648\">Hardening followed by tempering is applied after fabrication to <strong data-start=\"1597\" data-end=\"1645\">achieve desired hardness and wear resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1653\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1683\"><strong data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1683\">5. Surface Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1684\" data-end=\"1878\"><li data-start=\"1684\" data-end=\"1765\"><p data-start=\"1686\" data-end=\"1765\">Polishing or passivation can <strong data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1762\">improve corrosion resistance and appearance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1878\"><p data-start=\"1768\" data-end=\"1878\">Surface finishing is particularly important for <strong data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1875\">cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision components<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1880\" data-end=\"1883\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1885\" data-end=\"1936\"><strong data-start=\"1889\" data-end=\"1936\">6. Applications Benefiting from Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"2103\"><li data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"1959\"><p data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"1959\">Cutlery and knives<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1960\" data-end=\"2002\"><p data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"2002\">Surgical instruments and medical tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2003\" data-end=\"2046\"><p data-start=\"2005\" data-end=\"2046\">Industrial tooling and valve components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2103\"><p data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2103\">Precision mechanical parts requiring wear resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2105\" data-end=\"2108\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2110\" data-end=\"2125\"><strong data-start=\"2114\" data-end=\"2125\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2126\" data-end=\"2516\">420 stainless steel fabrication is typically performed in the <strong data-start=\"2188\" data-end=\"2210\">annealed condition<\/strong> to allow <strong data-start=\"2220\" data-end=\"2275\">hot or cold forming, machining, and limited welding<\/strong>. Post-fabrication <strong data-start=\"2294\" data-end=\"2334\">heat treatment and surface finishing<\/strong> ensure optimal <strong data-start=\"2350\" data-end=\"2414\">hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>, making 420 ideal for <strong data-start=\"2437\" data-end=\"2513\">cutting tools, surgical instruments, and precision mechanical components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1e4d92 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e1e4d92\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-226a912 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"226a912\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"139\"><strong data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"139\">Weldability of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"444\"><strong data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"164\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"213\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"228\" data-end=\"297\">good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Welding this steel requires care due to its <strong data-start=\"343\" data-end=\"389\">high carbon content and tendency to harden<\/strong>, which can lead to cracking if not properly managed.<\/p><hr data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"449\" \/><h3 data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"484\"><strong data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"484\">1. General Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"775\"><li data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"563\"><p data-start=\"487\" data-end=\"563\"><strong data-start=\"487\" data-end=\"510\">High carbon content<\/strong> increases the risk of <strong data-start=\"533\" data-end=\"560\">cracking during welding<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"646\"><p data-start=\"566\" data-end=\"646\">Preferred welding in the <strong data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"621\">annealed or soft condition<\/strong> to reduce brittleness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"775\"><p data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"775\">Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are recommended to <strong data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"772\">minimize residual stresses and prevent martensitic hardening<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"777\" data-end=\"780\" \/><h3 data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"803\"><strong data-start=\"786\" data-end=\"803\">2. Preheating<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"954\"><li data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"860\"><p data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"860\"><strong data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"842\">Preheat to 150\u2013250\u00b0C (300\u2013480\u00b0F)<\/strong> before welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"861\" data-end=\"954\"><p data-start=\"863\" data-end=\"954\">Helps <strong data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"919\">reduce thermal stress and the risk of cracking<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"959\" \/><h3 data-start=\"961\" data-end=\"987\"><strong data-start=\"965\" data-end=\"987\">3. Welding Methods<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1199\"><li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1060\"><p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1060\"><strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1019\">TIG (GTAW) and MIG (GMAW)<\/strong> are commonly used for precision welds.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1131\"><p data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1131\"><strong data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1087\">Stick welding (SMAW)<\/strong> is possible but requires skilled control.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1132\" data-end=\"1199\"><p data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1199\">Use <strong data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1165\">low-hydrogen electrodes<\/strong> to reduce the risk of cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1204\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1206\" data-end=\"1233\"><strong data-start=\"1210\" data-end=\"1233\">4. Filler Materials<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1419\"><li data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1328\"><p data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1328\">Use <strong data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1269\">matching 420 filler metal<\/strong> for best corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1419\"><p data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1419\"><strong data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1380\">Lower carbon or martensitic stainless fillers<\/strong> can be used to reduce cracking risk.