{"id":2914,"date":"2025-11-18T18:05:25","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T18:05:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2914"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:21:53","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:21:53","slug":"316ti-stainless-steel-s31635-sheet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/316ti-stainless-steel-s31635-sheet\/","title":{"rendered":"316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2914\" class=\"elementor elementor-2914\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1db3341 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1db3341\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6557817 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6557817\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Austenitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aee18ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aee18ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39986de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39986de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium austenitic stainless steel.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfd79e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dfd79e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\">Grade 316<\/a> is an austenitic grade second only to <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a> in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.<\/p><p>For elevated temperature applications the stabilised grade <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/316ti-stainless-steel-s31635-sheet\/\">316Ti stainless steel<\/a> should be employed.<\/p><p>Stainless steel grade 316Ti contains a small amount of titanium. Titanium content is typically only around 0.5%. The titanium atoms stabilise the structure of the 316 at temperatures over 800\u00b0C. This prevents carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries and protects the metal from corrosion. The main advantage of 316Ti is that it can be held at higher temperatures for a longer period without sensitisation (precipitation) occurring. 316Ti retains physical and mechanical properties similar to standard grades of 316.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c525b5 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c525b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-976f6a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"976f6a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4da0f52 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4da0f52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-44b2f73 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"44b2f73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-506c56b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"506c56b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb31c8d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eb31c8d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da94ec6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da94ec6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">316Ti Stainless Steel  Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02954a9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"02954a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-181\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"181\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316Ti                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31635                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4571                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316Ti (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A182                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        F316Ti (forgings, flanges)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A213                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316Ti (boiler \/ HX tubes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A312                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316Ti (seamless pipe)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS316Ti                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-181'>\n\/* 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data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2dba00e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2dba00e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3485ec3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"3485ec3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5500\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5500\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5500\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f86bcdc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f86bcdc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e2d6aa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"e2d6aa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-132\">316Ti Stainless Steel Steel<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-132\">EN10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-132\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"132\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.08                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.50 - 18.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.00 - 2.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.05                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.50 - 13.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Titanium (Ti)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.40 - 0.70                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-132'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5501\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5501\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5501\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea2341e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea2341e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0da810d elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"0da810d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-133\">Bar Up to 160mm Diameter<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-133\">EN10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-133\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"133\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        500 to 700 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        215 Max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-133'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-5502\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-5502\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-5502\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29f74ee e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"29f74ee\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ec34e1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"2ec34e1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-134\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"7\"\n           data-wpID=\"134\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        8.0 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Melting Point                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1400 \u00b0C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        15.9 x 10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        193 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.3 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.74 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-134'>\n\/* 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elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2df92c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6bd99ed e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6bd99ed\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abd013d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"abd013d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-423cd90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"423cd90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"131\">Applications of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"425\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"210\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"250\">excellent corrosion resistance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"255\" data-end=\"285\">high-temperature stability<\/strong>. The addition of titanium improves <strong data-start=\"321\" data-end=\"359\">intergranular corrosion resistance<\/strong>, making it suitable for welded and high-temperature applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"427\" data-end=\"430\" \/><h3 data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"478\"><strong data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"478\">1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"701\"><li data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"546\"><p data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"546\">Storage tanks, reactors, and piping for <strong data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"544\">corrosive chemicals<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"629\"><p data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"629\">Heat exchangers and condensers operating under <strong data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"627\">high-temperature conditions<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"630\" data-end=\"701\"><p data-start=\"632\" data-end=\"701\">Components in <strong data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"701\">oxidizing and mildly reducing chemical environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"703\" data-end=\"706\" \/><h3 data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"766\"><strong data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"766\">2. Power Generation and High-Temperature Equipment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"925\"><li data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"800\"><p data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"800\">Boiler and furnace components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"848\"><p data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"848\">Heat exchangers, superheaters, and chimneys<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"925\"><p data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"925\">Equipment exposed to <strong data-start=\"872\" data-end=\"925\">temperatures up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F) intermittently<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"930\" \/><h3 data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"977\"><strong data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"977\">3. