{"id":2899,"date":"2025-11-18T17:18:22","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:18:22","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2899"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:23:12","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:23:12","slug":"316l-stainless-steel-bar-tube-sheet","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/316l-stainless-steel-bar-tube-sheet\/","title":{"rendered":"316L Stainless Steel Bar &amp; Tube Sheet"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2899\" class=\"elementor elementor-2899\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2f2197 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f2f2197\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2af91c7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2af91c7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Austenitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa0d70e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aa0d70e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">316L Stainless Steel Bar &amp; Tube Sheet<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aeef1e5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"aeef1e5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Low carbon chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c331cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c331cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/316l-stainless-steel-bar-tube-sheet\/\">316L<\/a>, the low carbon version of <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\">316 stainless steel<\/a>, is immune to grain boundary carbide precipitation (sensitisation). This makes it suited to use in heavy gauge (over about 6mm) welded components.<\/p><p>Stainless steel types 1.4401 and 1.4404 are also known as grades 316 and 316L respectively. Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.The austenitic structure of 316 stainless steel gives excellent toughness, even at cryogenic temperatures.<\/p><p>Property data given in this document is typical for bar and section products covered by EN standards. ASTM, EN or other standards may cover all products sold. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this datasheet.<\/p><p>Quarto Plate is hot rolled plate over 12mm thick that has not been coiled during production. CPP is continuously produced plate up to 12mm thick that has been coiled during rolling. Sheet is cold rolled.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23da3de e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"23da3de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b0a948 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"1b0a948\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74ce2a9 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"74ce2a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d1432e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1d1432e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bea72ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bea72ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f426bea elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"f426bea\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-119\">316L Bar &amp; Tube<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-119\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"13\"\n           data-wpID=\"119\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Product Form                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Imperial Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Metric Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Bright Drawn H9                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\u20448\" - 1\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3mm - 25mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Smooth Turned H9\/H10                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7\u20448\" - 3\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        25mm - 75mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Peeeled K12\/K16                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3\" - 16\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        80mm - 340mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hexagon Bar                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.25\" - 2.75\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Flat Bar - Hot Rolled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        20mm x 10mm - 100mm x 25mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Flat Bar - Rolled Edge                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12mm x 3mm - 100mm x 12mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Square Bar                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        12mm x 12mm - 50mm x 50mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Angle                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        20 x 20 x 3mm - 100 x 100 x 10mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Welded Ornamental Tube Mirror Polished 600 Grit                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\u20442\" - 4\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        30mm - 50mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Welded Tube Satin polished 320 Grit                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\u20442\" - 2\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16mm - 50mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hygienic Tube - Welded, annealed, polished BA, descaled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3\u20444\" - 4\" (16swg)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hygienic Tube - Welded, polished, descaled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\" - 3\" (1.5mm wall)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-119'>\n\/* 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th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8bd9498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"8bd9498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-120\">316L Sheet<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-120\">Polished sheet sizes are for mirror and super mirror finishes.\n\nPolished Sheet options available: 240 Silicon, 240 Grit and various coating including Fiber Optic Laser for one or two sides.<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-120\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"14\"\n           data-wpID=\"120\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Product Form                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thicknesses                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2000 x 1000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet (Circle)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7mm - 1.5mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Cold Rolled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Cold Rolled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Cold Rolled                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4000 x 2000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2000 x 1000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4000 x 2000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Quarto Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        5\" - 125\"                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-120'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-78f0120 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"78f0120\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-90b242c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"90b242c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">316L Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9db13c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9db13c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-183\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"13\"\n           data-wpID=\"183\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FC1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316L                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31603                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4404                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X2CrNiMo17-12-2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316L (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316L (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A213                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316L (boiler \/ HX tubes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A312                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316L (seamless pipe)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        022Cr17Ni12Mo2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS316L                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316S13                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AFNOR                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        France                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Z2CND17-12                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-183'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-FC1100 { background-color: #FC1100 !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-965fb30 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"965fb30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e42626 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e42626\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c36f11b elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"c36f11b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2040\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2040\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2040\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-34bf68f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"34bf68f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a82b6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"8a82b6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-121\">361L Stainless Steel Steel<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-121\">EN 10088-2<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-121\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"121\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.50 - 18.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.00 - 2.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.05                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.02                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.00 - 13.