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1424\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1426\" data-end=\"1461\"><strong data-start=\"1430\" data-end=\"1461\">5. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1694\"><li data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1544\"><p data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1544\"><strong data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1494\">Stress relief or tempering<\/strong> after welding is critical to restore toughness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1545\" data-end=\"1620\"><p data-start=\"1547\" data-end=\"1620\">Avoid quenching immediately after welding unless specifically required.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1621\" data-end=\"1694\"><p data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1694\">Typical post-weld tempering: <strong data-start=\"1652\" data-end=\"1677\">150\u2013250\u00b0C (300\u2013480\u00b0F)<\/strong> for 1\u20132 hours.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1696\" data-end=\"1699\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1701\" data-end=\"1723\"><strong data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1723\">6. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1999\"><li data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1785\"><p data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1785\">Welding in the <strong data-start=\"1741\" data-end=\"1782\">hardened condition is not recommended<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1912\"><p data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1912\">Not suitable for applications requiring <strong data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"1874\">high corrosion resistance in welded joints<\/strong> without proper post-weld treatment.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1999\"><p data-start=\"1915\" data-end=\"1999\">Careful control of <strong data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1948\">heat input<\/strong> is necessary to prevent distortion and cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2004\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2006\" data-end=\"2029\"><strong data-start=\"2010\" data-end=\"2029\">7. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2210\"><li data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2098\"><p data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2098\">Welded components in <strong data-start=\"2053\" data-end=\"2075\">cutlery and knives<\/strong> (annealed condition)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2135\"><p data-start=\"2101\" data-end=\"2135\">Light-duty industrial components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2136\" data-end=\"2210\"><p data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2210\">Mechanical parts requiring moderate corrosion resistance after welding<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2212\" data-end=\"2215\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2217\" data-end=\"2232\"><strong data-start=\"2221\" data-end=\"2232\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2233\" data-end=\"2657\">420 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2281\">weldable with caution<\/strong>, preferably in the <strong data-start=\"2301\" data-end=\"2323\">annealed condition<\/strong>. Proper <strong data-start=\"2332\" data-end=\"2412\">preheating, controlled welding, low-hydrogen filler, and post-weld tempering<\/strong> are essential to prevent cracking and ensure <strong data-start=\"2458\" data-end=\"2488\">good mechanical properties<\/strong>. While weldability is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels, it can be effectively welded for <strong data-start=\"2593\" data-end=\"2654\">cutlery, tools, and moderate-duty mechanical applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95f1b4a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"95f1b4a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-185efd5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"185efd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"100\" data-end=\"143\"><strong data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"143\">Machinability of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"453\"><strong data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"168\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"174\" data-end=\"217\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"301\">good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its machinability depends heavily on its <strong data-start=\"344\" data-end=\"372\">heat treatment condition<\/strong>, with the annealed state being much easier to machine than the hardened state.<\/p><hr data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"458\" \/><h3 data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"494\"><strong data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"494\">1. General Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"930\"><li data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"522\"><strong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"520\">Annealed condition:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"658\"><li data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"594\"><p data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"594\">Machinable with standard high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"658\">Provides <strong data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"631\">good surface finish<\/strong> and dimensional control.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"841\"><p data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"686\"><strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"684\">Hardened condition:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"841\"><li data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"757\"><p data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"757\">Machining is <strong data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"738\">difficult due to high hardness<\/strong> (up to ~50 HRC).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"841\"><p data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"841\">Requires <strong data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"790\">carbide tooling<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"815\">slow cutting speeds<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"838\">ample coolant<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"930\"><p data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"930\"><strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"865\">Strain hardening:<\/strong> High-carbon content may cause work hardening during machining.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"935\" \/><h3 data-start=\"937\" data-end=\"978\"><strong data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"978\">2. Recommended Cutting Parameters<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1303\"><li data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1060\"><p data-start=\"981\" data-end=\"1060\"><strong data-start=\"981\" data-end=\"999\">Cutting Speed:<\/strong> Lower speeds compared to mild steels to prevent tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1130\"><p data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1130\"><strong data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1077\">Feed Rate:<\/strong> Moderate, to balance surface finish and tool life.