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1189\"><li data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1056\"><p data-start=\"980\" data-end=\"1056\">Vessels and piping exposed to <strong data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1031\">corrosive liquids<\/strong> and cleaning chemicals<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1133\"><p data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1133\">Components requiring <strong data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1101\">hygienic surfaces<\/strong> and high corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1189\"><p data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1189\">Equipment that undergoes frequent welding or assembly<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1194\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1196\" data-end=\"1239\"><strong data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1239\">4. Marine and Offshore Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1375\"><li data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1316\"><p data-start=\"1242\" data-end=\"1316\">Equipment and structures exposed to <strong data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1314\">seawater and coastal atmospheres<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1375\"><p data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1375\">Pump shafts, valves, and fittings in marine environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1377\" data-end=\"1380\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1382\" data-end=\"1430\"><strong data-start=\"1386\" data-end=\"1430\">5. Aerospace and Automotive Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1572\"><li data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1478\"><p data-start=\"1433\" data-end=\"1478\">Exhaust systems and turbocharger components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1572\"><p data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1572\">High-temperature, welded components where <strong data-start=\"1523\" data-end=\"1559\">corrosion and thermal resistance<\/strong> are critical<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1574\" data-end=\"1577\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1579\" data-end=\"1612\"><strong data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1612\">6. Comparison to 316\/316L<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1854\"><li data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1710\"><p data-start=\"1615\" data-end=\"1710\">Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"1647\" data-end=\"1664\">sensitization<\/strong> during welding, unlike standard 316 or 316L<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1766\"><p data-start=\"1713\" data-end=\"1766\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"1726\" data-end=\"1764\">high-temperature welded assemblies<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1854\"><p data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1854\">Maintains <strong data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1804\">mechanical properties<\/strong> and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1856\" data-end=\"1859\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1876\"><strong data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"1876\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"2236\">316Ti stainless steel is widely used in <strong data-start=\"1917\" data-end=\"2016\">chemical, marine, pharmaceutical, food-processing, and high-temperature industrial applications<\/strong> due to its <strong data-start=\"2028\" data-end=\"2109\">excellent corrosion resistance, titanium stabilization, and thermal stability<\/strong>. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion in welded assemblies makes it a reliable choice for <strong data-start=\"2209\" data-end=\"2235\">demanding environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3860b9a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3860b9a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-658ce6f elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"658ce6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf80099 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bf80099\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"137\"><strong data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"137\">Characteristics of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"139\" data-end=\"479\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"166\" data-end=\"216\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that combines the corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel with <strong data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"331\">enhanced intergranular corrosion resistance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"366\">high-temperature stability<\/strong>. The addition of titanium makes it particularly suitable for <strong data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"478\">welded components and high-temperature service<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"484\" \/><h3 data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"517\"><strong data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"517\">1. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"829\"><li data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"619\"><p data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"619\">Excellent resistance to <strong data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"579\">oxidation and general corrosion<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"583\" data-end=\"616\">mildly corrosive environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"759\"><p data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"759\">Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"654\" data-end=\"688\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, minimizing the risk of <strong data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"740\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded areas.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"829\"><p data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"829\">Performs well in <strong data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"828\">industrial, chemical, and marine environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"834\" \/><h3 data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"875\"><strong data-start=\"840\" data-end=\"875\">2. High-Temperature Performance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"1148\"><li data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"965\"><p data-start=\"878\" data-end=\"965\">Maintains <strong data-start=\"888\" data-end=\"937\">mechanical strength and dimensional stability<\/strong> at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"966\" data-end=\"1073\"><p data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1073\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"981\" data-end=\"1040\">continuous service up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F) intermittently<\/strong>, depending on the environment.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1074\" data-end=\"1148\"><p data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1148\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1114\">oxidation and scaling<\/strong> in high-temperature applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1153\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1187\"><strong data-start=\"1159\" data-end=\"1187\">3. Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1188\" data-end=\"1477\"><li data-start=\"1188\" data-end=\"1288\"><p data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1288\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1246\">tensile strength, ductility, and toughness<\/strong> in both annealed and welded conditions.