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.11                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-121'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2041\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2041\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2041\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1908934 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1908934\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b3b85d elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"7b3b85d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-122\">Bar &amp; Section Up to 160mm Dia\/Thickness<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-122\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-122\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"122\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        500 to 700 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        215 Max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-122'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-173dcae elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"173dcae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-123\">Sheet Up to 8mm Thick<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-123\">EN 10088-2<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-123\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"123\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        240 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        530 to 680 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-123'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87950bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"87950bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-124\">Plate From 8mm to 75mm Thick<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-124\">EN 10088-2<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-124\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"124\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        220 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        520 to 670 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        45 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-124'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2042\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2042\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2042\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56bda58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"56bda58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab90daf elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"ab90daf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-125\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"7\"\n           data-wpID=\"125\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        8.0 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Melting Point                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1400 \u00b0C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        15.9 x 10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        193 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.3 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.74 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-125'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9fd85d elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b9fd85d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ee8214 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3ee8214\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c34d748 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c34d748\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbbc900 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fbbc900\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Applications of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"444\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"217\">low-carbon molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"232\" data-end=\"266\">excellent corrosion resistance<\/strong>, especially in <strong data-start=\"282\" data-end=\"312\">chloride-rich environments<\/strong>. Its superior corrosion resistance and good mechanical properties make it ideal for demanding industrial and chemical applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"449\" \/><h3 data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"497\"><strong data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"497\">1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"677\"><li data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"558\"><p data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"558\">Reactors, tanks, and piping handling corrosive chemicals<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"559\" data-end=\"624\"><p data-start=\"561\" data-end=\"624\">Heat exchangers and valves exposed to aggressive environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"677\"><p data-start=\"627\" data-end=\"677\">Process equipment in acids, chlorides, and alkalis<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"682\" \/><h3 data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"727\"><strong data-start=\"688\" data-end=\"727\">2. Food and Pharmaceutical Industry<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"891\"><li data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"770\"><p data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"770\">Food processing and handling equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"802\"><p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"802\">Dairy and brewing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"852\"><p data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"852\">Pharmaceutical and medical processing vessels<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"891\"><p data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"891\">Hygienic piping systems and fittings<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"896\" \/><h3 data-start=\"898\" data-end=\"940\"><strong data-start=\"902\" data-end=\"940\">3. Marine and Coastal Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"1076\"><li data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"989\"><p data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"989\">Boat and ship components exposed to seawater<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1029\"><p data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1029\">Marine fasteners, valves, and pumps<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1030\" data-end=\"1076\"><p data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1076\">Coastal architectural features and handrails<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1081\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1083\" data-end=\"1137\"><strong data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1137\">4. Architectural and Construction Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1324\"><li data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1208\"><p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1208\">Exterior cladding and panels in corrosive or polluted environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1280\"><p data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1280\">Structural components requiring durability and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1324\"><p data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1324\">Roofing, wall panels, and decorative trim<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1326\" data-end=\"1329\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1375\"><strong data-start=\"1335\" data-end=\"1375\">5. Medical and Surgical Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1517\"><li data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1413\"><p data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1413\">Surgical instruments and implants<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1414\" data-end=\"1446\"><p data-start=\"1416\" data-end=\"1446\">Sterile processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1517\"><p data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1517\">Equipment in environments requiring corrosion resistance and hygiene<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1522\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1524\" data-end=\"1564\"><strong data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1564\">6. Other Industrial Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1713\"><li data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1613\"><p data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1613\">Springs, fasteners, and precision components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1659\"><p data-start=\"1616\" data-end=\"1659\">Chemical storage tanks and piping systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1713\"><p data-start=\"1662\" data-end=\"1713\">Equipment for desalination and wastewater treatment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1718\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1735\"><strong data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1735\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"2076\">316L stainless steel is widely used in applications where <strong data-start=\"1794\" data-end=\"1857\">corrosion resistance, weldability, and hygienic performance<\/strong> are critical. Its low carbon content and molybdenum addition make it suitable for <strong data-start=\"1940\" data-end=\"2014\">chemical, food, pharmaceutical, marine, and architectural applications<\/strong>, especially in <strong data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2073\">chloride-rich or corrosive environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-550272d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"550272d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f17505 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"5f17505\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-69536d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"69536d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"135\"><strong data-start=\"92\" data-end=\"135\">Characteristics of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"137\" data-end=\"380\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"163\" data-end=\"224\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that offers <strong data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"308\">excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and good formability<\/strong>, making it suitable for demanding industrial and chemical environments.