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1218\"><p data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1218\"><strong data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1150\">Depth of Cut:<\/strong> Shallow cuts in hardened material to avoid excessive tool stress.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1303\"><p data-start=\"1221\" data-end=\"1303\"><strong data-start=\"1221\" data-end=\"1233\">Coolant:<\/strong> Use water-soluble oil or cutting fluid to reduce heat and friction.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1308\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1328\"><strong data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1328\">3. Tooling<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1561\"><li data-start=\"1329\" data-end=\"1399\"><p data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1399\"><strong data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1348\">Hardened 420:<\/strong> Best machined with <strong data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1396\">carbide or ceramic tools<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1476\"><p data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1476\"><strong data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1419\">Annealed 420:<\/strong> Can be machined with <strong data-start=\"1441\" data-end=\"1473\">high-speed steel (HSS) tools<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1477\" data-end=\"1561\"><p data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1561\"><strong data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1505\">Threading and tapping:<\/strong> Use slow speeds and sharp tooling to prevent galling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1563\" data-end=\"1566\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1568\" data-end=\"1589\"><strong data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1589\">4. Advantages<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1810\"><li data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1653\"><p data-start=\"1592\" data-end=\"1653\">Achieves <strong data-start=\"1601\" data-end=\"1624\">good surface finish<\/strong> in the annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1722\"><p data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1722\">Allows precise <strong data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1702\">machining of complex shapes<\/strong> before hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1723\" data-end=\"1810\"><p data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1810\">Hardened 420 retains shape and wear resistance after final machining and polishing.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1812\" data-end=\"1815\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1839\"><strong data-start=\"1821\" data-end=\"1839\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1840\" data-end=\"2070\"><li data-start=\"1840\" data-end=\"1908\"><p data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1908\">High carbon content reduces machinability in hardened condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1994\"><p data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1994\">Excessive heat during machining may cause <strong data-start=\"1953\" data-end=\"1991\">tool wear or surface discoloration<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1995\" data-end=\"2070\"><p data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2070\">Requires careful <strong data-start=\"2014\" data-end=\"2045\">cooling and cutting control<\/strong> in hardened condition.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2072\" data-end=\"2075\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2077\" data-end=\"2126\"><strong data-start=\"2081\" data-end=\"2126\">6. Applications Benefiting from Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2240\"><li data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2149\"><p data-start=\"2129\" data-end=\"2149\">Cutlery and knives<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2150\" data-end=\"2174\"><p data-start=\"2152\" data-end=\"2174\">Surgical instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2175\" data-end=\"2240\"><p data-start=\"2177\" data-end=\"2240\">Precision components such as valve parts and industrial tools<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2242\" data-end=\"2245\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2247\" data-end=\"2262\"><strong data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"2262\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2263\" data-end=\"2637\">420 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2286\" data-end=\"2337\">moderately machinable in the annealed condition<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2380\">difficult to machine when hardened<\/strong>. Proper <strong data-start=\"2389\" data-end=\"2452\">tool selection, cutting speeds, feed rates, and coolant use<\/strong> are essential to achieve <strong data-start=\"2478\" data-end=\"2542\">accurate dimensions, good surface finish, and tool longevity<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2564\" data-end=\"2634\">cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision industrial components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb55866 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bb55866\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92a0f66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"92a0f66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"157\"><strong data-start=\"110\" data-end=\"157\">Corrosion Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"426\"><strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"182\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"188\" data-end=\"231\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"246\" data-end=\"283\">good hardness and wear resistance<\/strong>. Its corrosion resistance is <strong data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"325\">moderate<\/strong>, higher than ordinary carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels such as 304 or 316.<\/p><hr data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"431\" \/><h3 data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"472\"><strong data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"472\">1. General Corrosion Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"733\"><li data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"567\"><p data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"567\">Provides <strong data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"507\">moderate resistance<\/strong> to atmospheric corrosion and mild oxidizing environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"568\" data-end=\"651\"><p data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"651\">Susceptible to <strong data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"608\">pitting and rusting<\/strong> in chloride-rich or marine environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"733\"><p data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"733\">Polished surfaces improve corrosion resistance by reducing surface roughness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"738\" \/><h3 data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"789\"><strong data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"789\">2. Factors Affecting Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"1230\"><li