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1362\"><p data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1362\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1298\" data-end=\"1327\">cold-worked or hot-worked<\/strong> to adjust strength and hardness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1477\"><p data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1477\">Titanium addition ensures mechanical properties are <strong data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1476\">maintained during welding and high-temperature exposure<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1479\" data-end=\"1482\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1484\" data-end=\"1522\"><strong data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1522\">4. Fabrication and Weldability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1523\" data-end=\"1781\"><li data-start=\"1523\" data-end=\"1614\"><p data-start=\"1525\" data-end=\"1614\">Good <strong data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1561\">formability and workability<\/strong> using conventional cold and hot working processes.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1615\" data-end=\"1684\"><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1684\">Weldable with <strong data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1673\">TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding<\/strong> methods.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1781\"><p data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1781\">Titanium stabilization eliminates the need for <strong data-start=\"1734\" data-end=\"1766\">post-weld solution annealing<\/strong> in most cases.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1786\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1838\"><strong data-start=\"1792\" data-end=\"1838\">5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"2151\"><li data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"1908\"><p data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1908\">Chemical processing equipment (reactors, heat exchangers, piping)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1973\"><p data-start=\"1911\" data-end=\"1973\">High-temperature boiler, furnace, and superheater components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"2040\"><p data-start=\"1976\" data-end=\"2040\">Marine and offshore equipment exposed to corrosive atmospheres<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2089\"><p data-start=\"2043\" data-end=\"2089\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2151\"><p data-start=\"2092\" data-end=\"2151\">Aerospace and automotive high-temperature welded components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2153\" data-end=\"2156\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2158\" data-end=\"2173\"><strong data-start=\"2162\" data-end=\"2173\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2528\">316Ti stainless steel combines <strong data-start=\"2205\" data-end=\"2295\">excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and titanium stabilization<\/strong> to prevent sensitization in welded or high-temperature applications. Its properties make it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2398\" data-end=\"2481\">chemical, marine, high-temperature industrial, and food-processing applications<\/strong> where reliability and durability are critical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0fb964 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"a0fb964\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-51d0349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"51d0349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7232c90 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"7232c90\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1190\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1190\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ceb9f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ceb9f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df897e6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"df897e6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Weldability of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"375\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"208\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"239\">excellent weldability<\/strong>. The titanium addition prevents <strong data-start=\"272\" data-end=\"306\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected zones.<\/p><hr data-start=\"377\" data-end=\"380\" \/><h3 data-start=\"382\" data-end=\"419\"><strong data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"419\">1. Suitable Welding Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"714\"><li data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"481\"><p data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"481\"><strong data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"437\">TIG (GTAW):<\/strong> Ideal for thin sections and precise welds<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"559\"><p data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"559\"><strong data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"499\">MIG (GMAW):<\/strong> Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"637\"><p data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"637\"><strong data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"587\">SMAW (Stick Welding):<\/strong> Commonly used for field and maintenance welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"714\"><p data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"714\"><strong data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"663\">Resistance Welding:<\/strong> Spot and seam welding for sheet metal components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"719\" \/><h3 data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"763\"><strong data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"763\">2. Titanium Stabilization Benefits<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"1005\"><li data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"864\"><p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"864\">Titanium binds with carbon, preventing <strong data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"835\">chromium carbide formation<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"931\"><p data-start=\"867\" data-end=\"931\">Reduces the risk of <strong data-start=\"887\" data-end=\"914\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> after welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"1005\"><p data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"1005\">Eliminates the need for <strong data-start=\"958\" data-end=\"990\">post-weld solution annealing<\/strong> in most cases.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1010\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1054\"><strong data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1054\">3. Filler Material Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1240\"><li data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1147\"><p data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1147\">Use <strong data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1082\">ER316Ti or ER316L<\/strong> filler wire for matching composition and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1240\"><p data-start=\"1150\" data-end=\"1240\">Ensure compatible filler material when welding <strong data-start=\"1197\" data-end=\"1239\">dissimilar austenitic stainless steels<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1242\" data-end=\"1245\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1291\"><strong data-start=\"1251\" data-end=\"1291\">4. Heat Input and Distortion Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1516\"><li data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1384\"><p data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1384\">Austenitic stainless steels have <strong data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1353\">high thermal expansion<\/strong>, which may cause distortion.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1463\"><p data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1463\">Use moderate heat input and proper welding sequencing to minimize warping.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1516\"><p data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1516\">Tack welds can help maintain dimensional accuracy.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1521\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1523\" data-end=\"1569\"><strong data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1569\">5. Applications Leveraging Weldability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1805\"><li data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1614\"><p data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1614\">Chemical processing equipment and piping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1615\" data-end=\"1678\"><p data-start=\"1617\" data-end=\"1678\">Heat exchangers, superheaters, and high-temperature boilers<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1713\"><p data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1713\">Marine and offshore components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1758\"><p data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1758\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1805\"><p data-start=\"1761\" data-end=\"1805\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1807\" data-end=\"1810\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1812\" data-end=\"1827\"><strong data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1827\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"2123\">316Ti stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1884\">excellent weldability<\/strong>, with titanium stabilization preventing intergranular corrosion in welded zones. It is ideal for <strong data-start=\"1982\" data-end=\"2054\">high-temperature, chemical, marine, and food-processing applications<\/strong> where welded assemblies require durability and corrosion resistance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1191\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1191\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-828a258 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"828a258\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c449ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c449ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Fabrication of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"470\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"208\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that combines <strong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"306\">excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and good formability<\/strong>. Its fabrication properties make it suitable for <strong data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"404\">cold and hot working, machining, and welding<\/strong> while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.