<\/p><hr data-start=\"382\" data-end=\"385\" \/><h3 data-start=\"387\" data-end=\"418\"><strong data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"418\">1. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"723\"><li data-start=\"419\" data-end=\"546\"><p data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"546\">Excellent resistance to <strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"466\">general corrosion<\/strong>, especially in chloride-rich environments such as seawater or de-icing salts.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"645\"><p data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"645\">Low carbon content prevents <strong data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"594\">sensitization<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"626\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded areas.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"723\"><p data-start=\"648\" data-end=\"723\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"686\">oxidation and pitting<\/strong> in aggressive chemical environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"728\" \/><h3 data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"762\"><strong data-start=\"734\" data-end=\"762\">2. Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"1018\"><li data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"850\"><p data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"850\">Good <strong data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"804\">tensile strength and toughness<\/strong>, even at elevated or sub-zero temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"941\"><p data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"941\">Work-hardens moderately during cold forming, allowing enhanced strength when required.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1018\"><p data-start=\"944\" data-end=\"1018\">Maintains good mechanical properties in welded and cold-worked conditions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1020\" data-end=\"1023\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1025\" data-end=\"1063\"><strong data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1063\">3. Fabrication and Formability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1281\"><li data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1138\"><p data-start=\"1066\" data-end=\"1138\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1104\">cold and hot formability<\/strong> for a wide range of components.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1190\"><p data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1190\">Can be easily rolled, bent, drawn, and stamped.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1281\"><p data-start=\"1193\" data-end=\"1281\">Low carbon content ensures corrosion resistance is maintained after forming and welding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1286\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1310\"><strong data-start=\"1292\" data-end=\"1310\">4. Weldability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1531\"><li data-start=\"1311\" data-end=\"1416\"><p data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1416\">Excellent weldability with common methods such as <strong data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1413\">TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), and resistance welding<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1417\" data-end=\"1531\"><p data-start=\"1419\" data-end=\"1531\">Post-weld annealing is usually unnecessary due to low carbon content, preventing chromium carbide precipitation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1533\" data-end=\"1536\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1538\" data-end=\"1564\"><strong data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1564\">5. Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1758\"><li data-start=\"1565\" data-end=\"1653\"><p data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1653\">Suitable for continuous service in <strong data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1650\">moderate high temperatures (~870\u00b0C \/ 1600\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1654\" data-end=\"1758\"><p data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1758\">Maintains corrosion resistance and mechanical properties under intermittent high-temperature exposure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1763\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1765\" data-end=\"1815\"><strong data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1815\">6. Applications Leveraging Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"2025\"><li data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1856\"><p data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1856\">Chemical and petrochemical equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1857\" data-end=\"1895\"><p data-start=\"1859\" data-end=\"1895\">Food and pharmaceutical processing<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1896\" data-end=\"1931\"><p data-start=\"1898\" data-end=\"1931\">Marine and coastal environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1932\" data-end=\"1982\"><p data-start=\"1934\" data-end=\"1982\">Architectural structures and exterior cladding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1983\" data-end=\"2025\"><p data-start=\"1985\" data-end=\"2025\">Medical instruments and surgical devices<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2030\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2047\"><strong data-start=\"2036\" data-end=\"2047\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2048\" data-end=\"2375\">316L stainless steel is distinguished by <strong data-start=\"2089\" data-end=\"2198\">superior corrosion resistance, low carbon content, excellent weldability, and good mechanical performance<\/strong>. These characteristics make it ideal for applications in <strong data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2318\">chloride-rich, chemical, marine, and hygienic environments<\/strong>, where durability, hygiene, and strength are critical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f70a76 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"8f70a76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07d3a5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"07d3a5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1c92352 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"1c92352\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2990\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2990\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2990\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-801a673 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"801a673\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a9fc78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a9fc78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"127\">Weldability of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"424\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"216\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"256\">excellent weldability<\/strong>. Its low carbon content minimizes <strong data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"325\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, preventing intergranular corrosion in welded areas and making it ideal for critical applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"429\" \/><h3 data-start=\"431\" data-end=\"470\"><strong data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"470\">1. Compatible Welding Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"764\"><li data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"532\"><p data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"532\"><strong data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"488\">TIG (GTAW):<\/strong> Ideal for thin sections and precise welds<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"533\" data-end=\"609\"><p data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"609\"><strong data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"550\">MIG (GMAW):<\/strong> Efficient for thicker sections and industrial production<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"610\" data-end=\"684\"><p data-start=\"612\" data-end=\"684\"><strong data-start=\"612\" data-end=\"650\">Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW):<\/strong> Suitable for field applications<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"764\"><p data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"764\"><strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"710\">Resistance Welding:<\/strong> Spot and seam welding for sheet and thin components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"769\" \/><h3 data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"801\"><strong data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"801\">2. Low Carbon Benefits<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"1029\"><li data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"904\"><p data-start=\"804\" data-end=\"904\">Low carbon content (&lt;0.03%) reduces the risk of <strong data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"869\">sensitization<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"1029\"><p data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"1029\">Maintains <strong data-start=\"917\" data-end=\"941\">corrosion resistance<\/strong> in welded and post-welded components without the need for post-weld solution annealing.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1034\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1078\"><strong data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1078\">3. Filler Material Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1262\"><li data-start=\"1079\" data-end=\"1182\"><p data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1182\">Use matching fillers such as <strong data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1120\">ER316L<\/strong> to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1183\" data-end=\"1262\"><p data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1262\">Low-carbon fillers are preferred for critical applications or thick sections.