Stainless Steel, Martensitic
431 Stainless Steel (S43100) Bar
A high chromium, low nickel high hardenability martensitic stainless steel.
431 stainless steel is a martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties. It is a versatile alloy widely used in applications requiring a combination of strength, toughness, and moderate corrosion resistance.
1.4057 (Type 431) is a hardenable martensitic stainless steel alloy which combines high tensile strength and torsional strength. The material is well suited to shaft manufacture due to these characteristics.
Of all the stainless steels, 1.4057 it has one of the best combinations of high strength, corrosion resistance, and good impact toughness.
BAIXAR PDF
Faixa
| Forma do Produto | Condition | Tamanhos Imperiais | Tamanhos Métricos |
| Round Bar | QT800 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4.0mm - 30.0mm |
| Round Bar | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4.0mm - 30.0mm |
ATENÇÃO
Se você não encontrar o que procura, entre em contato com seu centro de serviço local com seus requisitos específicos.
431 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Padrão | País / Região | Grau / Designação |
| AISI | EUA | 431 |
| UNS | Internacional | S43100 |
| PT-BR / nº de série. | Europa | 1.4057 |
| Nome em Português | Europa | X17CrNi16-2 |
| ASTM A276 | EUA | 431 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A182 | EUA | F431 (forgings, flanges, fittings) |
| ASTM A314 | EUA | 431 (forged/rolled bars for piping) |
| GB | China | 1Cr17Ni2 |
| JIS | Japão | SUS431 |
| BS | Reino Unido | 431S29 |
Propriedades
Composição Química
| Elemento Químico | % Presente |
| Carbono (C) | 0.00 - 0.20 |
| Manganês (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Silício (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fósforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Enxofre (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 15.00 - 17.00 |
| Níquel (Ni) | 1.25 - 2.50 |
Propriedades Mecânicas
| Propriedade Mecânica | Valor |
| Alongamento A50 mm | 11 % |
| Resistência à Tração | 850-1000 MPa |
| Tensão de Escoamento | 665 MPa |
| Dureza Brinell | 248-302 HB |
Propriedades Físicas Gerais
| Propriedade Física | Valor |
| Densidade | 7.8 g/cm³ |
| Módulo de Elasticidade | 200 GPa |
| Condutividade Térmica | 20.2 W/m.K |
Applications of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and excellent hardness. It is widely used in applications requiring high mechanical strength and moderate corrosion resistance.
1. Aerospace and Automotive Components
Aircraft structural parts and fasteners
Automotive engine components, shafts, and valve parts
High-strength springs and connecting rods
2. Mechanical and Industrial Applications
Pumps, valves, and fasteners in moderately corrosive environments
Gears, bushings, and bearings requiring wear resistance
Hydraulic and pneumatic components
3. Oil, Gas, and Petrochemical Industry
Equipment and components exposed to moderate corrosion and high stress
Shafts, pins, and valve stems in chemical processing equipment
4. Marine and General Engineering
Marine fasteners and hardware requiring strength and corrosion resistance
Precision engineering parts subjected to mechanical stress and moderate corrosion
Resumo
431 stainless steel combines high strength, good hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance, tornando-o adequado para aerospace, automotive, industrial, oil and gas, and marine applications. It is ideal for components requiring durability under stress in moderately corrosive environments.
Characteristics of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic stainless steel known for its high strength, excellent hardness, and good corrosion resistance. It is widely used in applications that require mechanical durability and moderate resistance to corrosion.
1. Composição Química
Chromium: 15–17% – provides corrosion resistance and hardenability
Nickel: 1.25–2.5% – improves toughness and corrosion resistance
Carbon: 0.12–0.25% – enables high hardness after heat treatment
Minor elements like manganese, silicon, and molybdenum enhance mechanical properties
2. Mechanical Properties
Alto tensile strength and yield strength
Pode ser hardened to 50–55 HRC after heat treatment
Excelente wear resistance and fatigue strength
3. Corrosion Resistance
Boa resistência a oxidation and mild corrosive environments
Superior to standard carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels (304/316)
Adequado para marine, chemical, and industrial applications with moderate corrosion
4. Fabrication and Machinability
Machinable in annealed condition
Pode ser welded carefully, though post-weld heat treatment is recommended to restore hardness
Cold working is possible but may require stress relief
5. Applications
Componentes aeroespaciais e automotivos
Pump, valve, and fastener parts
Shafts, springs, and structural components
Oil, gas, and petrochemical equipment
Resumo
431 stainless steel is characterized by high strength, excellent hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for aerospace, automotive, industrial, and marine applications requiring durable, wear-resistant components.
Informações Adicionais
Fabricação
Fabrication of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties. Its fabrication requires careful handling due to its hardening capability and strength.
