{"id":2423,"date":"2025-11-11T05:27:28","date_gmt":"2025-11-11T05:27:28","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2423"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:33:14","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:33:14","slug":"301-stainless-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"301 Stainless Steel"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2423\" class=\"elementor elementor-2423\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8860f77 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"8860f77\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dc1bfc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8dc1bfc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Metastable austenitic stainless steel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5da60c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5da60c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">301 Stainless Steel<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dd2c426 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dd2c426\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"460\"><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">301 stainless steel<\/strong> is a high-strength, austenitic stainless steel known for its <strong data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"333\">excellent mechanical properties, high work-hardening capability, and good corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is widely used in applications requiring a combination of <strong data-start=\"396\" data-end=\"457\">strength, ductility, and moderate resistance to corrosion<\/strong>.<\/p><p><strong data-start=\"247\" data-end=\"288\">301 Stainless Steel (SUS301 \/ 1.4310)<\/strong> is an austenitic chromium-nickel stainless steel known for its high strength, excellent corrosion resistance, and outstanding formability.<br data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"430\" \/>Its typical chemical composition includes <strong data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"496\">16\u201318% Chromium (Cr)<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"521\">6\u20138% Nickel (Ni)<\/strong> with a low carbon content.<br data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"551\" \/>By cold working, 301 stainless steel can significantly increase in strength and hardness, making it ideal for applications that require high strength, light weight, and durability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-726ac03 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"726ac03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8cbd057 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8cbd057\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8dd671c elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"8dd671c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0583aec elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"0583aec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fed3f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fed3f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89803dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89803dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">301 Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa7809b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"fa7809b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0472819 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"0472819\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-202\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"202\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        301                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S30100                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4310                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X10CrNi18-8                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        301 (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        301 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A666                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        301 (annealed \/ cold-worked strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1Cr17Ni7                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS301                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        301S21                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-202'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 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data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1380\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1380\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1380\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c313489 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c313489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e238fb elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9e238fb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-52\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"8\"\n           data-wpID=\"52\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Content (%)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        C                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 0.15                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Si                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mn                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Cr                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.0\u201318.0                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Ni                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        6.0\u20138.0                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        N                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 0.10                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S, P                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-52'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1381\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1381\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1381\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b52922 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4b52922\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eee8167 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"eee8167\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-53\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"5\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"53\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:20%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Condition                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:20%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength (MPa)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:20%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Yield Strength (MPa)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:20%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation (%)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:20%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness (HRB\/HRC)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Annealed (Soft)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        520\u2013750                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        205                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2264 90 HRB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\/4 Hard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        930                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        520                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        25                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        95 HRB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\/2 Hard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1070                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        760                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        15                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        30 HRC                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3\/4 Hard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        930                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        35 HRC                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Full Hard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1320\u20131570                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1100                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"D6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"3\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"E6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"4\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 HRC                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-53'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1382\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1382\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1382\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-401aa1c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"401aa1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62af579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"62af579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-54\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"54\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Unit                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Typical Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.93                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Melti                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u00b0C                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        140                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sp                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        J\/                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        5                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Th                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        W\/                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Ele                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u00b5\u03a9\u00b7                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elas                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GPa                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Shear                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GPa                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        77                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Poisso                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u2014                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Therm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        \u00b5m                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        17.3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  wpdt-merged-cell  remove-borders \"\n                     colspan=\"3\"  rowspan=\"1\"                     data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        (Values are nominal and may vary slightly with composition and processing conditions.)                    <\/td>\n                                                                <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-54'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4a1e85 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e4a1e85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99959db elementor-icon-list--layout-traditional elementor-list-item-link-full_width elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-list\" data-id=\"99959db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-list.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul class=\"elementor-icon-list-items\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256c0 136.967-111.033 248-248 248S8 392.967 8 256 119.033 8 256 8s248 111.033 248 248zM227.314 387.314l184-184c6.248-6.248 6.248-16.379 0-22.627l-22.627-22.627c-6.248-6.249-16.379-6.249-22.628 0L216 308.118l-70.059-70.059c-6.248-6.248-16.379-6.248-22.628 0l-22.627 22.627c-6.248 6.248-6.248 16.379 0 22.627l104 104c6.249 6.249 16.379 6.249 22.628.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Density<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">With a density of approximately 7.,<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256c0 136.967-111.033 248-248 248S8 392.967 8 256 119.033 8 256 8s248 111.033 248 248zM227.314 387.314l184-184c6.248-6.248 6.248-16.379 0-22.627l-22.627-22.627c-6.248-6.249-16.379-6.249-22.628 0L216 308.118l-70.059-70.059c-6.248-6.248-16.379-6.248-22.628 0l-22.627 22.627c-6.248 6.248-6.248 16.379 0 22.627l104 104c6.249 6.249 16.379 6.249 22.628.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Therm<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Exhibits moderate thermal conductivity and a coefficient of thermal expansion similar to other austenitic stainless steels, allowing good dimensional stability during heating and cooli<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256c0 136.967-111.033 248-248 248S8 392.967 8 256 119.033 8 256 8s248 111.033 248 248zM227.314 387.314l184-184c6.248-6.248 6.248-16.379 0-22.627l-22.627-22.627c-6.248-6.249-16.379-6.249-22.628 0L216 308.118l-70.059-70.059c-6.248-6.248-16.379-6.248-22.628 0l-22.627 22.627c-6.248 6.248-6.248 16.379 0 22.627l104 104c6.249 6.249 16.379 6.249 22.628.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Electrical Properti<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Electrical resistivity is relatively high, typical of non-conductive austenitic alloys, suitable for non-magnetic and corrosion-resistant electri<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256c0 136.967-111.033 248-248 248S8 392.967 8 256 119.033 8 256 8s248 111.033 248 248zM227.314 387.314l184-184c6.248-6.248 6.248-16.379 0-22.627l-22.627-22.627c-6.248-6.249-16.379-6.249-22.628 0L216 308.118l-70.059-70.059c-6.248-6.248-16.379-6.248-22.628 0l-22.627 22.627c-6.248 6.248-6.248 16.379 0 22.627l104 104c6.249 6.249 16.379 6.249 22.628.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Magne<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Non-magnetic in the annealed condition but becomes magnetic after cold w, d<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-check-circle\" viewBox=\"0 0 512 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M504 256c0 136.967-111.033 248-248 248S8 392.967 8 256 119.033 8 256 8s248 111.033 248 248zM227.314 387.314l184-184c6.248-6.248 6.248-16.379 0-22.627l-22.627-22.627c-6.248-6.249-16.379-6.249-22.628 0L216 308.118l-70.059-70.059c-6.248-6.248-16.379-6.248-22.628 0l-22.627 22.627c-6.248 6.248-6.248 16.379 0 22.627l104 104c6.249 6.249 16.379 6.249 22.628.001z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">Ela<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<li class=\"elementor-icon-list-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-icon-list-text\">High modulus of elasticity and low thermal conductivity make it stable under mechanical stress and<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/li>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/ul>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b93432c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b93432c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4de755a e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4de755a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55a2b5c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"55a2b5c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-487d82e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"487d82e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"148\"><strong data-start=\"109\" data-end=\"148\">Applications of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"439\"><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">301 stainless steel<\/strong> is a high-strength, austenitic stainless steel with excellent formability and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of <strong data-start=\"302\" data-end=\"351\">strength, ductility, and corrosion resistance<\/strong> makes it suitable for a variety of structural, industrial, and decorative applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"444\" \/><h4 data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"477\"><strong data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"477\">1. Automotive Industry<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"652\"><li data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"519\"><p data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"519\">Exterior trim and decorative moldings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"563\"><p data-start=\"522\" data-end=\"563\">Structural components in vehicle bodies<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"601\"><p data-start=\"566\" data-end=\"601\">Springs and suspension components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"602\" data-end=\"652\"><p data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"652\">Fasteners and brackets requiring high strength<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"657\" \/><h4 data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"709\"><strong data-start=\"664\" data-end=\"709\">2. Industrial and Structural Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"897\"><li data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"759\"><p data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"759\">Sheet metal parts for machinery and equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"804\"><p data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"804\">Industrial fasteners, screws, and rivets<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"843\"><p data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"843\">Structural supports and frameworks<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"897\"><p data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"897\">Components exposed to moderate corrosion and wear<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"902\" \/><h4 data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"957\"><strong data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"957\">3. Architectural and Decorative Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"1098\"><li data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"1004\"><p data-start=\"960\" data-end=\"1004\">Cladding panels and interior\/exterior trim<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1043\"><p data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1043\">Decorative metalwork and handrails<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1044\" data-end=\"1098\"><p data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1098\">Elevator panels, facades, and furniture components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1103\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1153\"><strong data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1153\">4. Springs and High-Strength Components<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1300\"><li data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1189\"><p data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1189\">Tension and compression springs<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1240\"><p data-start=\"1192\" data-end=\"1240\">Clips, straps, and precision-formed components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1300\"><p data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1300\">Components requiring <strong data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1298\">high work-hardening capability<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1302\" data-end=\"1305\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1354\"><strong data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1354\">5. Electrical and Mechanical Equipment<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1497\"><li data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1396\"><p data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1396\">Motor parts, brackets, and enclosures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1448\"><p data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1448\">Springs and wire forms in electrical assemblies<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1497\"><p data-start=\"1451\" data-end=\"1497\">Protective covers and housings for machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1502\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1553\"><strong data-start=\"1509\" data-end=\"1553\">6. Limited Chemical or Food Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1702\"><li data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1622\"><p data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1622\">Light-duty chemical equipment in <strong data-start=\"1589\" data-end=\"1620\">non-aggressive environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1702\"><p data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1702\">Food processing equipment where moderate corrosion resistance is sufficient<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1707\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1709\" data-end=\"1724\"><strong data-start=\"1713\" data-end=\"1724\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"2043\">301 stainless steel is widely used in applications requiring <strong data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1856\">high strength, good formability, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Typical industries include <strong data-start=\"1885\" data-end=\"1961\">automotive, industrial machinery, architectural, and spring applications<\/strong>, where