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1267\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1305\"><strong data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1305\">4. Heat Input and Distortion<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1551\"><li data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1398\"><p data-start=\"1308\" data-end=\"1398\">Austenitic stainless steels have <strong data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1367\">high thermal expansion<\/strong>, which may cause distortion.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1482\"><p data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1482\">Moderate heat input, careful sequencing, and proper fixturing minimize warping.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1483\" data-end=\"1551\"><p data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1551\">Intermittent tack welding can help maintain dimensional stability.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1553\" data-end=\"1556\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1558\" data-end=\"1588\"><strong data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1588\">5. Post-Weld Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1589\" data-end=\"1794\"><li data-start=\"1589\" data-end=\"1681\"><p data-start=\"1591\" data-end=\"1681\"><strong data-start=\"1591\" data-end=\"1648\">Post-weld solution annealing is typically unnecessary<\/strong> due to the low carbon content.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1682\" data-end=\"1794\"><p data-start=\"1684\" data-end=\"1794\">Stress relief annealing may be applied in high-temperature service or where dimensional stability is critical.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1796\" data-end=\"1799\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1801\" data-end=\"1847\"><strong data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1847\">6. Applications Leveraging Weldability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"2064\"><li data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1897\"><p data-start=\"1850\" data-end=\"1897\">Chemical and pharmaceutical process equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1898\" data-end=\"1945\"><p data-start=\"1900\" data-end=\"1945\">Pressure vessels, tanks, and piping systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1946\" data-end=\"1978\"><p data-start=\"1948\" data-end=\"1978\">Marine and coastal equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1979\" data-end=\"2031\"><p data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2031\">Architectural cladding and structural assemblies<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2032\" data-end=\"2064\"><p data-start=\"2034\" data-end=\"2064\">Medical and surgical equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2066\" data-end=\"2069\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2086\"><strong data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2086\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2369\">316L stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2140\">excellent weldability<\/strong> thanks to its low carbon content and molybdenum alloying. It allows for strong, corrosion-resistant welded joints with minimal post-weld treatment, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2309\" data-end=\"2368\">industrial, marine, chemical, and hygienic applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2991\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2991\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2991\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4815af2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4815af2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-461c12a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"461c12a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"127\">Fabrication of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"433\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"216\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> widely used in industries requiring <strong data-start=\"253\" data-end=\"304\">corrosion resistance, strength, and formability<\/strong>. It can be fabricated using conventional metalworking processes with proper care to preserve its corrosion-resistant properties.<\/p><hr data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"438\" \/><h3 data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"458\"><strong data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"458\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"809\"><li data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"635\"><p data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"480\"><strong data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"478\">Cold Forming:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"635\"><li data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"545\"><p data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"545\">Excellent for bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"635\"><p data-start=\"550\" data-end=\"635\">Work hardens moderately; intermediate annealing may be needed for extensive forming<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"636\" data-end=\"809\"><p data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"656\"><strong data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"654\">Hot Forming:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"809\"><li data-start=\"659\" data-end=\"739\"><p data-start=\"661\" data-end=\"739\">Can be performed at <strong data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"710\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong> for thick or complex parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"809\"><p data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"809\">Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces work hardening<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"814\" \/><h3 data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"847\"><strong data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"847\">2. Cutting and Shearing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"983\"><li data-start=\"848\" data-end=\"904\"><p data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"904\">Can be cut with <strong data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"902\">saws, shears, laser, or waterjet<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"983\"><p data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"983\">Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and achieve clean edges<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"985\" data-end=\"988\" \/><h3 data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1010\"><strong data-start=\"994\" data-end=\"1010\">3. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1210\"><li data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1082\"><p data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1082\">Moderately difficult to machine due to toughness and work hardening<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1083\" data-end=\"1137\"><p data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1137\"><strong data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1102\">Carbide tools<\/strong> preferred for high-speed cutting<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1210\"><p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1210\">Use of <strong data-start=\"1147\" data-end=\"1159\">coolants<\/strong> or cutting fluids helps control heat and tool wear<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1212\" data-end=\"1215\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1235\"><strong data-start=\"1221\" data-end=\"1235\">4. Welding<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1483\"><li data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1304\"><p data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1304\">Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, or resistance welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1401\"><p data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1401\"><strong data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1324\">ER316L filler<\/strong> recommended for maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1483\"><p data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1483\">Post-weld annealing is generally <strong data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1453\">not required<\/strong>, thanks to low carbon content<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1488\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1513\"><strong data-start=\"1494\" data-end=\"1513\">5. Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1664\"><li data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1563\"><p data-start=\"1516\" data-end=\"1563\">Increases strength through <strong data-start=\"1543\" data-end=\"1561\">work hardening<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1564\" data-end=\"1664\"><p data-start=\"1566\" data-end=\"1664\">Extensive cold work may require <strong data-start=\"1598\" data-end=\"1620\">solution annealing<\/strong> to restore ductility for further processing<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1669\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1699\"><strong data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1699\">6. Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1902\"><li data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1807\"><p data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1807\">Available in various finishes such as <strong data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1805\">2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished surfaces<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1902\"><p data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1902\">Cold working may require additional finishing for aesthetic or corrosion resistance purposes<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1907\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1955\"><strong data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1955\">7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2198\"><li data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2014\"><p data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"2014\">Chemical, petrochemical, and food processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2015\" data-end=\"2070\"><p data-start=\"2017\" data-end=\"2070\">Pressure vessels, piping systems, and storage tanks<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2071\" data-end=\"2115\"><p data-start=\"2073\" data-end=\"2115\">Marine and coastal structural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2162\"><p data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2162\">Medical instruments and surgical equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2163\" data-end=\"2198\"><p data-start=\"2165\" data-end=\"2198\">Architectural panels and cladding<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2200\" data-end=\"2203\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2205\" data-end=\"2220\"><strong data-start=\"2209\" data-end=\"2220\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2221\" data-end=\"2571\">316L stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2245\" data-end=\"2287\">highly versatile and easy to fabricate<\/strong>, offering excellent cold and hot formability, welding, and machining properties. Its <strong data-start=\"2373\" data-end=\"2419\">low carbon content and molybdenum addition<\/strong> ensure that corrosion resistance is maintained throughout fabrication, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2511\" data-end=\"2570\">industrial, marine, chemical, and hygienic applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2992\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2992\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2992\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c8acf0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8c8acf0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7d456f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b7d456f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"127\">Hot Working of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"421\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"155\" data-end=\"216\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"222\" data-end=\"251\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, allowing it to be formed, rolled, or forged at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening, improves ductility, and ensures uniform mechanical properties.<\/p><hr data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"426\" \/><h3 data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"474\"><strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"474\">1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"676\"><li data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"523\"><p data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"523\">Typical range: <strong data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"521\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"596\"><p data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"596\">Exceeding this range may cause <strong data-start=\"557\" data-end=\"573\">grain growth<\/strong>, reducing toughness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"676\"><p data-start=\"599\" data-end=\"676\">Working below this range increases flow stress, raising the risk of cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"681\" \/><h3 data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"724\"><strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"724\">2. Suitable Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"1005\"><li data-start=\"725\" data-end=\"799\"><p data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"799\"><strong data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"743\">Hot Rolling:<\/strong> For sheets, plates, strips, and structural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"862\"><p data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"862\"><strong data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"818\">Hot Forging:<\/strong> For high-strength or complex-shaped parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"863\" data-end=\"915\"><p data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"915\"><strong data-start=\"865\" data-end=\"883\">Hot Extrusion:<\/strong> For rods, tubes, and profiles<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"1005\"><p data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"1005\"><strong data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"943\">Hot Pressing\/Forming:<\/strong> For thick or large components that are difficult to cold-work<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1010\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1048\"><strong data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1048\">3. Advantages of Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1277\"><li data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1104\"><p data-start=\"1051\" data-end=\"1104\">Reduces <strong data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1077\">work hardening<\/strong> compared to cold working<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1145\"><p data-start=\"1107\" data-end=\"1145\">Enhances <strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1143\">ductility and toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1212\"><p data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1212\">Produces <strong data-start=\"1157\" data-end=\"1184\">uniform grain structure<\/strong> and mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1213\" data-end=\"1277\"><p data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1277\">Enables fabrication of <strong data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1277\">large, thick, or complex components<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1279\" data-end=\"1282\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1284\" data-end=\"1322\"><strong data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1322\">4. Post-Hot Working Treatments<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1494\"><li data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1407\"><p data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1407\"><strong data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1338\">Annealing<\/strong> may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1408\" data-end=\"1494\"><p data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1494\"><strong data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1437\">Pickling or passivation<\/strong> enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1496\" data-end=\"1499\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1501\" data-end=\"1547\"><strong data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1547\">5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1753\"><li data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1583\"><p data-start=\"1550\" data-end=\"1583\">Industrial machinery components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1633\"><p data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1633\">Chemical and petrochemical vessels and piping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1634\" data-end=\"1673\"><p data-start=\"1636\" data-end=\"1673\">Marine and coastal structural parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1674\" data-end=\"1753\"><p data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1753\">Large sheets, plates, or complex forms requiring elevated-temperature shaping<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1755\" data-end=\"1758\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1775\"><strong data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1775\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"2144\">316L stainless steel demonstrates <strong data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1839\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, making it suitable for rolling, forging, extrusion, and forming at <strong data-start=\"1908\" data-end=\"1923\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C<\/strong>. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2082\" data-end=\"2143\">industrial, chemical, marine, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2993\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2993\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2993\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1daf8a4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"1daf8a4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-765efbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"765efbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"135\"><strong data-start=\"92\" data-end=\"135\">Heat Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"137\" data-end=\"435\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"163\" data-end=\"224\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"230\" data-end=\"266\">good high-temperature properties<\/strong>, suitable for moderate elevated-temperature service. Its low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance and structural integrity during prolonged heat exposure.<\/p><hr data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"440\" \/><h3 data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"483\"><strong data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"483\">1. Continuous Service Temperature<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"684\"><li data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"571\"><p data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"571\">Suitable for continuous service in oxidizing atmospheres up to <strong data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"568\">~870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"684\"><p data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"684\">Prolonged exposure above this temperature can cause <strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"683\">scaling and slight reduction in mechanical properties<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"689\" \/><h3 data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"723\"><strong data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"723\">2. Intermittent Exposure<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"892\"><li data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"828\"><p data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"828\">Can tolerate <strong data-start=\"739\" data-end=\"785\">intermittent heating up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F)<\/strong> without significant surface degradation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"892\"><p data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"892\">Suitable for components exposed to occasional thermal cycles.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"897\" \/><h3 data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"930\"><strong data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"930\">3. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"931\" data-end=\"1179\"><li data-start=\"931\" data-end=\"1004\"><p data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"1004\">Forms a <strong data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"976\">protective chromium oxide layer<\/strong> in oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1083\"><p data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1083\">Maintains corrosion resistance under moderate high-temperature conditions.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1179\"><p data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1179\">Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1184\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1186\" data-end=\"1237\"><strong data-start=\"1190\" data-end=\"1237\">4. Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1497\"><li data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1315\"><p data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1315\">Retains good <strong data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1287\">tensile strength and ductility<\/strong> at moderate temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1408\"><p data-start=\"1318\" data-end=\"1408\">Cold-worked material may lose some work-hardening effects after prolonged heat exposure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1497\"><p data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1497\">Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without proper solution treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1502\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1554\"><strong data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1554\">5. Applications Related to Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1793\"><li data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1612\"><p data-start=\"1557\" data-end=\"1612\">Heat exchangers, boiler components, and furnace parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1613\" data-end=\"1675\"><p data-start=\"1615\" data-end=\"1675\">Tanks and piping in moderate high-temperature environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1735\"><p data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1735\">Food, chemical, and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"1793\"><p data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"1793\">Welded assemblies operating under elevated temperatures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1798\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1800\" data-end=\"1848\"><strong data-start=\"1804\" data-end=\"1848\">6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"2119\"><li data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1963\"><p data-start=\"1851\" data-end=\"1963\">Heat resistance is slightly lower than <strong data-start=\"1890\" data-end=\"1921\">321 or 347 stainless steels<\/strong> for long-term high-temperature service.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1964\" data-end=\"2119\"><p data-start=\"1966\" data-end=\"2119\">316L is preferred where <strong data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"2061\">corrosion resistance, especially against chlorides, and weldability<\/strong> are more critical than extreme high-temperature strength.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2124\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2126\" data-end=\"2141\"><strong data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2141\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2488\">316L stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2196\">good heat resistance<\/strong>, suitable for continuous service up to ~870\u00b0C and intermittent exposure up to ~925\u00b0C. Its low carbon content preserves corrosion resistance and minimizes sensitization, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2386\" data-end=\"2485\">welded assemblies and moderately high-temperature industrial, chemical, and marine applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2994\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2994\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2994\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c938a34 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c938a34\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17a4995 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17a4995\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"131\">Machinability of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"465\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"220\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that is <strong data-start=\"229\" data-end=\"264\">moderately difficult to machine<\/strong> due to its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity. Proper tooling, cutting parameters, and lubrication are essential to achieve efficient machining and high-quality surfaces.<\/p><hr data-start=\"467\" data-end=\"470\" \/><h3 data-start=\"472\" data-end=\"506\"><strong data-start=\"476\" data-end=\"506\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"709\"><li data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"571\"><p data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"571\">316L exhibits <strong data-start=\"523\" data-end=\"553\">significant work hardening<\/strong> during cutting.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"643\"><p data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"643\">Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"644\" data-end=\"709\"><p data-start=\"646\" data-end=\"709\">Smooth, continuous cutting helps reduce work-hardening effects.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"711\" data-end=\"714\" \/><h3 data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"750\"><strong data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"750\">2. Tooling Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"1012\"><li data-start=\"751\" data-end=\"827\"><p data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"827\"><strong data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"770\">Carbide tools<\/strong> are preferred for high-speed and heavy-duty machining.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"924\"><p data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"924\"><strong data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"862\">High-speed steel (HSS) tools<\/strong> can be used at lower speeds for light or medium operations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"1012\"><p data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"1012\">Tools with <strong data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"962\">positive rake angles<\/strong> reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1014\" data-end=\"1017\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1019\" data-end=\"1054\"><strong data-start=\"1023\" data-end=\"1054\">3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1283\"><li data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1122\"><p data-start=\"1057\" data-end=\"1122\">Slower cutting speeds compared to carbon steel are recommended.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1214\"><p data-start=\"1125\" data-end=\"1214\">Moderate to heavy feeds maintain continuous chip flow and prevent local work-hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1283\"><p data-start=\"1217\" data-end=\"1283\">Avoid dwelling or stopping on the workpiece to prevent hard spots.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1285\" data-end=\"1288\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1290\" data-end=\"1324\"><strong data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1324\">4. Cooling and Lubrication<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1569\"><li data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1398\"><p data-start=\"1327\" data-end=\"1398\">Low thermal conductivity causes <strong data-start=\"1359\" data-end=\"1395\">heat buildup at the cutting zone<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1504\"><p data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1504\">Use <strong data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1440\">flood coolant or cutting fluids<\/strong> to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1505\" data-end=\"1569\"><p data-start=\"1507\" data-end=\"1569\">High-pressure lubrication can help evacuate chips efficiently.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1571\" data-end=\"1574\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1601\"><strong data-start=\"1580\" data-end=\"1601\">5. Chip Formation<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1753\"><li data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1668\"><p data-start=\"1604\" data-end=\"1668\">Chips are <strong data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1635\">tough and stringy<\/strong>, which may complicate removal.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1669\" data-end=\"1753\"><p data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1753\">Use chip breakers or special inserts to manage chips effectively during machining.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1755\" data-end=\"1758\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1785\"><strong data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1785\">6. Surface Finish<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1946\"><li data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1854\"><p data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1854\">Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1855\" data-end=\"1946\"><p data-start=\"1857\" data-end=\"1946\">Work-hardening areas may require <strong data-start=\"1890\" data-end=\"1910\">finishing passes<\/strong> to achieve desired surface quality.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1948\" data-end=\"1951\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1953\" data-end=\"1968\"><strong data-start=\"1957\" data-end=\"1968\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1969\" data-end=\"2325\">316L stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"1994\" data-end=\"2020\">moderate machinability<\/strong>, requiring careful selection of tools, speeds, feeds, and cooling methods to counteract work-hardening and heat buildup. When properly managed, high-quality surfaces and dimensional accuracy are achievable, making 316L suitable for <strong data-start=\"2253\" data-end=\"2324\">chemical, food, pharmaceutical, marine, and industrial applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2995\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2995\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2995\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ce68f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2ce68f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd5bc89 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"fd5bc89\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"94\" data-end=\"145\"><strong data-start=\"97\" data-end=\"145\">Corrosion Resistance of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"471\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"234\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> renowned for its <strong data-start=\"252\" data-end=\"286\">excellent corrosion resistance<\/strong> in a wide range of aggressive environments. Its low carbon content helps prevent <strong data-start=\"368\" data-end=\"402\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected areas.