<\/p><hr data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"475\" \/><h3 data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"495\"><strong data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"495\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"858\"><li data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"684\"><p data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"517\"><strong data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"515\">Cold Forming:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"684\"><li data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"581\"><p data-start=\"522\" data-end=\"581\">Suitable for bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"684\"><p data-start=\"586\" data-end=\"684\">Work-hardens moderately; intermediate solution annealing may be needed for extensive deformation<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"858\"><p data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"705\"><strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"703\">Hot Forming:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"858\"><li data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"788\"><p data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"788\">Recommended for complex or thick components at <strong data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"786\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"791\" data-end=\"858\"><p data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"858\">Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"860\" data-end=\"863\" \/><h3 data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"896\"><strong data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"896\">2. Cutting and Shearing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"1049\"><li data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"968\"><p data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"968\">Can be cut using <strong data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"966\">laser, plasma, waterjet, or mechanical methods<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"969\" data-end=\"1049\"><p data-start=\"971\" data-end=\"1049\">Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize <strong data-start=\"1009\" data-end=\"1049\">work hardening and surface roughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1054\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1076\"><strong data-start=\"1060\" data-end=\"1076\">3. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1308\"><li data-start=\"1077\" data-end=\"1152\"><p data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1152\">Moderate machinability due to <strong data-start=\"1109\" data-end=\"1150\">toughness and work-hardening tendency<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1224\"><p data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1224\"><strong data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1172\">Carbide tools<\/strong> preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty operations<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1225\" data-end=\"1308\"><p data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1308\">Coolants and lubricants are essential to reduce heat and improve surface finish<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1313\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1333\"><strong data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1333\">4. Welding<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1567\"><li data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1407\"><p data-start=\"1336\" data-end=\"1407\">Excellent weldability with <strong data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1405\">TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1408\" data-end=\"1494\"><p data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1494\">Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1492\">intergranular corrosion in heat-affected zones<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1495\" data-end=\"1567\"><p data-start=\"1497\" data-end=\"1567\">Matching filler metals (ER316Ti) ensure optimal corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1569\" data-end=\"1572\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1574\" data-end=\"1605\"><strong data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1605\">5. Cold and Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1780\"><li data-start=\"1606\" data-end=\"1668\"><p data-start=\"1608\" data-end=\"1668\">Cold working increases strength through <strong data-start=\"1648\" data-end=\"1666\">work hardening<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1780\"><p data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1780\">Hot working produces <strong data-start=\"1692\" data-end=\"1739\">uniform ductility and mechanical properties<\/strong>, ideal for thick or complex components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1782\" data-end=\"1785\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1787\" data-end=\"1815\"><strong data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1815\">6. Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1980\"><li data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1866\"><p data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1866\">Available in <strong data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"1864\">2B, BA, and polished finishes<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1980\"><p data-start=\"1869\" data-end=\"1980\">Cold-working may require additional polishing or pickling for <strong data-start=\"1931\" data-end=\"1980\">aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1982\" data-end=\"1985\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1987\" data-end=\"2033\"><strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2033\">7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2271\"><li data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2096\"><p data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2096\">Chemical and petrochemical equipment, reactors, and piping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2097\" data-end=\"2147\"><p data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2147\">High-temperature boiler and furnace components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2148\" data-end=\"2182\"><p data-start=\"2150\" data-end=\"2182\">Marine and offshore structures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2222\"><p data-start=\"2185\" data-end=\"2222\">Aerospace and automotive components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2223\" data-end=\"2271\"><p data-start=\"2225\" data-end=\"2271\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2276\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2278\" data-end=\"2293\"><strong data-start=\"2282\" data-end=\"2293\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2294\" data-end=\"2607\">316Ti stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2319\" data-end=\"2355\">highly versatile for fabrication<\/strong>, offering excellent <strong data-start=\"2376\" data-end=\"2428\">cold and hot formability, machining, and welding<\/strong>. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is preserved throughout fabrication, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2539\" data-end=\"2606\">industrial, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1192\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1192\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1192\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-599c78a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"599c78a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f1a9144 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f1a9144\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Hot Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"383\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"208\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"243\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at elevated temperatures while maintaining <strong data-start=\"332\" data-end=\"382\">mechanical properties and corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"388\" \/><h3 data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"436\"><strong data-start=\"394\" data-end=\"436\">1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"637\"><li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"485\"><p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"485\">Typical range: <strong data-start=\"454\" data-end=\"483\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"557\"><p data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"557\">Exceeding this range may cause <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"535\">grain growth<\/strong>, reducing toughness<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"558\" data-end=\"637\"><p data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"637\">Working below this range increases <strong data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"610\">flow stress<\/strong> and the risk of cracking<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"642\" \/><h3 data-start=\"644\" data-end=\"685\"><strong data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"685\">2. Suitable Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"935\"><li data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"748\"><p data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"748\"><strong data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"704\">Hot Rolling:<\/strong> Plates, sheets, and structural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"749\" data-end=\"807\"><p data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"807\"><strong data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"767\">Hot Forging:<\/strong> High-strength or complex-shaped parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"856\"><p data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"856\"><strong data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"828\">Hot Extrusion:<\/strong> Rods, tubes, and profiles<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"935\"><p data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"935\"><strong data-start=\"859\" data-end=\"884\">Hot Pressing\/Forming:<\/strong> Thick or large components difficult to cold-work<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"937\" data-end=\"940\" \/><h3 data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"978\"><strong data-start=\"946\" data-end=\"978\">3. Advantages of Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1201\"><li data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1034\"><p data-start=\"981\" data-end=\"1034\">Reduces <strong data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1007\">work hardening<\/strong> compared to cold working<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1075\"><p data-start=\"1037\" data-end=\"1075\">Improves <strong data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1073\">ductility and toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1142\"><p data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1142\">Produces <strong data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1140\">uniform grain structure and mechanical properties<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1201\"><p data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1201\">Enables fabrication of <strong data-start=\"1168\" data-end=\"1199\">large or complex components<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1206\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1208\" data-end=\"1246\"><strong data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1246\">4. Post-Hot Working Treatments<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1412\"><li data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1339\"><p data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1339\"><strong data-start=\"1249\" data-end=\"1271\">Solution annealing<\/strong> may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1412\"><p data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1412\"><strong data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1369\">Pickling or passivation<\/strong> can enhance surface corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1414\" data-end=\"1417\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1465\"><strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1465\">5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1670\"><li data-start=\"1466\" data-end=\"1501\"><p data-start=\"1468\" data-end=\"1501\">Industrial machinery components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1559\"><p data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1559\">Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1560\" data-end=\"1610\"><p data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1610\">Furnace, boiler, and heat exchanger components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1670\"><p data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1670\">Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1672\" data-end=\"1675\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1692\"><strong data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1692\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1693\" data-end=\"2037\">316Ti stainless steel demonstrates <strong data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1757\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, allowing components to be formed or forged at <strong data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1820\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C<\/strong>. Hot working improves <strong data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"1902\">ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties<\/strong> while preserving corrosion resistance, making it suitable for <strong data-start=\"1965\" data-end=\"2036\">chemical, high-temperature, industrial, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1193\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1193\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1193\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a05eb61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a05eb61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-be96edd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"be96edd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"137\"><strong data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"137\">Heat Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"139\" data-end=\"413\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"166\" data-end=\"216\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> designed for <strong data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"263\">high-temperature applications<\/strong>. Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"331\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, ensuring corrosion resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures.<\/p><hr data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"418\" \/><h3 data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"461\"><strong data-start=\"424\" data-end=\"461\">1. Continuous Service Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"748\"><li data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"548\"><p data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"548\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"521\">continuous service up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F)<\/strong> in oxidizing atmospheres<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"649\"><p data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"649\">Maintains <strong data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"633\">mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and corrosion resistance<\/strong> in this range<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"650\" data-end=\"748\"><p data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"748\">Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"753\" \/><h3 data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"787\"><strong data-start=\"759\" data-end=\"787\">2. Intermittent Exposure<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"937\"><li data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"881\"><p data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"881\">Can tolerate <strong data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"839\">intermittent heating above 925\u00b0C<\/strong> without significant surface degradation<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"937\"><p data-start=\"884\" data-end=\"937\">Ideal for components exposed to <strong data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"935\">thermal cycling<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"939\" data-end=\"942\" \/><h3 data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"975\"><strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"975\">3. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1237\"><li data-start=\"976\" data-end=\"1058\"><p data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"1058\">Forms a <strong data-start=\"986\" data-end=\"1021\">protective chromium oxide layer<\/strong> that resists oxidation and scaling<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1133\"><p data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1133\">Performs well in <strong data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1131\">industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1237\"><p data-start=\"1136\" data-end=\"1237\">Not recommended for <strong data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1213\">strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing environments<\/strong> at extreme temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1239\" data-end=\"1242\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1244\" data-end=\"1295\"><strong data-start=\"1248\" data-end=\"1295\">4. Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1296\" data-end=\"1550\"><li data-start=\"1296\" data-end=\"1372\"><p data-start=\"1298\" data-end=\"1372\">Retains <strong data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1340\">tensile strength and ductility<\/strong> at moderate high temperatures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1373\" data-end=\"1462\"><p data-start=\"1375\" data-end=\"1462\">Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1550\"><p data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1550\">Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without proper solution annealing<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1555\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1557\" data-end=\"1607\"><strong data-start=\"1561\" data-end=\"1607\">5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1608\" data-end=\"1855\"><li data-start=\"1608\" data-end=\"1658\"><p data-start=\"1610\" data-end=\"1658\">High-temperature chemical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1659\" data-end=\"1706\"><p data-start=\"1661\" data-end=\"1706\">Furnace, boiler, and superheater components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1707\" data-end=\"1787\"><p data-start=\"1709\" data-end=\"1787\">Heat exchangers and exhaust systems in industrial and aerospace applications<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1855\"><p data-start=\"1790\" data-end=\"1855\">Marine and offshore components exposed to elevated temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1857\" data-end=\"1860\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1862\" data-end=\"1877\"><strong data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1877\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"2212\">316Ti stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1951\">excellent high-temperature performance<\/strong>, with continuous service up to ~925\u00b0C. Titanium stabilization ensures <strong data-start=\"2022\" data-end=\"2072\">mechanical properties and corrosion resistance<\/strong> are preserved in welded or high-temperature applications, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2151\" data-end=\"2211\">chemical, industrial, marine, and aerospace environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1194\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1194\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1194\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f00dc1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f00dc1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b55b1df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b55b1df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"133\"><strong data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"133\">Machinability of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"431\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"162\" data-end=\"212\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"218\" data-end=\"244\">moderate machinability<\/strong>. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require <strong data-start=\"323\" data-end=\"388\">special attention to tooling, cutting speeds, and lubrication<\/strong> to achieve high-quality machining results.<\/p><hr data-start=\"433\" data-end=\"436\" \/><h3 data-start=\"438\" data-end=\"472\"><strong data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"472\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"682\"><li data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"541\"><p data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"541\">316Ti stainless steel <strong data-start=\"497\" data-end=\"521\">work-hardens quickly<\/strong> during machining.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"613\"><p data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"613\">Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"682\"><p data-start=\"616\" data-end=\"682\">Continuous, smooth cutting minimizes <strong data-start=\"653\" data-end=\"681\">localized work hardening<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"687\" \/><h3 data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"723\"><strong data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"723\">2. Tooling Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"976\"><li data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"799\"><p data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"799\"><strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"743\">Carbide tools<\/strong> are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"888\"><p data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"888\"><strong data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"834\">High-speed steel (HSS) tools<\/strong> can be used at lower speeds for lighter operations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"976\"><p data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"976\">Tools with <strong data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"926\">positive rake angles<\/strong> reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"981\" \/><h3 data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1018\"><strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1018\">3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1252\"><li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1089\"><p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1089\">Slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels are recommended.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1173\"><p data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1173\">Moderate to heavy feeds ensure <strong data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1147\">continuous chip flow<\/strong> and prevent hard spots.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1252\"><p data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1252\">Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent local work-hardening.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1254\" data-end=\"1257\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1259\" data-end=\"1293\"><strong data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1293\">4. Cooling and Lubrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1535\"><li data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1367\"><p data-start=\"1296\" data-end=\"1367\">Low thermal conductivity causes <strong data-start=\"1328\" data-end=\"1364\">heat buildup at the cutting zone<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1473\"><p data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1473\">Use <strong data-start=\"1374\" data-end=\"1409\">flood coolant or cutting fluids<\/strong> to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1474\" data-end=\"1535\"><p data-start=\"1476\" data-end=\"1535\">High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1540\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1567\"><strong data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1567\">5. Chip Formation<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1568\" data-end=\"1672\"><li data-start=\"1568\" data-end=\"1672\"><p data-start=\"1570\" data-end=\"1672\">Chips are <strong data-start=\"1580\" data-end=\"1610\">tough, stringy, and sticky<\/strong>, requiring <strong data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1659\">chip breakers or controlled feeds<\/strong> to manage.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1674\" data-end=\"1677\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1679\" data-end=\"1704\"><strong data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1704\">6. Surface Finish<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1866\"><li data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1810\"><p data-start=\"1707\" data-end=\"1810\">High-quality surface finish can be achieved with <strong data-start=\"1756\" data-end=\"1807\">sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1866\"><p data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1866\">Work-hardened areas may require <strong data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1865\">finishing passes<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1868\" data-end=\"1871\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1888\"><strong data-start=\"1877\" data-end=\"1888\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1889\" data-end=\"2213\">316Ti stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"1915\" data-end=\"1941\">moderate machinability<\/strong>, requiring careful <strong data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2012\">tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling<\/strong>. When properly managed, it can be machined with high precision and excellent surface finish, making it suitable for <strong data-start=\"2129\" data-end=\"2212\">chemical, high-temperature, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1195\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1195\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1195\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6c275c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a6c275c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e73487e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e73487e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"95\" data-end=\"147\"><strong data-start=\"98\" data-end=\"147\">Corrosion Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"438\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"176\" data-end=\"226\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"266\">excellent corrosion resistance<\/strong>, particularly in <strong data-start=\"284\" data-end=\"328\">welded and high-temperature applications<\/strong>. Titanium addition prevents <strong data-start=\"357\" data-end=\"391\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.<\/p><hr data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"443\" \/><h3 data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"484\"><strong data-start=\"449\" data-end=\"484\">1. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"752\"><li data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"594\"><p data-start=\"487\" data-end=\"594\">Highly resistant to <strong data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"542\">oxidation and general corrosion<\/strong> in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"679\"><p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"679\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"676\">chemical, industrial, marine, and food-processing applications<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"680\" data-end=\"752\"><p data-start=\"682\" data-end=\"752\">Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"757\" \/><h3 data-start=\"759\" data-end=\"804\"><strong data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"804\">2. Intergranular Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"1046\"><li data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"902\"><p data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"902\">Titanium binds with carbon, preventing <strong data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"876\">chromium carbide formation<\/strong> along grain boundaries.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"976\"><p data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"976\">Minimizes <strong data-start=\"915\" data-end=\"932\">sensitization<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone during welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1046\"><p data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"1046\">Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1051\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1053\" data-end=\"1093\"><strong data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1093\">3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1094\" data-end=\"1364\"><li data-start=\"1094\" data-end=\"1163\"><p data-start=\"1096\" data-end=\"1163\">Performs moderately well in <strong data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1160\">chloride-containing environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1284\"><p data-start=\"1166\" data-end=\"1284\">More resistant than 304\/304L stainless steel but slightly less resistant than 316\/317 in severe chloride conditions.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1364\"><p data-start=\"1287\" data-end=\"1364\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"1300\" data-end=\"1363\">marine, coastal, and mildly corrosive chemical applications<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1366\" data-end=\"1369\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1371\" data-end=\"1408\"><strong data-start=\"1375\" data-end=\"1408\">4. High-Temperature Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1676\"><li data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1511\"><p data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1511\">Maintains corrosion resistance during <strong data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1508\">continuous service up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F) intermittently<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1585\"><p data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1585\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1552\">oxidation and scaling<\/strong> in hot, oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1676\"><p data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1676\">Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at extreme temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1681\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1738\"><strong data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1738\">5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1739\" data-end=\"1993\"><li data-start=\"1739\" data-end=\"1808\"><p data-start=\"1741\" data-end=\"1808\">Chemical processing equipment (reactors, piping, heat exchangers)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1809\" data-end=\"1843\"><p data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1843\">Marine and offshore structures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1892\"><p data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1892\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"1949\"><p data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1949\">Aerospace and automotive high-temperature components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1950\" data-end=\"1993\"><p data-start=\"1952\" data-end=\"1993\">Boiler, furnace, and heat exchanger parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1995\" data-end=\"1998\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2015\"><strong data-start=\"2004\" data-end=\"2015\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2016\" data-end=\"2349\">316Ti stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2107\">excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance<\/strong>, especially in <strong data-start=\"2123\" data-end=\"2167\">welded and high-temperature environments<\/strong>. Titanium stabilization ensures durability and reliability in <strong data-start=\"2230\" data-end=\"2296\">chemical, marine, industrial, and food-processing applications<\/strong>, making it a robust choice for demanding conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1196\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1196\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1196\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7825147 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7825147\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0c879d2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0c879d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"135\"><strong data-start=\"92\" data-end=\"135\">Heat Treatment of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"137\" data-end=\"406\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"214\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that is <strong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"259\">not hardenable by heat treatment<\/strong>. Heat treatment is primarily used to <strong data-start=\"297\" data-end=\"371\">relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance<\/strong>, rather than to increase hardness.<\/p><hr data-start=\"408\" data-end=\"411\" \/><h3 data-start=\"413\" data-end=\"442\"><strong data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"442\">1. Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"911\"><li data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"642\"><p data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"459\"><strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"457\">Purpose:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"642\"><li data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"513\"><p data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"513\">Restore ductility after cold working or forming<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"545\"><p data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"545\">Relieve residual stresses<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"642\"><p data-start=\"550\" data-end=\"642\">Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form if exposed to improper temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"695\"><p data-start=\"645\" data-end=\"695\"><strong data-start=\"645\" data-end=\"667\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"771\"><p data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"771\"><strong data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"710\">Cooling:<\/strong> Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"772\" data-end=\"911\"><p data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"787\"><strong data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"785\">Effect:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"911\"><li data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"846\"><p data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"846\">Restores mechanical properties to annealed condition<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"911\"><p data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"911\">Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"913\" data-end=\"916\" \/><h3 data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"942\"><strong data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"942\">2. Stress Relief<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1202\"><li data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"1018\"><p data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"1018\"><strong data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"957\">Purpose:<\/strong> Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1068\"><p data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1068\"><strong data-start=\"1021\" data-end=\"1043\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 450\u2013650\u00b0C (840\u20131200\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1069\" data-end=\"1202\"><p data-start=\"1071\" data-end=\"1202\"><strong data-start=\"1071\" data-end=\"1082\">Effect:<\/strong> Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1207\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1244\"><strong data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1244\">3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1245\" data-end=\"1436\"><li data-start=\"1245\" data-end=\"1329\"><p data-start=\"1247\" data-end=\"1329\">Generally <strong data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1273\">not required<\/strong> because