its combination of strength and ductility provides reliable performance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27aaa98 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27aaa98\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-397fa8e elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"397fa8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-174c530 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"174c530\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"154\"><strong data-start=\"112\" data-end=\"154\">Characteristics of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"401\"><strong data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"179\">301 stainless steel<\/strong> is a high-strength, austenitic stainless steel with excellent formability and moderate corrosion resistance. It is often used in applications requiring <strong data-start=\"332\" data-end=\"400\">high strength, good ductility, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"406\" \/><h4 data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"439\"><strong data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"439\">1. Mechanical Strength<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"674\"><li data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"510\"><p data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"510\">High tensile and yield strength, especially after <strong data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"508\">cold working<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"620\"><p data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"620\">Rapid <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"548\">work-hardening capability<\/strong>, which allows forming of springs, clips, and high-strength components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"674\"><p data-start=\"623\" data-end=\"674\">Maintains good toughness even at low temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"679\" \/><h4 data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"713\"><strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"713\">2. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"714\" data-end=\"975\"><li data-start=\"714\" data-end=\"780\"><p data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"780\">Good resistance to <strong data-start=\"735\" data-end=\"778\">atmospheric and mild chemical corrosion<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"863\"><p data-start=\"783\" data-end=\"863\">Moderate resistance to <strong data-start=\"806\" data-end=\"819\">chlorides<\/strong>; less corrosion-resistant than 304 or 316<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"975\"><p data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"975\">Susceptible to <strong data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"908\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> if welded without low-carbon or stabilized variants (e.g., 301L)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"980\" \/><h4 data-start=\"982\" data-end=\"1019\"><strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1019\">3. Formability and Ductility<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1280\"><li data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1106\"><p data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1106\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1064\">cold-forming characteristics<\/strong>; can be rolled, bent, stamped, or drawn<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1107\" data-end=\"1168\"><p data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1168\">Can be deep-drawn for complex components without cracking<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1169\" data-end=\"1280\"><p data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1280\">High ductility combined with high strength makes it suitable for <strong data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1278\">structural and decorative applications<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1285\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1287\" data-end=\"1314\"><strong data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1314\">4. Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1531\"><li data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1400\"><p data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1400\">Moderate heat resistance, suitable for continuous service up to <strong data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1398\">425\u00b0C (800\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1531\"><p data-start=\"1403\" data-end=\"1531\">Intermittent exposure up to <strong data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1449\">870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong> is possible, but prolonged high-temperature use may reduce corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1536\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1538\" data-end=\"1561\"><strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1561\">5. Weldability<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1806\"><li data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1623\"><p data-start=\"1564\" data-end=\"1623\">Can be welded using conventional methods (TIG, MIG, SMAW)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1714\"><p data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1714\">High work-hardening rate requires careful heat control in the heat-affected zone (HAZ)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1806\"><p data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1806\">Low-carbon variants (301L) reduce risk of <strong data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1776\">sensitization<\/strong> and intergranular corrosion<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1811\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1844\"><strong data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1844\">6. Magnetic Properties<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1955\"><li data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1899\"><p data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1899\">Essentially <strong data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1875\">non-magnetic<\/strong> in the annealed state<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1900\" data-end=\"1955\"><p data-start=\"1902\" data-end=\"1955\">Can become slightly magnetic after <strong data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"1953\">cold working<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"1960\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"1977\"><strong data-start=\"1966\" data-end=\"1977\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1978\" data-end=\"2286\">301 stainless steel combines <strong data-start=\"2007\" data-end=\"2108\">high strength, excellent formability, moderate corrosion resistance, and moderate heat resistance<\/strong>. Its rapid work-hardening and ductility make it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2233\">automotive, industrial, architectural, and spring applications<\/strong>, where both strength and formability are required.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62e13ea elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"62e13ea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0866639 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0866639\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Characteristics\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fedb24c elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"fedb24c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2670\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a33be27 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a33be27\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05dfb8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"05dfb8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"123\"><strong data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"123\">Fabrication of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"125\" data-end=\"477\">301 stainless steel is highly formable and can be fabricated using a wide range of standard stainless-steel processing methods. Its ability to achieve high strength through cold working makes it suitable for applications requiring both durability and flexibility. However, its strong work-hardening behavior requires careful control during fabrication.<\/p><hr data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"482\" \/><h3 data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"502\"><strong data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"502\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"812\"><li data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"589\"><p data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"589\">301 exhibits <strong data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"548\">excellent cold formability<\/strong>, especially in the annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"590\" data-end=\"697\"><p data-start=\"592\" data-end=\"697\">It can be readily formed into complex shapes, including deep-drawn, stamped, or roll-formed components.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"812\"><p data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"812\">Because of rapid work hardening, forming operations may require <strong data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"790\">intermediate annealing<\/strong> to restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"817\" \/><h3 data-start=\"819\" data-end=\"850\"><strong data-start=\"823\" data-end=\"850\">2. Cutting and Shearing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"1061\"><li data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"940\"><p data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"940\">Cutting operations such as shearing, sawing, and laser cutting are readily performed.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"1061\"><p data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1061\">Due to its work-hardening tendency, tooling must be sharp and feed rates should be consistent to avoid edge hardening.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1063\" data-end=\"1066\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1068\" data-end=\"1088\"><strong data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1088\">3. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1314\"><li data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1160\"><p data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1160\">301 stainless steel is more difficult to machine than carbon steel.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1260\"><p data-start=\"1163\" data-end=\"1260\">Use slower cutting speeds, rigid setups, and ample coolant to avoid tool wear and heat buildup.