Formando
Trabalho a Quente:
Can be performed in the annealed condition.
Typical hot working temperature: 950–1050°C (1740–1920°F).
Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth, which reduces toughness.
Laminação a Frio:
Cold forming is possible in the annealed state.
Increases strength via strain hardening, but excessive deformation may cause cracking.
Cold rolling, bending, and stamping are common processes.
Usina. Maquinagem.
Easier to machine in the annealed condition.
Hardened 431 is difficult to machine, requiring carbide tooling and slower speeds.
Good surface finish can be achieved with proper tooling and coolant.
3. Soldagem
Weldable, but preheating and post-weld heat treatment are recommended to reduce stress and prevent cracking.
Usar matching or low-carbon filler materials to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
4. Heat Treatment
Annealing, solution treatment, and precipitation hardening are part of fabrication to achieve desired hardness, strength, and dimensional stability.
Proper heat treatment is essential after forming or welding.
5. Surface Treatment
Pode ser polished or passivated to improve corrosion resistance.
Surface finishing is important for aerospace, automotive, and precision applications.
6. Applications Benefiting from Fabrication
Automotive shafts, fasteners, and valve components
Aerospace hardware
Pump shafts, springs, and high-strength mechanical components
Resumo
Fabrication of 431 stainless steel is typically performed in the annealed condition, with careful hot and cold working, machining, and welding procedures. Post-fabrication heat treatment and surface finishing ensure optimal strength, corrosion resistance, and dimensional stability, tornando-o ideal para high-strength, precision applications in automotive, aerospace, and industrial fields.
Soldabilidade
Weldability of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and excellent mechanical properties. While it is weldable, special precautions are needed due to its tendency to harden and the risk of cracking.
1. General Considerations
Preheating is recommended to reduce thermal stresses and prevent cracking.
Welding should ideally be performed in the annealed or solution-treated condition.
Avoid excessive heat input to minimize distortion and loss of mechanical properties.
2. Preheating
Typical preheat: 150–200°C (300–390°F).
Reduz o risco de cold cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
3. Welding Methods
TIG (GTAW) e MIG (GMAW) are commonly used.
Stick welding (SMAW) is possible with low-hydrogen electrodes.
Precise control of welding parameters is critical to avoid cracking and loss of corrosion resistance.
4. Filler Materials
Usar matching 431 filler metal for optimal mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
Low-carbon martensitic or precipitation-hardening fillers can be used to reduce cracking risk.
5. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Stress relief or precipitation hardening is often required after welding.
Heat treatment typically involves heating to 480–500°C (900–930°F) to restore strength and toughness.
Ensures that welded areas maintain mechanical properties similar to the base metal.
6. Limitations
Welding in the fully hardened condition is not recommended due to the risk of cracking.
High-strength welded joints may require careful control of heat input and post-weld treatment.
Not as easily weldable as austenitic stainless steels like 304 or 316.
7. Applications Benefiting from Welded 431 Stainless Steel
Automotive shafts, fasteners, and valve components
Aerospace hardware
High-strength industrial components
Resumo
431 stainless steel is weldable with precautions, ideally in the annealed or solution-treated condition. Proper preheating, controlled welding, matching filler metal, and post-weld heat treatment are essential to achieve high-strength, corrosion-resistant, and crack-free welds, tornando-o adequado para automotive, aerospace, and high-strength industrial applications.
Usinabilidade
Machinability of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Its machinability depends on the heat treatment condition, with the annealed state being easier to machine than the hardened or aged condition.
1. General Characteristics
Annealed 431:
Relatively easy to machine with standard high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools.
Fornece good surface finish and dimensional control.
Hardened or aged 431:
Difficult to machine due to high hardness (up to ~50 HRC).
Requer carbide tooling, slower cutting speeds, and proper coolant.
2. Recommended Cutting Parameters
Cutting Speed: Lower speeds for hardened or precipitation-hardened material.
Feed Rate: Moderate, balancing surface finish and tool life.
Depth of Cut: Shallow for hardened steel to reduce tool wear.
Coolant: Use water-soluble oils or cutting fluids to reduce heat and friction.
3. Tooling
Annealed condition: High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used for general machining.
Hardened/aged condition: Carbide or ceramic tools are recommended for drilling, turning, and milling.
Threading and tapping: Slow speeds and sharp tooling to avoid galling or cracking.
4. Effects of Machining
Strain hardening may occur in the machined surface if proper speeds are not maintained.
Good dimensional precision can be achieved in the annealed condition.
Hardened 431 requires careful handling to maintain surface quality.
5. Aplicações que se beneficiam da usinabilidade
Automotive shafts and fasteners
Aerospace components
Precision valves and pump parts
High-strength mechanical parts
6. Limitations
Hardened 431 is challenging to machine without specialized tools.