titanium stabilization prevents sensitization<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1330\" data-end=\"1436\"><p data-start=\"1332\" data-end=\"1436\">Stress relief annealing may be applied for <strong data-start=\"1375\" data-end=\"1436\">dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1441\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1443\" data-end=\"1490\"><strong data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1490\">4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1656\"><li data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1550\"><p data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1550\">Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1656\"><p data-start=\"1553\" data-end=\"1656\">Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore <strong data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1626\">formability<\/strong> for further fabrication steps<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1661\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1663\" data-end=\"1685\"><strong data-start=\"1667\" data-end=\"1685\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1686\" data-end=\"1835\"><li data-start=\"1686\" data-end=\"1749\"><p data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1749\">Heat treatment does <strong data-start=\"1708\" data-end=\"1747\">not significantly increase hardness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1750\" data-end=\"1835\"><p data-start=\"1752\" data-end=\"1835\">Prolonged exposure above ~500\u00b0C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1837\" data-end=\"1840\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1857\"><strong data-start=\"1846\" data-end=\"1857\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1858\" data-end=\"2167\">Heat treatment of 316Ti stainless steel is mainly for <strong data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1994\">stress relief, ductility restoration, and preservation of corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 316Ti ideal for <strong data-start=\"2108\" data-end=\"2166\">welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1197\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1197\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1197\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e7c6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"21e7c6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21b30c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"21b30c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"131\">Cold Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"384\">316Ti stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"210\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"216\" data-end=\"253\">excellent cold-working properties<\/strong>. Cold working improves <strong data-start=\"277\" data-end=\"302\">strength and hardness<\/strong> through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.<\/p><hr data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"389\" \/><h3 data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"425\"><strong data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"425\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"710\"><li data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"515\"><p data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"515\">316Ti stainless steel <strong data-start=\"450\" data-end=\"488\">work-hardens moderately to rapidly<\/strong> during cold deformation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"604\"><p data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"604\">Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"605\" data-end=\"710\"><p data-start=\"607\" data-end=\"710\">Extensive cold working may require <strong data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"664\">solution annealing<\/strong> to restore ductility for further fabrication.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"712\" data-end=\"715\" \/><h3 data-start=\"717\" data-end=\"757\"><strong data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"757\">2. Common Cold Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"983\"><li data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"801\"><p data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"801\"><strong data-start=\"760\" data-end=\"772\">Rolling:<\/strong> Sheets, strips, and plates<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"841\"><p data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"841\"><strong data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"816\">Drawing:<\/strong> Tubes, rods, and wires<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"913\"><p data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"913\"><strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"868\">Bending and Forming:<\/strong> Structural components, brackets, and clips<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"914\" data-end=\"983\"><p data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"983\"><strong data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"946\">Stamping and Deep Drawing:<\/strong> Industrial and food-processing parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"985\" data-end=\"988\" \/><h3 data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1028\"><strong data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1028\">3. Mechanical Property Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1206\"><li data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1118\"><p data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1118\">Cold working allows adjustment of <strong data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1115\">tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1206\"><p data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1206\">Solution annealing can be used if ductility needs to be restored for further forming.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1208\" data-end=\"1211\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1254\"><strong data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1254\">4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1454\"><li data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1376\"><p data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1376\">Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"1289\" data-end=\"1323\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1377\" data-end=\"1454\"><p data-start=\"1379\" data-end=\"1454\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1419\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded or heavily worked areas.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1456\" data-end=\"1459\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1499\"><strong data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1499\">5. Post-Forming Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1500\" data-end=\"1731\"><li data-start=\"1500\" data-end=\"1623\"><p data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1623\">Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1731\"><p data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1731\">Cold working may induce <strong data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1670\">slight magnetism<\/strong> due to minor martensitic transformation, usually negligible.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1733\" data-end=\"1736\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"1782\"><strong data-start=\"1742\" data-end=\"1782\">6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"2007\"><li data-start=\"1783\" data-end=\"1816\"><p data-start=\"1785\" data-end=\"1816\">Springs, clips, and fasteners<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1868\"><p data-start=\"1819\" data-end=\"1868\">Structural components requiring higher strength<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1869\" data-end=\"1938\"><p data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1938\">Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1939\" data-end=\"2007\"><p data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"2007\">Formed components requiring both corrosion resistance and strength<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2009\" data-end=\"2012\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2014\" data-end=\"2029\"><strong data-start=\"2018\" data-end=\"2029\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2383\">316Ti stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2103\">excellent cold-working characteristics<\/strong>, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures <strong data-start=\"2263\" data-end=\"2299\">high-quality, durable components<\/strong> for <strong data-start=\"2304\" data-end=\"2382\">industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Austenitic 316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet A chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium austenitic stainless steel. Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. For elevated temperature [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2915,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2914","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2914","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2914"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2914\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2915"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2914"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2914"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/lo\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2914"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}