data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"888\"><p data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"888\"><strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"811\">Carbon content:<\/strong> Higher carbon improves hardness but slightly reduces corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"987\"><p data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"987\"><strong data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"910\">Surface finish:<\/strong> Smooth, polished, or passivated surfaces significantly improve resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1091\"><p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1091\"><strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1009\">Heat treatment:<\/strong> Hardened 420 may be more prone to corrosion due to <strong data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1088\">microstructural changes<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1230\"><p data-start=\"1094\" data-end=\"1230\"><strong data-start=\"1094\" data-end=\"1110\">Environment:<\/strong> Best suited for <strong data-start=\"1127\" data-end=\"1167\">dry or mildly corrosive environments<\/strong>; avoid prolonged exposure to saltwater or acidic conditions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1235\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1278\"><strong data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1278\">3. Enhancing Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1545\"><li data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1367\"><p data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1367\"><strong data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1295\">Polishing:<\/strong> Reduces surface roughness, minimizing sites for corrosion initiation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1457\"><p data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1457\"><strong data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1386\">Passivation:<\/strong> Treatment with nitric or citric acid forms a protective oxide layer.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1458\" data-end=\"1545\"><p data-start=\"1460\" data-end=\"1545\"><strong data-start=\"1460\" data-end=\"1483\">Proper maintenance:<\/strong> Regular cleaning prevents accumulation of corrosive agents.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1547\" data-end=\"1550\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1612\"><strong data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1612\">4. Applications Benefiting from Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1834\"><li data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1692\"><p data-start=\"1615\" data-end=\"1692\">Cutlery, knives, and surgical instruments in <strong data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1690\">low-corrosion environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1769\"><p data-start=\"1695\" data-end=\"1769\">Industrial tools and precision components exposed to <strong data-start=\"1748\" data-end=\"1767\">mild conditions<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1770\" data-end=\"1834\"><p data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1834\">Valve components and fittings in <strong data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1832\">non-marine environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1836\" data-end=\"1839\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1863\"><strong data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1863\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"2118\"><li data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"1954\"><p data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1954\">Not suitable for <strong data-start=\"1883\" data-end=\"1923\">marine or highly acidic environments<\/strong> without protective coatings.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1955\" data-end=\"2023\"><p data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"2023\">Prolonged exposure to moisture can lead to <strong data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2020\">rust and pitting<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2024\" data-end=\"2118\"><p data-start=\"2026\" data-end=\"2118\">Welding without proper care may <strong data-start=\"2058\" data-end=\"2089\">reduce corrosion resistance<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2120\" data-end=\"2123\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2140\"><strong data-start=\"2129\" data-end=\"2140\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2141\" data-end=\"2492\">420 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2168\" data-end=\"2201\">moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>, suitable for <strong data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2271\">cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"2275\" data-end=\"2296\">mild environments<\/strong>. Its corrosion resistance can be <strong data-start=\"2330\" data-end=\"2398\">enhanced through polishing, passivation, and careful maintenance<\/strong>, but it is <strong data-start=\"2410\" data-end=\"2489\">not recommended for prolonged exposure to aggressive or marine environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea3fdb8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea3fdb8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e619ad3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e619ad3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"141\"><strong data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"141\">Cold Working of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"473\"><strong data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"166\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"172\" data-end=\"215\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"299\">good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Cold working is a key process for shaping and strengthening this steel, but it must be performed with care due to its <strong data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"470\">high carbon content and work-hardening tendency<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"478\" \/><h3 data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"514\"><strong data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"514\">1. General Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"785\"><li data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"597\"><p data-start=\"517\" data-end=\"597\">Cold working increases <strong data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"565\">strength and hardness<\/strong> through <strong data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"594\">strain hardening<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"701\"><p data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"701\">Excessive cold working can lead to <strong data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"647\">cracking<\/strong>, especially in hardened or heat-treated conditions.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"702\" data-end=\"785\"><p data-start=\"704\" data-end=\"785\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"717\" data-end=\"760\">bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing<\/strong> in the annealed state.