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1261\" data-end=\"1314\"><p data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1314\">Carbide tools are recommended for best performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1319\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1339\"><strong data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1339\">4. Welding<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1588\"><li data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1431\"><p data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1431\">301 has <strong data-start=\"1350\" data-end=\"1370\">good weldability<\/strong> with conventional fusion and resistance welding processes.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1507\"><p data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1507\">Care must be taken to minimize sensitization in the heat-affected zone.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1588\"><p data-start=\"1510\" data-end=\"1588\">Low-carbon filler metals such as <strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1551\">308L<\/strong> are preferred if filler is required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1593\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1618\"><strong data-start=\"1599\" data-end=\"1618\">5. Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1913\"><li data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1719\"><p data-start=\"1621\" data-end=\"1719\">301 is capable of achieving very high strength levels through cold rolling, bending, or drawing.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1819\"><p data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1819\">Mechanical properties can be precisely controlled by adjusting the amount of cold work applied.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1913\"><p data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1913\">Extensive cold working will reduce ductility and may require annealing to prevent cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1915\" data-end=\"1918\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1940\"><strong data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1940\">6. Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"2101\"><li data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"2024\"><p data-start=\"1943\" data-end=\"2024\">Annealing after heavy cold work restores ductility and removes residual stress.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2025\" data-end=\"2101\"><p data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2101\">Typical annealing temperature: <strong data-start=\"2058\" data-end=\"2073\">1010\u20131120\u00b0C<\/strong>, followed by rapid cooling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2103\" data-end=\"2106\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2136\"><strong data-start=\"2112\" data-end=\"2136\">7. Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2308\"><li data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2236\"><p data-start=\"2139\" data-end=\"2236\">Can be polished to a bright finish or supplied in various commercial finishes such as 2B or BA.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2308\"><p data-start=\"2239\" data-end=\"2308\">Work-hardened surfaces may require more aggressive polishing methods.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2310\" data-end=\"2313\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2315\" data-end=\"2330\"><strong data-start=\"2319\" data-end=\"2330\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2331\" data-end=\"2623\">301 stainless steel is versatile, highly formable, and easily fabricated into both light and structural components. Its strong work-hardening ability offers excellent mechanical strength, while its good weldability and formability make it suitable for a wide range of manufacturing processes.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2671\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4888fdd e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4888fdd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-875fad9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"875fad9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"82\" data-end=\"123\"><strong data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"123\">Weldability of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"125\" data-end=\"414\">301 stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"169\">good weldability<\/strong> and can be joined using most conventional fusion and resistance welding techniques. However, due to its higher carbon content compared with 304, special attention is needed to avoid sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance after welding.<\/p><hr data-start=\"416\" data-end=\"419\" \/><h3 data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"456\"><strong data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"456\">Key Welding Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><h4 data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"510\"><strong data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"510\">1. Compatible with Standard Welding Methods<\/strong><\/h4><p data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"553\">301 stainless steel can be welded using:<\/p><ul data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"735\"><li data-start=\"554\" data-end=\"572\"><p data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"572\"><strong data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"570\">TIG (GTAW)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"573\" data-end=\"591\"><p data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"591\"><strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"589\">MIG (GMAW)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"592\" data-end=\"633\"><p data-start=\"594\" data-end=\"633\"><strong data-start=\"594\" data-end=\"631\">Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"634\" data-end=\"735\"><p data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"735\"><strong data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"674\">Resistance welding (spot and seam)<\/strong><br data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"677\" \/>These methods generally produce strong and reliable welds.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"737\" data-end=\"740\" \/><h3 data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"771\"><strong data-start=\"746\" data-end=\"771\">2. Sensitization Risk<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"772\" data-end=\"1141\"><li data-start=\"772\" data-end=\"907\"><p data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"907\">The higher carbon content increases the risk of <strong data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"863\">carbide precipitation (sensitization)<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone during welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"1005\"><p data-start=\"910\" data-end=\"1005\">Sensitization can reduce corrosion resistance, especially in chloride or acidic environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1141\"><p data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1141\">Using <strong data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1032\">low heat input<\/strong> and avoiding prolonged exposure in the sensitization temperature range (450\u2013850\u00b0C) helps minimize this risk.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1146\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1181\"><strong data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1181\">3. Filler Metal Selection<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1437\"><li data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1256\"><p data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1256\">Welding is often performed <strong data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1235\">without filler metal<\/strong> for thin sections.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1437\"><p data-start=\"1259\" data-end=\"1310\">If filler is needed, recommended fillers include:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1437\"><li data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1384\"><p data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1384\"><strong data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1333\">ER308L \/ E308L<\/strong> (preferred for minimizing carbide precipitation)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1437\"><p data-start=\"1389\" data-end=\"1437\"><strong data-start=\"1389\" data-end=\"1398\">ER308<\/strong> (acceptable for higher-strength welds)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1439\" data-end=\"1442\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1474\"><strong data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1474\">4. Post-Weld Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1475\" data-end=\"1688\"><li data-start=\"1475\" data-end=\"1603\"><p data-start=\"1477\" data-end=\"1603\"><strong data-start=\"1477\" data-end=\"1504\">Annealing after welding<\/strong> can restore maximum corrosion resistance, especially for applications requiring high durability.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1688\"><p data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1688\">For many structural and decorative uses, post-weld annealing may not be necessary.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1690\" data-end=\"1693\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1695\" data-end=\"1724\"><strong data-start=\"1699\" data-end=\"1724\">5. Distortion Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1918\"><li data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1807\"><p data-start=\"1727\" data-end=\"1807\">301 stainless steel has high thermal expansion and can distort during welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1918\"><p data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1816\">Use:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1819\" data-end=\"1918\"><li data-start=\"1819\" data-end=\"1844\"><p data-start=\"1821\" data-end=\"1844\">Controlled heat input<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1869\"><p data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1869\">Adequate fixturing<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1872\" data-end=\"1918\"><p data-start=\"1874\" data-end=\"1918\">Intermittent welding techniques, if suitable<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1923\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"1966\"><strong data-start=\"1929\" data-end=\"1966\">6. Resistance Welding Performance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"2140\"><li data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"2071\"><p data-start=\"1969\" data-end=\"2071\">301 exhibits <strong data-start=\"1982\" data-end=\"2030\">excellent resistance welding characteristics<\/strong> due to its high electrical resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2072\" data-end=\"2140\"><p data-start=\"2074\" data-end=\"2140\">Strong, clean weld nuggets can be achieved with proper parameters.