<\/p><hr data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"476\" \/><h3 data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"517\"><strong data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"517\">1. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"751\"><li data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"640\"><p data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"640\">Highly resistant to <strong data-start=\"540\" data-end=\"575\">oxidation and general corrosion<\/strong> in atmospheric, industrial, and mildly corrosive environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"641\" data-end=\"751\"><p data-start=\"643\" data-end=\"751\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"656\" data-end=\"707\">food, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications<\/strong> where hygiene and durability are important.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"753\" data-end=\"756\" \/><h3 data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"800\"><strong data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"800\">2. Chloride and Pitting Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"1123\"><li data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"921\"><p data-start=\"803\" data-end=\"921\">Superior resistance to <strong data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"876\">chloride-induced pitting and crevice corrosion<\/strong> compared to 304 and 304L stainless steels.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"1005\"><p data-start=\"924\" data-end=\"1005\">Ideal for <strong data-start=\"934\" data-end=\"1002\">marine environments, coastal structures, and chemical processing<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1123\"><p data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1123\">Less resistant than higher molybdenum grades like 317L, but sufficient for most industrial and marine applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1125\" data-end=\"1128\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1178\"><strong data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1178\">3. Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1179\" data-end=\"1448\"><li data-start=\"1179\" data-end=\"1270\"><p data-start=\"1181\" data-end=\"1270\">Low carbon content (&lt;0.03%) prevents <strong data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1252\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong> during welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1371\"><p data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1371\">Minimizes <strong data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1300\">sensitization<\/strong> and maintains corrosion resistance in welded or heat-affected zones.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1372\" data-end=\"1448\"><p data-start=\"1374\" data-end=\"1448\">Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1450\" data-end=\"1453\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1455\" data-end=\"1492\"><strong data-start=\"1459\" data-end=\"1492\">4. High-Temperature Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1740\"><li data-start=\"1493\" data-end=\"1583\"><p data-start=\"1495\" data-end=\"1583\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1545\">moderate high-temperature service<\/strong> (continuous up to ~870\u00b0C \/ 1600\u00b0F).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1644\"><p data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1644\">Maintains corrosion resistance in oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1645\" data-end=\"1740\"><p data-start=\"1647\" data-end=\"1740\">Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1742\" data-end=\"1745\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1747\" data-end=\"1802\"><strong data-start=\"1751\" data-end=\"1802\">5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1803\" data-end=\"2059\"><li data-start=\"1803\" data-end=\"1860\"><p data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1860\">Chemical and petrochemical vessels, tanks, and piping<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1909\"><p data-start=\"1863\" data-end=\"1909\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1910\" data-end=\"1957\"><p data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1957\">Marine and coastal equipment and structures<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1958\" data-end=\"2026\"><p data-start=\"1960\" data-end=\"2026\">Architectural cladding exposed to harsh environmental conditions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2059\"><p data-start=\"2029\" data-end=\"2059\">Medical and surgical equipment<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2064\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2066\" data-end=\"2114\"><strong data-start=\"2070\" data-end=\"2114\">6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2346\"><li data-start=\"2115\" data-end=\"2171\"><p data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2171\">Better pitting and chloride resistance than 304\/304L<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2172\" data-end=\"2272\"><p data-start=\"2174\" data-end=\"2272\">Slightly less resistant than 317L or duplex grades in extremely aggressive chloride environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2346\"><p data-start=\"2275\" data-end=\"2346\">Excellent choice for welded assemblies and harsh environmental exposure<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2348\" data-end=\"2351\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2353\" data-end=\"2368\"><strong data-start=\"2357\" data-end=\"2368\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2369\" data-end=\"2755\">316L stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2397\" data-end=\"2433\">outstanding corrosion resistance<\/strong>, especially in <strong data-start=\"2449\" data-end=\"2509\">chloride-rich, chemical, marine, and welded applications<\/strong>. Its <strong data-start=\"2515\" data-end=\"2561\">low carbon content and molybdenum addition<\/strong> ensure durability and reliability in harsh and hygienic environments, making it one of the most widely used austenitic stainless steels for industrial, marine, and food-processing applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2996\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2996\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2996\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3220fd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b3220fd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4996140 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4996140\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"133\"><strong data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"133\">Heat Treatment of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"421\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"222\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that is <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"265\">not hardened by heat treatment<\/strong>. Heat treatment is primarily used to <strong data-start=\"303\" data-end=\"386\">restore ductility, relieve residual stresses, and maintain corrosion resistance<\/strong>, rather than to increase hardness.<\/p><hr data-start=\"423\" data-end=\"426\" \/><h3 data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"457\"><strong data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"457\">1. Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"916\"><li data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"637\"><p data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"474\"><strong data-start=\"460\" data-end=\"472\">Purpose:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"637\"><li data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"517\"><p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"517\">Restore ductility after cold working<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"573\"><p data-start=\"522\" data-end=\"573\">Relieve residual stresses from forming or welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"576\" data-end=\"637\"><p data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"637\">Dissolve any chromium carbides formed in improper heating<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"638\" data-end=\"690\"><p data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"690\"><strong data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"662\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"777\"><p data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"777\"><strong data-start=\"693\" data-end=\"705\">Cooling:<\/strong> Rapid air or water quenching to maintain a fully austenitic structure<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"916\"><p data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"793\"><strong data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"791\">Effect:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"916\"><li data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"855\"><p data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"855\">Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"916\"><p data-start=\"860\" data-end=\"916\">Preserves corrosion resistance due to low carbon content<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"921\" \/><h3 data-start=\"923\" data-end=\"947\"><strong data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"947\">2. Stress Relief<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1207\"><li data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1023\"><p data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"1023\"><strong data-start=\"950\" data-end=\"962\">Purpose:<\/strong> Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1073\"><p data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1073\"><strong data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1048\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 450\u2013650\u00b0C (840\u20131200\u00b0F)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1074\" data-end=\"1207\"><p data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1207\"><strong data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1087\">Effect:<\/strong> Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1212\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1261\"><strong data-start=\"1218\" data-end=\"1261\">3. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1429\"><li data-start=\"1262\" data-end=\"1322\"><p data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1322\">Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1429\"><p data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1429\"><strong data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1360\">Intermediate solution annealing<\/strong> may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1434\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1471\"><strong data-start=\"1440\" data-end=\"1471\">4. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1674\"><li data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1563\"><p data-start=\"1474\" data-end=\"1563\"><strong data-start=\"1474\" data-end=\"1500\">Generally not required<\/strong> for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content (&lt;0.03%).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1564\" data-end=\"1674\"><p data-start=\"1566\" data-end=\"1674\">Stress relief annealing may be applied in high-temperature service or dimension-sensitive welded assemblies.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1679\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1703\"><strong data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1703\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1918\"><li data-start=\"1704\" data-end=\"1815\"><p data-start=\"1706\" data-end=\"1815\">Heat treatment <strong data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1765\">does not significantly increase hardness<\/strong>; 316L relies on cold working for strengthening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1918\"><p data-start=\"1818\" data-end=\"1918\">Prolonged exposure to temperatures above ~500\u00b0C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1920\" data-end=\"1923\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"1940\"><strong data-start=\"1929\" data-end=\"1940\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1941\" data-end=\"2273\">Heat treatment of 316L stainless steel is primarily for <strong data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2079\">stress relief, ductility restoration, and preservation of corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Solution annealing and controlled stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 316L ideal for <strong data-start=\"2203\" data-end=\"2272\">welded, cold-worked, and moderately high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2997\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2997\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2997\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2097f7b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2097f7b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f1ec06 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f1ec06\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Cold Working of 316L Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"393\">316L stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"218\">low-carbon, molybdenum-bearing austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"261\">excellent cold-working properties<\/strong>. Cold working increases <strong data-start=\"286\" data-end=\"311\">strength and hardness<\/strong> through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.<\/p><hr data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"398\" \/><h3 data-start=\"400\" data-end=\"434\"><strong data-start=\"404\" data-end=\"434\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"676\"><li data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"499\"><p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"499\">316L <strong data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"472\">work-hardens significantly<\/strong> during cold deformation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"588\"><p data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"588\">Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"676\"><p data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"676\">Excessive cold working may require <strong data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"652\">intermediate annealing<\/strong> to restore formability.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"678\" data-end=\"681\" \/><h3 data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"723\"><strong data-start=\"687\" data-end=\"723\">2. Common Cold Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"949\"><li data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"767\"><p data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"767\"><strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"738\">Rolling:<\/strong> Sheets, strips, and plates<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"768\" data-end=\"807\"><p data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"807\"><strong data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"782\">Drawing:<\/strong> Tubes, rods, and wires<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"808\" data-end=\"879\"><p data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"879\"><strong data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"834\">Bending and Forming:<\/strong> Structural components, brackets, and clips<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"949\"><p data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"949\"><strong data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"912\">Stamping and Deep Drawing:<\/strong> Industrial and food-processing parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"951\" data-end=\"954\" \/><h3 data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"996\"><strong data-start=\"960\" data-end=\"996\">3. Mechanical Properties Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1189\"><li data-start=\"997\" data-end=\"1086\"><p data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1086\">Cold working allows adjustment of <strong data-start=\"1033\" data-end=\"1083\">tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1189\"><p data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1189\">Extensive cold work may require <strong data-start=\"1121\" data-end=\"1143\">solution annealing<\/strong> to restore ductility for further fabrication.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1194\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1196\" data-end=\"1237\"><strong data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1237\">4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1442\"><li data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1364\"><p data-start=\"1240\" data-end=\"1364\">Low carbon content (&lt;0.03%) prevents <strong data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1311\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1442\"><p data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1442\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1380\" data-end=\"1407\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded or heavily worked areas.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1444\" data-end=\"1447\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1449\" data-end=\"1487\"><strong data-start=\"1453\" data-end=\"1487\">5. Post-Forming Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1709\"><li data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1597\"><p data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1597\">Solution annealing can relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1598\" data-end=\"1709\"><p data-start=\"1600\" data-end=\"1709\">Cold working may slightly induce <strong data-start=\"1633\" data-end=\"1646\">magnetism<\/strong> due to minor martensitic transformation, typically negligible.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1714\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1760\"><strong data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1760\">6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1761\" data-end=\"1980\"><li data-start=\"1761\" data-end=\"1794\"><p data-start=\"1763\" data-end=\"1794\">Springs, clips, and fasteners<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1846\"><p data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1846\">Structural components requiring higher strength<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1916\"><p data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"1916\">Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1917\" data-end=\"1980\"><p data-start=\"1919\" data-end=\"1980\">Formed components requiring corrosion resistance and strength<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1982\" data-end=\"1985\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1987\" data-end=\"2002\"><strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2002\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2003\" data-end=\"2351\">316L stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"2033\" data-end=\"2075\">excellent cold-working characteristics<\/strong>, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for <strong data-start=\"2272\" data-end=\"2350\">industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Austenitic 316L Stainless Steel Bar &amp; Tube Sheet Low carbon chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel. 316L, the low carbon version of 316 stainless steel, is immune to grain boundary carbide precipitation (sensitisation). This makes it suited to use in heavy gauge (over about 6mm) welded components. Stainless steel types 1.4401 and 1.4404 are also [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2900,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2899","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2899"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2899\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2900"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2899"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2899"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2899"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}