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"790\" \/><h3 data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"824\"><strong data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"824\">2. Recommended Practices<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"1162\"><li data-start=\"825\" data-end=\"902\"><p data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"902\">Perform cold working in the <strong data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"877\">annealed condition<\/strong> to reduce brittleness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"987\"><p data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"987\">Use <strong data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"932\">gradual deformation<\/strong> rather than aggressive forming to prevent fractures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1066\"><p data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1066\"><strong data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1005\">Lubrication<\/strong> during forming helps reduce surface defects and tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1067\" data-end=\"1162\"><p data-start=\"1069\" data-end=\"1162\">Intermediate <strong data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1095\">annealing<\/strong> may be necessary for extensive deformation to restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1167\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1203\"><strong data-start=\"1173\" data-end=\"1203\">3. Effects of Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1430\"><li data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1286\"><p data-start=\"1206\" data-end=\"1286\"><strong data-start=\"1206\" data-end=\"1241\">Increased hardness and strength<\/strong> proportional to the amount of deformation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1287\" data-end=\"1342\"><p data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1342\"><strong data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1310\">Reduced ductility<\/strong> as work hardening progresses.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1343\" data-end=\"1430\"><p data-start=\"1345\" data-end=\"1430\">Enhanced <strong data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"1372\">surface finish<\/strong> and dimensional precision in certain forming processes.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1435\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1489\"><strong data-start=\"1441\" data-end=\"1489\">4. Applications Benefiting from Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1649\"><li data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1536\"><p data-start=\"1492\" data-end=\"1536\">Cutlery and knives (pre-hardening shaping)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1561\"><p data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1561\">Surgical instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1605\"><p data-start=\"1564\" data-end=\"1605\">Springs and small mechanical components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1649\"><p data-start=\"1608\" data-end=\"1649\">Precision tools and industrial fittings<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1654\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1678\"><strong data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1678\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1985\"><li data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1757\"><p data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1757\">Hardened or overworked 420 is <strong data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1732\">difficult to form<\/strong> and prone to cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1758\" data-end=\"1867\"><p data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1867\">Requires careful <strong data-start=\"1777\" data-end=\"1800\">temperature control<\/strong> and potential <strong data-start=\"1815\" data-end=\"1841\">intermediate annealing<\/strong> for large deformations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1868\" data-end=\"1985\"><p data-start=\"1870\" data-end=\"1985\">Cold working alone cannot achieve final <strong data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1930\">maximum hardness<\/strong>\u2014post-working <strong data-start=\"1944\" data-end=\"1962\">heat treatment<\/strong> is usually required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1987\" data-end=\"1990\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1992\" data-end=\"2007\"><strong data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2007\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2008\" data-end=\"2509\">Cold working of 420 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2091\">most effective in the annealed condition<\/strong>, allowing shaping through <strong data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2161\">bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing<\/strong>. It increases strength and hardness but reduces ductility, so careful <strong data-start=\"2232\" data-end=\"2285\">control of deformation and intermediate annealing<\/strong> is essential. After cold working, <strong data-start=\"2320\" data-end=\"2338\">heat treatment<\/strong> is typically applied to achieve final hardness and wear resistance, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2427\" data-end=\"2506\">cutlery, surgical instruments, springs, and precision mechanical components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ed3a2c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6ed3a2c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d370b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d5d370b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"145\"><strong data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"145\">Heat Treatment of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"404\"><strong data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"170\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"176\" data-end=\"219\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"234\" data-end=\"303\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Heat treatment is essential to achieve <strong data-start=\"344\" data-end=\"401\">optimal hardness, strength, and dimensional stability<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"406\" data-end=\"409\" \/><h3 data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"431\"><strong data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"431\">1. Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"742\"><li data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"507\"><p data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"507\"><strong data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"446\">Purpose:<\/strong> Softens the steel for forming, machining, or cold working.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"508\" data-end=\"677\"><p data-start=\"510\" data-end=\"524\"><strong data-start=\"510\" data-end=\"522\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"677\"><li data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"567\"><p data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"567\">Heat to <strong data-start=\"537\" data-end=\"564\">800\u2013900\u00b0C (1470\u20131650\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"626\"><p data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"626\">Hold at temperature to allow uniform microstructure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"629\" data-end=\"677\"><p data-start=\"631\" data-end=\"677\">Slow cooling in the furnace or in still air.