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2145\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2147\" data-end=\"2162\"><strong data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2162\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2163\" data-end=\"2416\">301 stainless steel is readily weldable and performs well with most welding processes. While sensitization and distortion are considerations, proper heat control, suitable filler metals, and post-weld treatments ensure strong, corrosion-resistant welds.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2672\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-942198b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"942198b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438c80a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"438c80a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"127\">Machinability of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"453\">301 stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"179\">moderate machinability<\/strong>, similar to other austenitic stainless steels, but is more challenging to machine than carbon steels due to its <strong data-start=\"292\" data-end=\"320\">high work-hardening rate<\/strong> and toughness. With proper tooling, lubrication, and machining practices, good surface finishes and tool life can still be achieved.<\/p><hr data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"458\" \/><h3 data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"495\"><strong data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"495\">1. High Work-Hardening Rate<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"720\"><li data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"546\"><p data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"546\">301 hardens rapidly during cutting operations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"639\"><p data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"639\">Light cuts or slow feeds can cause the material surface to harden, increasing tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"720\"><p data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"720\">Continuous, heavy feeds are recommended to avoid rubbing and strain hardening.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"722\" data-end=\"725\" \/><h3 data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"761\"><strong data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"761\">2. Tooling Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"999\"><li data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"841\"><p data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"841\"><strong data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"781\">Carbide tools<\/strong> are preferred for high productivity and longer tool life.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"928\"><p data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"928\"><strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"870\">High-speed steel (HSS)<\/strong> tools may be used at lower speeds but will wear faster.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"929\" data-end=\"999\"><p data-start=\"931\" data-end=\"999\">Positive rake angles help reduce cutting forces and heat generation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1001\" data-end=\"1004\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1041\"><strong data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1041\">3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1223\"><li data-start=\"1042\" data-end=\"1130\"><p data-start=\"1044\" data-end=\"1130\">Cutting speeds should be <strong data-start=\"1069\" data-end=\"1078\">lower<\/strong> than those used for carbon steel to control heat.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1223\"><p data-start=\"1133\" data-end=\"1223\">Use <strong data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1169\">moderate to heavy feed rates<\/strong> to keep the tool engaged and minimize work-hardening.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1225\" data-end=\"1228\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1265\"><strong data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1265\">4. Heat Control and Coolant<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1493\"><li data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1351\"><p data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1351\">Machining generates significant heat due to the alloy\u2019s low thermal conductivity.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1352\" data-end=\"1441\"><p data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"1441\">Flood coolant or high-performance cutting oils improve tool life and surface quality.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1493\"><p data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1493\">Proper lubrication also helps in chip evacuation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1495\" data-end=\"1498\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1500\" data-end=\"1525\"><strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1525\">5. Chip Formation<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1660\"><li data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1568\"><p data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1568\">301 produces <strong data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1565\">tough, stringy chips<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1660\"><p data-start=\"1571\" data-end=\"1660\">Chip breakers or specially shaped inserts improve chip control and reduce safety hazards.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1662\" data-end=\"1665\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1667\" data-end=\"1692\"><strong data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1692\">6. Surface Finish<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1885\"><li data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1803\"><p data-start=\"1695\" data-end=\"1803\">Good surface finishes are achievable with the correct combination of tool geometry and cutting parameters.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1804\" data-end=\"1885\"><p data-start=\"1806\" data-end=\"1885\">Avoid dwell times, as stopping the tool on the workpiece can create hard spots.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1890\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1907\"><strong data-start=\"1896\" data-end=\"1907\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"2190\">301 stainless steel is fully machinable but requires <strong data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"1994\">controlled cutting parameters<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1996\" data-end=\"2013\">sharp tooling<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"2019\" data-end=\"2040\">effective cooling<\/strong> to counter its work-hardening nature. When proper techniques are applied, machining performance is comparable to other austenitic grades such as 304.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2673\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a974c4f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a974c4f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8a9a02 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8a9a02\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"148\"><strong data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"148\">Corrosion Resistance of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"477\">301 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"177\" data-end=\"206\">good corrosion resistance<\/strong> in a wide range of environments, though its performance is slightly lower than that of 304 due to its <strong data-start=\"309\" data-end=\"334\">higher carbon content<\/strong>. It is suitable for many general-purpose applications but requires careful consideration in more aggressive or chloride-containing conditions.<\/p><hr data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"482\" \/><h3 data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"523\"><strong data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"523\">1. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"790\"><li data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"619\"><p data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"619\">Exhibits good resistance to atmospheric corrosion, fresh water, and many organic chemicals.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"682\"><p data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"682\">Performs well in mildly corrosive industrial environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"790\"><p data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"790\">Not ideal for strong acids, alkalis, or environments requiring the highest level of corrosion protection.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"795\" \/><h3 data-start=\"797\" data-end=\"826\"><strong data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"826\">2. Sensitization Risk<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"1215\"><li data-start=\"827\" data-end=\"975\"><p data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"975\">The higher carbon content increases the risk of <strong data-start=\"877\" data-end=\"911\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone during welding or thermal exposure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1151\"><p data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1055\">Sensitization can significantly reduce corrosion resistance, especially in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1151\"><li data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1088\"><p data-start=\"1060\" data-end=\"1088\">Chloride-rich environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1126\"><p data-start=\"1093\" data-end=\"1126\">Acidic or reducing environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1129\" data-end=\"1151\"><p data-start=\"1131\" data-end=\"1151\">Areas around welds<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1215\"><p data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1215\">Post-weld annealing can restore optimal corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1220\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1222\" data-end=\"1256\"><strong data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1256\">3. Resistance to Chlorides<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1475\"><li data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1317\"><p data-start=\"1259\" data-end=\"1317\">Offers limited resistance to chloride-induced corrosion.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1318\" data-end=\"1433\"><p data-start=\"1320\" data-end=\"1433\">Susceptible to <strong data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1346\">pitting<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1351\" data-end=\"1372\">crevice corrosion<\/strong> in marine environments or environments containing halides.