Excessive heat during machining may reduce hardness or damage the surface.
Requires careful cooling, tooling, and feed rate control.
Resumo
Machinability of 431 stainless steel is moderate in the annealed condition e difficult in the hardened or aged condition. Proper tool selection, cutting speed, feed, and coolant use are essential to achieve accurate dimensions, good surface finish, and long tool life, tornando-o adequado para automotive, aerospace, and high-strength industrial components.
Resistência à corrosão
Corrosion Resistance of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel que combina high strength, toughness, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its corrosion resistance is better than most carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels like 304 or 316.
1. General Properties
Exhibits good resistance to atmospheric corrosion e mild oxidizing environments.
Mantém resistência a freshwater, mildly acidic conditions, and some chemical exposures.
Less resistant to chloride-rich environments or marine applications, where pitting and crevice corrosion may occur.
2. Factors Affecting Corrosion Resistance
Heat treatment: Hardened or precipitation-hardened conditions may slightly reduce corrosion resistance.
Surface finish: Smooth, polished, or passivated surfaces improve resistance.
Environment: Funciona bem em low-corrosion, indoor, or mildly humid conditions; avoid continuous exposure to aggressive salts.
3. Enhancing Corrosion Resistance
Polishing: Reduces surface roughness and corrosion initiation points.
Passivation: Nitric or citric acid treatment forms a protective oxide layer.
Regular maintenance: Cleaning and drying prevent corrosion and staining.
4. Applications Benefiting from Corrosion Resistance
Automotive components exposed to moderate conditions (shafts, fasteners)
Aerospace hardware
Precision industrial parts and valves
Components in mildly corrosive environments where strength is critical
5. Limitações
Não recomendado para marine or highly acidic environments sem revestimentos de proteção.
Susceptible to corrosão por pites e frestas in chloride-rich environments.
Welding without post-weld treatment may reduce localized corrosion resistance.
Resumo
431 stainless steel provides moderate corrosion resistance, adequado para automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications onde high strength and toughness are essential. Its corrosion resistance can be enhanced by polishing, passivation, and proper maintenance, mas é less suitable for highly corrosive or marine environments.
Laminação a Frio
Cold Working of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, toughness, and moderate corrosion resistance. Cold working can be used to increase strength and hardness, but it requires careful control due to the steel’s high strength and work-hardening tendency.
1. General Characteristics
Cold working increases Força e dureza via strain hardening.
Ductility decreases as the amount of cold deformation increases.
Work is typically performed in the annealed or solution-treated condition to reduce the risk of cracking.
2. Recommended Practices
Anneal or solution-treat the steel before cold working for improved ductility.
Aplicar deformação gradual rather than aggressive forming to avoid fractures.
Lubrication can reduce tool wear and surface defects.
For extensive deformation, intermediate annealing may be necessary to restore ductility.
3. Effects of Cold Working
Increased strength and hardness proportional to deformation.
Reduced ductility, making further forming more difficult.
Surface finish and dimensional accuracy can be improved in some processes.
4. Applications Benefiting from Cold Working
Automotive shafts, fasteners, and springs
Aerospace components requiring high strength
Precision mechanical parts and industrial tools
Components that will undergo final hardening after shaping
5. Limitações
Hardened or overworked 431 stainless steel is brittle and prone to cracking.
Requires careful control of deformation and temperature.
Cold working alone cannot achieve final hardness—post-working heat treatment is usually required.
Resumo
Cold working of 431 stainless steel is most effective in the annealed or solution-treated condition, allowing shaping and forming while increasing Força e dureza. Excessive cold deformation reduces ductility, so controlled deformation and intermediate annealing are critical. After cold working, heat treatment is typically applied to achieve the desired Propriedades mecânicas, tornando-o adequado para automotive, aerospace, and high-strength industrial components.
Tratamento Térmico
Heat Treatment of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance. Heat treatment is critical to achieve optimal mechanical properties, including hardness, strength, and dimensional stability.
1. Recozimento
Propósito: Softens the steel for forming, machining, or cold working.
Processo:
Aquecer para 840–900°C (1545–1650°F).
Hold to achieve uniform microstructure.
Slow cooling in furnace or still air.
Result: Produces a soft, ductile, and machinable steel.
2. Solution Treatment
Propósito: Dissolves precipitates to prepare for aging.
Processo:
Aquecer para 980–1020°C (1800–1870°F).
Quench rapidly in air or oil.
Result: Forma um homogeneous martensitic structure ready for precipitation hardening.
3. Precipitation Hardening (Aging)
Propósito: Achieves high strength and hardness.
Processo:
Aquecer para 480–500°C (900–930°F) for 1–4 hours, depending on section size.