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"742\"><p data-start=\"680\" data-end=\"742\"><strong data-start=\"680\" data-end=\"691\">Result:<\/strong> Steel becomes <strong data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"739\">soft, ductile, and machinable<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"747\" \/><h3 data-start=\"749\" data-end=\"781\"><strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"781\">2. Hardening (Quenching)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"1078\"><li data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"838\"><p data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"838\"><strong data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"796\">Purpose:<\/strong> Increases hardness and wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"839\" data-end=\"990\"><p data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"855\"><strong data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"853\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"990\"><li data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"924\"><p data-start=\"860\" data-end=\"924\">Heat to <strong data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"896\">980\u20131050\u00b0C (1800\u20131920\u00b0F)<\/strong> until fully austenitized.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"990\"><p data-start=\"929\" data-end=\"990\">Quench in <strong data-start=\"939\" data-end=\"961\">air, oil, or water<\/strong> depending on section size.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1078\"><p data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1078\"><strong data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1004\">Result:<\/strong> Martensitic structure is formed, producing <strong data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1075\">high hardness (~50 HRC)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1083\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1105\"><strong data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1105\">3. Tempering<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1106\" data-end=\"1418\"><li data-start=\"1106\" data-end=\"1195\"><p data-start=\"1108\" data-end=\"1195\"><strong data-start=\"1108\" data-end=\"1120\">Purpose:<\/strong> Relieves stresses and improves <strong data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1192\">toughness while maintaining hardness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1196\" data-end=\"1309\"><p data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1212\"><strong data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1210\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1309\"><li data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1268\"><p data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1268\">Heat quenched steel to <strong data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1265\">150\u2013250\u00b0C (300\u2013480\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1309\"><p data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1309\">Hold for 1\u20132 hours, then air cool.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1418\"><p data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1418\"><strong data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1323\">Effect:<\/strong> Reduces brittleness, enhances <strong data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"1373\">wear resistance<\/strong>, and stabilizes the martensitic structure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1420\" data-end=\"1423\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1461\"><strong data-start=\"1429\" data-end=\"1461\">4. Effects of Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1724\"><li data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1534\"><p data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1534\"><strong data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1481\">Annealed 420:<\/strong> Soft, ductile, suitable for forming and machining.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1630\"><p data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1630\"><strong data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1554\">Hardened 420:<\/strong> High hardness and wear resistance, suitable for cutting tools and knives.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1724\"><p data-start=\"1633\" data-end=\"1724\"><strong data-start=\"1633\" data-end=\"1650\">Tempered 420:<\/strong> Balanced hardness and toughness, less prone to cracking during service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1729\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1731\" data-end=\"1790\"><strong data-start=\"1735\" data-end=\"1790\">5. Applications of Heat-Treated 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1909\"><li data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1813\"><p data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1813\">Cutlery and knives<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1814\" data-end=\"1838\"><p data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1838\">Surgical instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"1884\"><p data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1884\">Industrial tools and precision components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1885\" data-end=\"1909\"><p data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1909\">Wear-resistant parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1914\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1916\" data-end=\"1938\"><strong data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1938\">6. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2165\"><li data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2007\"><p data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"2007\">Excessive tempering may <strong data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"2004\">reduce hardness and wear resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2008\" data-end=\"2078\"><p data-start=\"2010\" data-end=\"2078\">Overheating during quenching can cause <strong data-start=\"2049\" data-end=\"2075\">distortion or cracking<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2079\" data-end=\"2165\"><p data-start=\"2081\" data-end=\"2165\">Heat-treated 420 should be <strong data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2162\">handled carefully to maintain dimensional accuracy<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2170\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2187\"><strong data-start=\"2176\" data-end=\"2187\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2188\" data-end=\"2539\">The <strong data-start=\"2192\" data-end=\"2233\">heat treatment of 420 stainless steel<\/strong> involves <strong data-start=\"2243\" data-end=\"2282\">annealing, hardening, and tempering<\/strong> to achieve the desired combination of <strong data-start=\"2321\" data-end=\"2365\">hardness, wear resistance, and toughness<\/strong>. Proper control of temperatures and times is critical, making it suitable for <strong data-start=\"2444\" data-end=\"2536\">cutlery, surgical instruments, industrial tools, and precision wear-resistant components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc4fba0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"bc4fba0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2796d29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2796d29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"147\"><strong data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"147\">Heat Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"403\"><strong data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"172\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"178\" data-end=\"221\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"236\" data-end=\"305\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its heat resistance is <strong data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"381\">limited compared to austenitic stainless steels<\/strong> such as 304 or 316.