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1475\"><p data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1475\">Not recommended for seawater immersion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1477\" data-end=\"1480\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1482\" data-end=\"1524\"><strong data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1524\">4. Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC)<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1525\" data-end=\"1718\"><li data-start=\"1525\" data-end=\"1648\"><p data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1648\">Austenitic grades like 301 can be prone to <strong data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1608\">chloride stress corrosion cracking<\/strong>, especially at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1649\" data-end=\"1718\"><p data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1718\">Cold-worked 301 is more susceptible due to higher tensile stresses.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1723\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1771\"><strong data-start=\"1729\" data-end=\"1771\">5. Improved Resistance After Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1910\"><li data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1860\"><p data-start=\"1774\" data-end=\"1860\">Solution annealing dissolves carbides and restores chromium to the grain boundaries.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1910\"><p data-start=\"1863\" data-end=\"1910\">Enhances resistance to intergranular corrosion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1915\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1917\" data-end=\"1956\"><strong data-start=\"1921\" data-end=\"1956\">6. Comparison with Other Grades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"2164\"><li data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"2164\"><p data-start=\"1959\" data-end=\"1985\">Corrosion resistance is:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2164\"><li data-start=\"1988\" data-end=\"2040\"><p data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2040\"><strong data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2005\">Better than<\/strong>: Ferritic and martensitic grades<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2043\" data-end=\"2094\"><p data-start=\"2045\" data-end=\"2094\"><strong data-start=\"2045\" data-end=\"2062\">Comparable to<\/strong>: 201\/202 in many environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2164\"><p data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2164\"><strong data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2113\">Lower than<\/strong>: 304, 304L, 316, 316L, and other Mo-bearing grades<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2166\" data-end=\"2169\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2171\" data-end=\"2186\"><strong data-start=\"2175\" data-end=\"2186\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2187\" data-end=\"2443\">301 stainless steel provides reliable corrosion resistance for general applications but is not ideal for chloride-rich, acidic, or highly corrosive environments. Proper heat treatment, stress relief, and material selection help ensure long-term durability.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2674\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fcd9dc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8fcd9dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4757355 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4757355\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"125\">Cold Working of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"505\">301 stainless steel is highly responsive to cold working and is one of the most <strong data-start=\"207\" data-end=\"226\">work-hardenable<\/strong> austenitic stainless steels. Through deformation processes such as rolling, bending, drawing, or stamping, 301 can achieve significant increases in strength while reducing ductility. This makes it ideal for applications requiring high mechanical strength without heat treatment.<\/p><hr data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"510\" \/><h3 data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"547\"><strong data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"547\">1. High Work-Hardening Rate<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"868\"><li data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"658\"><p data-start=\"550\" data-end=\"658\">301 has a <strong data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"598\">very high rate of strain hardening<\/strong>, meaning its strength increases rapidly with deformation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"775\"><p data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"775\">Cold working can transform some austenite into <strong data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"722\">martensite<\/strong>, further increasing hardness and tensile strength.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"868\"><p data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"868\">Mechanical properties can be precisely tailored by adjusting the amount of cold reduction.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"870\" data-end=\"873\" \/><h3 data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"912\"><strong data-start=\"879\" data-end=\"912\">2. Strength Levels Achievable<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"913\" data-end=\"948\">Cold working allows 301 to reach:<\/p><ul data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"1119\"><li data-start=\"949\" data-end=\"966\"><p data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"966\"><strong data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"964\">Half-hard<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"967\" data-end=\"993\"><p data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"993\"><strong data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"991\">Three-quarter-hard<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1011\"><p data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1011\"><strong data-start=\"996\" data-end=\"1009\">Full-hard<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1119\"><p data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1119\"><strong data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1028\">Extra-hard<\/strong> conditions<br data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1042\" \/>These conditions offer progressively higher strength but reduced formability.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1124\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1126\" data-end=\"1155\"><strong data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1155\">3. Forming Operations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1398\"><li data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1273\"><p data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1273\">In the annealed condition, 301 has excellent formability and can undergo deep drawing, bending, and roll forming.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1398\"><p data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1398\">As work-hardening progresses, formability decreases, and <strong data-start=\"1333\" data-end=\"1359\">intermediate annealing<\/strong> may be necessary to restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1400\" data-end=\"1403\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1435\"><strong data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1435\">4. Effect on Ductility<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1630\"><li data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1523\"><p data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1523\">Extensive cold reduction significantly lowers elongation and increases brittleness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1524\" data-end=\"1630\"><p data-start=\"1526\" data-end=\"1630\">Components requiring multiple forming steps typically require <strong data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1610\">solution annealing<\/strong> between operations.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1632\" data-end=\"1635\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1677\"><strong data-start=\"1641\" data-end=\"1677\">5. Effect on Magnetic Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1917\"><li data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1917\"><p data-start=\"1680\" data-end=\"1770\">Although annealed 301 is non-magnetic, cold working induces martensite formation, which:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1917\"><li data-start=\"1773\" data-end=\"1808\"><p data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1808\">Makes the material <strong data-start=\"1794\" data-end=\"1806\">magnetic<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1917\"><p data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1917\">Increases strength and hardness<br data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1847\" \/>This behavior is often used for magnetic stainless-steel applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1919\" data-end=\"1922\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1961\"><strong data-start=\"1928\" data-end=\"1961\">6. Welding After Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"2135\"><li data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"2043\"><p data-start=\"1964\" data-end=\"2043\">Cold-worked 301 may lose strength near welded areas due to recrystallization.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2044\" data-end=\"2135\"><p data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2135\">If strength retention is critical, post-weld heat treatment or reworking may be required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2140\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2187\"><strong data-start=\"2146\" data-end=\"2187\">7. Spring and Structural Applications<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2188\" data-end=\"2282\">Because of its ability to achieve high strength through cold working, 301 is widely used in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"2283\" data-end=\"2371\"><li data-start=\"2283\" data-end=\"2294\"><p data-start=\"2285\" data-end=\"2294\">Springs<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2295\" data-end=\"2315\"><p data-start=\"2297\" data-end=\"2315\">Clips and clamps<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2316\" data-end=\"2341\"><p data-start=\"2318\" data-end=\"2341\">Structural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2342\" data-end=\"2371\"><p data-start=\"2344\" data-end=\"2371\">High-strength stamped parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2373\" data-end=\"2376\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2378\" data-end=\"2393\"><strong data-start=\"2382\" data-end=\"2393\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2394\" data-end=\"2717\">301 stainless steel exhibits outstanding cold-working behavior, allowing it to reach very high strength levels without heat treatment. Its combination of work-hardening capability, formability, and adjustable mechanical properties makes it one of the most versatile materials for high-strength stainless-steel applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2675\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d89f5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1d89f5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1cf6f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c1cf6f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"129\">Heat Treatment of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"487\">301 stainless steel is an <strong data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"187\">austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with high work-hardening potential. Unlike some martensitic or precipitation-hardening grades, it is <strong data-start=\"289\" data-end=\"336\">not hardened by conventional heat treatment<\/strong>. Instead, heat treatment is primarily used to <strong data-start=\"383\" data-end=\"456\">restore ductility, relieve stresses, and improve corrosion resistance<\/strong> after cold working or welding.