Air cool to room temperature.
Efeito: Precipitates strengthen the martensitic matrix, producing high tensile strength and hardness.
4. Effects of Heat Treatment
Annealed 431: Soft, ductile, suitable for forming and machining.
Solution-treated: Prepares steel for aging with uniform structure.
Aged/precipitation-hardened: High strength (~930–1000 MPa), high hardness, and good corrosion resistance.
5. Applications Benefiting from Heat Treatment
Automotive shafts, fasteners, and springs
Aerospace components
Industrial tools and precision components
Components requiring a combination of strength, toughness, and corrosion resistance
6. Limitations
Overheating during aging can reduce toughness.
Uneven heating or quenching may cause distortion or residual stresses.
Requer controlled temperatures and times to achieve optimal mechanical properties.
Resumo
Heat treatment of 431 stainless steel involves annealing, solution treatment, and precipitation hardening to achieve a balance of high strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance. Proper control of temperature and time ensures that the steel meets the mechanical and functional requirements for automotive, aerospace, and industrial applications.
Resistência ao calor
Heat Resistance of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and toughness. Its heat resistance is moderado, sufficient for many industrial applications but lower than that of austenitic stainless steels like 304 or 316.
1. General Properties
Adequado para intermittent service up to 425–450°C (800–840°F).
Continuous exposure to higher temperatures may lead to softening and reduced mechanical properties.
Exhibits good oxidation resistance under moderate temperatures but may scale in prolonged high-heat environments.
2. Effects of High Temperature
Loss of hardness: Martensitic and aged structures may soften if exposed to excessive heat.
Reduced tensile strength and toughness when used continuously at elevated temperatures.
Oxidation and scaling: Occurs above recommended service temperatures, particularly in air or oxidizing environments.
3. Practical Considerations
Best used in moderate-temperature industrial, automotive, or aerospace applications.
Avoid continuous exposure to high temperatures exceeding 425°C (800°F).
Heat-treated 431 retains strength better than annealed steel but is not suitable for furnace or flame-exposed components.
4. Applications Benefiting from Heat Resistance
Automotive components such as shafts, gears, and fasteners
Aerospace parts exposed to moderate heat
Industrial valves and mechanical components
Applications requiring a combination of strength and corrosion resistance under moderate temperatures
5. Limitações
Não adequado para continuous high-temperature applications above 450°C.
Prolonged exposure to heat can lead to softening, dimensional changes, and surface oxidation.
Heat-treated 431 is preferred when mechanical properties at moderately elevated temperatures are critical.
Resumo
431 stainless steel offers resistência moderada ao calor, capable of handling intermittent temperatures up to ~425°C (800°F). While it maintains strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance at these levels, it is not intended for continuous high-temperature service, tornando-o adequado para automotive, aerospace, and industrial components exposed to moderate heat.
Conformação a Quente
Hot Working of 431 Stainless Steel
431 stainless steel é um martensitic precipitation-hardening stainless steel known for its high strength, good corrosion resistance, and toughness. Hot working is generally performed in the annealed or solution-treated condition to enable shaping while avoiding cracking and excessive hardening.
1. General Guidelines
Hot working temperature: 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F).
Steel should be in the annealed or solution-treated condition prior to hot working.
Avoid overheating to prevent crescimento de grão, which reduces toughness.
2. Common Hot Working Processes
Hot rolling: Produces bars, plates, and sheets.
Hot forging: Shapes shafts, blades, or other high-strength components.
Hot extrusion: Forms complex profiles and precision parts.
3. Vantagens da Conformação a Quente
Reduz strength and hardness temporarily, making deformation easier.
Minimiza brittleness and cracking risk em comparação com a laminação a frio.
Promotes uniform microstructure and better mechanical properties after subsequent heat treatment.
4. Post-Hot Working Considerations
Annealing or solution treatment may be applied to relieve internal stresses.
Machining is easier after hot working in the annealed state.
Final precipitation hardening (aging) is performed after shaping to achieve high strength and hardness.
5. Limitações
High-carbon content limits ductility compared to austenitic stainless steels.
Requires careful temperature control to avoid surface oxidation, scaling, or distortion.
Hot working in the hardened or aged condition is Não recomendado.
6. Applications Benefiting from Hot Working
Automotive components (shafts, fasteners)
Aerospace hardware
High-strength industrial tools and precision components
Components that require final heat treatment for maximum strength
Resumo
Hot working of 431 stainless steel is performed in the annealed or solution-treated condition at 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F). This process allows rolling, forging, and extrusion while minimizing brittleness and promoting a uniform microstructure. After hot working, stress relief, machining, and precipitation hardening are applied to achieve the desired strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance, making 431 stainless steel suitable for automotive, aerospace, and high-strength industrial applications.