<\/p><hr data-start=\"405\" data-end=\"408\" \/><h3 data-start=\"410\" data-end=\"439\"><strong data-start=\"414\" data-end=\"439\">1. General Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"804\"><li data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"570\"><p data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"570\">Can withstand <strong data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"517\">intermittent exposure to temperatures up to 315\u00b0C (600\u00b0F)<\/strong> without significant loss of mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"673\"><p data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"673\">Continuous exposure to high temperatures may lead to <strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"670\">oxidation, scaling, and loss of hardness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"804\"><p data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"804\">Retains <strong data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"716\">moderate mechanical strength<\/strong> at moderately elevated temperatures but is not suitable for high-temperature service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"809\" \/><h3 data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"849\"><strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"849\">2. Effects of High Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"1126\"><li data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"933\"><p data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"933\"><strong data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"873\">Loss of hardness:<\/strong> Martensitic structure may soften if exposed to high heat.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"1043\"><p data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"1043\"><strong data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"962\">Oxidation and scaling:<\/strong> Occurs at elevated temperatures, particularly in air or oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1044\" data-end=\"1126\"><p data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1126\"><strong data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1070\">Dimensional changes:<\/strong> Extended exposure to heat can cause minor distortion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1128\" data-end=\"1131\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1168\"><strong data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1168\">3. Practical Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1434\"><li data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1234\"><p data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1234\">Best used in <strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1231\">ambient to moderately elevated temperatures<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1235\" data-end=\"1302\"><p data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1302\">Not recommended for <strong data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1299\">continuous service above 315\u00b0C (600\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1434\"><p data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1434\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1328\">heat treated<\/strong> to optimize hardness and wear resistance, but high service temperatures will reduce hardness over time.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1439\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1441\" data-end=\"1464\"><strong data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1464\">4. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1644\"><li data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1517\"><p data-start=\"1467\" data-end=\"1517\">Cutlery and knives (not exposed to extreme heat)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1552\"><p data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1552\">Surgical instruments and tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1553\" data-end=\"1644\"><p data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1644\">Industrial tooling where <strong data-start=\"1580\" data-end=\"1642\">high wear resistance is more critical than heat resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1646\" data-end=\"1649\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1669\"><strong data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1669\">5. Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1670\" data-end=\"2024\">420 stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1721\">limited heat resistance<\/strong>, suitable for <strong data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"1773\">moderate-temperature applications<\/strong>. It is ideal for <strong data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1865\">cutting tools, knives, surgical instruments, and industrial components<\/strong> where hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are important, but it is <strong data-start=\"1949\" data-end=\"2021\">not recommended for high-temperature or continuous heat applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70917bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70917bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-18b8ea9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"18b8ea9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"139\"><strong data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"139\">Hot Working of 420 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"441\"><strong data-start=\"141\" data-end=\"164\">420 stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"213\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"228\" data-end=\"297\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Hot working is an important process to shape the steel before it is hardened, as it improves <strong data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"438\">ductility and reduces the risk of cracking<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"446\" \/><h3 data-start=\"448\" data-end=\"477\"><strong data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"477\">1. General Guidelines<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"708\"><li data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"564\"><p data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"564\">Hot working should be performed in the <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"541\">annealed condition<\/strong> to prevent cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"631\"><p data-start=\"567\" data-end=\"631\">Typical hot working temperature: <strong data-start=\"600\" data-end=\"628\">900\u20131050\u00b0C (1650\u20131920\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"632\" data-end=\"708\"><p data-start=\"634\" data-end=\"708\">Avoid overheating, which can cause <strong data-start=\"669\" data-end=\"685\">grain growth<\/strong>, reducing toughness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"713\" \/><h3 data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"754\"><strong data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"754\">2. Common Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"973\"><li data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"814\"><p data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"814\"><strong data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"773\">Hot rolling:<\/strong> Used to form sheets, plates, and bars.