<\/p><hr data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"492\" \/><h3 data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"535\"><strong data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"535\">1. Annealing \/ Solution Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"940\"><li data-start=\"536\" data-end=\"675\"><p data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"552\"><strong data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"550\">Purpose:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"555\" data-end=\"675\"><li data-start=\"555\" data-end=\"593\"><p data-start=\"557\" data-end=\"593\">Relieve stresses from cold working<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"617\"><p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"617\">Restore ductility<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"675\"><p data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"675\">Dissolve chromium carbides to prevent sensitization<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"730\"><p data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"730\"><strong data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"702\">Typical Temperature:<\/strong> 1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"817\"><p data-start=\"733\" data-end=\"817\"><strong data-start=\"733\" data-end=\"745\">Cooling:<\/strong> Rapid air or water quenching to maintain a fully austenitic structure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"940\"><p data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"833\"><strong data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"831\">Effect:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"940\"><li data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"890\"><p data-start=\"838\" data-end=\"890\">Resets mechanical properties to annealed condition<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"940\"><p data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"940\">Improves formability and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"945\" \/><h3 data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"971\"><strong data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"971\">2. Stress Relief<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1227\"><li data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1047\"><p data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1047\"><strong data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"986\">Purpose:<\/strong> Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1097\"><p data-start=\"1050\" data-end=\"1097\"><strong data-start=\"1050\" data-end=\"1072\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 450\u2013650\u00b0C (840\u20131200\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1098\" data-end=\"1227\"><p data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1227\"><strong data-start=\"1100\" data-end=\"1111\">Effect:<\/strong> Minimizes distortion and the risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1229\" data-end=\"1232\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1281\"><strong data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1281\">3. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1541\"><li data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1356\"><p data-start=\"1284\" data-end=\"1356\">Cold-worked 301 achieves very high strength, but ductility is reduced.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1357\" data-end=\"1451\"><p data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1451\"><strong data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1385\">Intermediate annealing<\/strong> may be applied between forming operations to restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1541\"><p data-start=\"1454\" data-end=\"1541\">Repeated cold working and annealing allow for precise control of strength and hardness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1546\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1583\"><strong data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1583\">4. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1790\"><li data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1663\"><p data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1663\">301 stainless steel can be welded in the cold-worked or annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1790\"><p data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1790\">Post-weld annealing is sometimes applied to restore ductility and corrosion resistance, especially in critical applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1792\" data-end=\"1795\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1819\"><strong data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"1819\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"2068\"><li data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1936\"><p data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1936\">Heat treatment does <strong data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1881\">not significantly increase hardness<\/strong>; 301 is primarily strengthened through cold working.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1937\" data-end=\"2068\"><p data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2068\">High-temperature exposure (above ~500\u00b0C) for prolonged periods can reduce work-hardening effects and alter mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2073\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2090\"><strong data-start=\"2079\" data-end=\"2090\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2451\">Heat treatment of 301 stainless steel is focused on <strong data-start=\"2143\" data-end=\"2197\">stress relief, annealing, and corrosion protection<\/strong> rather than hardening. By using solution treatment and controlled stress relief, 301 stainless steel maintains its <strong data-start=\"2313\" data-end=\"2375\">excellent ductility, formability, and corrosion resistance<\/strong>, making it suitable for structural, spring, and high-strength applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2676\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-683c416 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"683c416\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ec83aa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ec83aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"131\">Heat Resistance of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"463\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/\">301<\/a> stainless steel is an <strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"189\">austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with moderate heat resistance. It is designed primarily for structural and mechanical applications, not for prolonged high-temperature service. Its performance at elevated temperatures is influenced by its composition, cold-working condition, and thermal exposure duration.<\/p><hr data-start=\"465\" data-end=\"468\" \/><h3 data-start=\"470\" data-end=\"511\"><strong data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"511\">1. Continuous Service Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"712\"><li data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"605\"><p data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"605\">Suitable for continuous service up to <strong data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"577\">425\u2013500\u00b0C (800\u2013930\u00b0F)<\/strong> in oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"712\"><p data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"712\">Above this temperature, mechanical strength may decrease, and scaling can occur over prolonged exposure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"714\" data-end=\"717\" \/><h3 data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"751\"><strong data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"751\">2. Intermittent Exposure<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"1018\"><li data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"845\"><p data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"845\">Can tolerate intermittent exposure up to <strong data-start=\"795\" data-end=\"813\">870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong> without catastrophic failure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"1018\"><p data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"1018\">Intermittent heating allows for short-term high-temperature performance in applications such as heat-treated springs or components subjected to occasional thermal cycles.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1023\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1056\"><strong data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1056\">3. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1308\"><li data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1163\"><p data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1163\">Forms a <strong data-start=\"1067\" data-end=\"1102\">protective chromium oxide layer<\/strong> at elevated temperatures that helps resist scaling in air.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1308\"><p data-start=\"1166\" data-end=\"1308\">Not suitable for highly oxidizing environments or prolonged exposure at extreme temperatures, unlike high-temperature grades (e.g., 310, 321).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1313\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1366\"><strong data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1366\">4. Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1541\"><li data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1541\"><p data-start=\"1369\" data-end=\"1428\">Prolonged exposure to temperatures above 500\u00b0C can cause:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1541\"><li data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1459\"><p data-start=\"1433\" data-end=\"1459\">Reduced tensile strength<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1497\"><p data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1497\">Loss of work-hardening benefits<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1500\" data-end=\"1541\"><p data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1541\">Grain growth if heat-treated improperly<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1546\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1598\"><strong data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1598\">5. Applications Related to Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1599\" data-end=\"1815\"><li data-start=\"1599\" data-end=\"1657\"><p data-start=\"1601\" data-end=\"1657\">Structural components exposed to moderate temperatures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1690\"><p data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1690\">Automotive springs and clips<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1691\" data-end=\"1756\"><p data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"1756\">General mechanical equipment with occasional thermal exposure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1757\" data-end=\"1815\"><p data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1815\">Sheet metal or formed components in industrial machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1820\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1870\"><strong data-start=\"1826\" data-end=\"1870\">6. Comparison to High-Temperature Grades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"2076\"><li data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1944\"><p data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1944\">Heat resistance is <strong data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1941\">lower than <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/321h-stainless-steel-s32109-fittings-and-flanges\/\">321<\/a>, and 310 stainless steels<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"2076\"><p data-start=\"1947\" data-end=\"2076\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/\">301<\/a> is primarily chosen for <strong data-start=\"1975\" data-end=\"2035\">high strength, formability, and cold-worked applications<\/strong>, not long-term high-temperature service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2078\" data-end=\"2081\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2083\" data-end=\"2098\"><strong data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2098\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2424\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/\">301<\/a> stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"2128\" data-end=\"2156\">moderate heat resistance<\/strong>, suitable for continuous service up to ~500\u00b0C and short-term exposure up to ~870\u00b0C. Its high strength and work-hardening characteristics make it ideal for structural and mechanical components, but it is <strong data-start=\"2360\" data-end=\"2423\">not recommended for prolonged high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2677\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db4398b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db4398b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b125430 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b125430\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"125\">Hot Working of 301 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/\">301<\/a> stainless steel is an <strong data-start=\"153\" data-end=\"183\">austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with excellent <strong data-start=\"199\" data-end=\"218\">hot workability<\/strong>. Hot working allows the material to be shaped, formed, or rolled at elevated temperatures while avoiding excessive work hardening and preserving ductility and toughness.<\/p><hr data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"393\" \/><h3 data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"441\"><strong data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"441\">1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"632\"><li data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"502\"><p data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"502\">Typical hot working range: <strong data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"500\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"632\"><p data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"632\">Working above this range may cause <strong data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"556\">grain growth<\/strong>, while below this range increases <strong data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"606\">flow stress<\/strong> and the risk of cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"634\" data-end=\"637\" \/><h3 data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"680\"><strong data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"680\">2. Suitable Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"991\"><li data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"754\"><p data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"754\"><strong data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"699\">Hot Rolling:<\/strong> For plates, sheets, strips, and structural sections.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"834\"><p data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"834\"><strong data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"773\">Hot Forging:<\/strong> For components requiring high strength and complex shapes.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"835\" data-end=\"888\"><p data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"888\"><strong data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"855\">Hot Extrusion:<\/strong> For rods, tubes, and profiles.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"991\"><p data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"991\"><strong data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"918\">Hot Forming \/ Pressing:<\/strong> Allows shaping of larger or thicker sections with reduced cracking risk.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"996\" \/><h3 data-start=\"998\" data-end=\"1034\"><strong data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1034\">3. Advantages of Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1269\"><li data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1106\"><p data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1106\">Reduces the effects of <strong data-start=\"1060\" data-end=\"1078\">work hardening<\/strong> compared to cold working.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1107\" data-end=\"1148\"><p data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1148\">Enhances <strong data-start=\"1118\" data-end=\"1145\">ductility and toughness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1149\" data-end=\"1212\"><p data-start=\"1151\" data-end=\"1212\">Produces uniform mechanical properties and grain structure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1269\"><p data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1269\">Allows fabrication of <strong data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1268\">large or complex components<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1274\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1314\"><strong data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1314\">4. Post-Hot Working Treatments<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1500\"><li data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1410\"><p data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1410\"><strong data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1330\">Annealing<\/strong> can be applied to relieve stresses and restore uniform mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1500\"><p data-start=\"1413\" data-end=\"1500\"><strong data-start=\"1413\" data-end=\"1440\">Pickling or passivation<\/strong> may improve surface corrosion resistance after hot working.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1505\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1507\" data-end=\"1553\"><strong data-start=\"1511\" data-end=\"1553\">5. Applications Related to Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1788\"><li data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1604\"><p data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1604\">Automotive and aerospace structural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1605\" data-end=\"1637\"><p data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1637\">Heavy-duty springs and clips<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1638\" data-end=\"1719\"><p data-start=\"1640\" data-end=\"1719\">Industrial machinery and equipment requiring forming at elevated temperatures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1788\"><p data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1788\">Components where cold working is limited due to size or complexity<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1793\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1810\"><strong data-start=\"1799\" data-end=\"1810\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"2097\"><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/301-stainless-steel\/\">301<\/a> stainless steel exhibits excellent <strong data-start=\"1850\" data-end=\"1869\">hot workability<\/strong>, enabling rolling, forging, extrusion, and forming at <strong data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1939\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C<\/strong>. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and allows the production of large or complex components while maintaining strength and toughness.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Metastable austenitic stainless steel 301 Stainless Steel 301 stainless steel is a high-strength, austenitic stainless steel known for its excellent mechanical properties, high work-hardening capability, and good corrosion resistance. It is widely used in applications requiring a combination of strength, ductility, and moderate resistance to corrosion. 301 Stainless Steel (SUS301 \/ 1.4310) is an austenitic [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2427,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2423","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2423","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2423"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2423\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2427"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2423"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2423"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ko\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2423"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}