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"898\"><p data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"898\"><strong data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"833\">Hot forging:<\/strong> Shapes parts such as blades, tools, and industrial components.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"973\"><p data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"973\"><strong data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"919\">Hot extrusion:<\/strong> Produces complex profiles and precision components.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"975\" data-end=\"978\" \/><h3 data-start=\"980\" data-end=\"1016\"><strong data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1016\">3. Advantages of Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1217\"><li data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1092\"><p data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1092\">Reduces <strong data-start=\"1027\" data-end=\"1064\">strength and hardness temporarily<\/strong>, allowing easier forming.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1147\"><p data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1147\">Minimizes the risk of <strong data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1144\">cracking or brittleness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1217\"><p data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1217\">Promotes <strong data-start=\"1159\" data-end=\"1189\">homogeneous microstructure<\/strong> throughout the workpiece.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1219\" data-end=\"1222\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1266\"><strong data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1266\">4. Post-Hot Working Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1267\" data-end=\"1539\"><li data-start=\"1267\" data-end=\"1341\"><p data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1341\"><strong data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1283\">Annealing:<\/strong> May be necessary after hot working to relieve stresses.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1422\"><p data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1422\"><strong data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1358\">Machining:<\/strong> Typically easier after hot working in the annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1539\"><p data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1539\"><strong data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1444\">Heat treatment:<\/strong> Hardening and tempering applied afterward to achieve final <strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1536\">hardness and wear resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1544\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1568\"><strong data-start=\"1550\" data-end=\"1568\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1806\"><li data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1656\"><p data-start=\"1571\" data-end=\"1656\">High-carbon content limits hot working compared to lower-carbon martensitic steels.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1740\"><p data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1740\">Requires <strong data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1699\">careful temperature control<\/strong> to avoid surface oxidation or scaling.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1741\" data-end=\"1806\"><p data-start=\"1743\" data-end=\"1806\">Not suitable for shaping in the <strong data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1803\">fully hardened condition<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1811\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1864\"><strong data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1864\">6. Applications Benefiting from Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"2018\"><li data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"1897\"><p data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1897\">Industrial knives and blades<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1898\" data-end=\"1922\"><p data-start=\"1900\" data-end=\"1922\">Surgical instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"1964\"><p data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"1964\">Wear-resistant tooling and components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"2018\"><p data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"2018\">Precision mechanical parts before final hardening<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2020\" data-end=\"2023\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2040\"><strong data-start=\"2029\" data-end=\"2040\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2543\">Hot working of 420 stainless steel is performed in the <strong data-start=\"2096\" data-end=\"2118\">annealed condition<\/strong> at temperatures of <strong data-start=\"2138\" data-end=\"2166\">900\u20131050\u00b0C (1650\u20131920\u00b0F)<\/strong>. It allows <strong data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2228\">shaping through rolling, forging, or extrusion<\/strong>, reduces brittleness, and produces a <strong data-start=\"2266\" data-end=\"2296\">homogeneous microstructure<\/strong>. After hot working, <strong data-start=\"2317\" data-end=\"2367\">annealing, machining, and final heat treatment<\/strong> are applied to achieve the desired <strong data-start=\"2403\" data-end=\"2459\">hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical properties<\/strong> for applications such as <strong data-start=\"2485\" data-end=\"2540\">cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Martensitic 420 Stainless Steel (S42000) Bar A martensitic machining bar with machinability enhanced through the addition of sulphur. As with most other free-machining stainless steels the improvement in machinability is achieved by addition of sulphur which forms manganese sulphide inclusions; this sulphur addition also lowers the corrosion resistance, weldability and formability to below [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2552,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2551","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2551","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2551"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2551\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2552"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2551"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2551"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/it\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2551"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}