{"id":2622,"date":"2025-11-17T04:52:44","date_gmt":"2025-11-17T04:52:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2622"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:24:55","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:24:55","slug":"s31600-316-stainless-steel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/","title":{"rendered":"S31600 (316) Stainless steel"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2622\" class=\"elementor elementor-2622\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfda89a e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"cfda89a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b32cd0f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b32cd0f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Austenitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7248fa1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7248fa1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S31600 (316) Stainless steel\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40cacf0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40cacf0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c623e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c623e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Stainless steel types 1.4401 (also known as grade 316) is an austenitic grade second only to <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a> in commercial importance. It has similar mechanical properties to 304 but is stronger at elevated temperatures.<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\">316 stainless steel<\/a> contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments. The austenitic structure of 316 stainless steel gives excellent toughness, even at cryogenic temperatures.<\/p><p>Property data given in this document is typical for bar and section products covered by EN standards. ASTM, EN or other standards may cover all products sold. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this datasheet.<\/p><p>Quarto Plate is hot rolled plate over 12mm thick that has not been coiled during production. CPP is Continuously Produced Plate up to 12mm thick that has been coiled during rolling. Sheet is Cold Rolled.<\/p><p>316 stainless steel is an austenitic stainless steel that is highly valued for its excellent corrosion resistance, superior strength, and good formability. It is widely used in applications where exposure to harsh environments or chemicals is expected.<\/p><p>Property data given in this document is typical for flat rolled products covered by EN standards. ASTM, EN or other standards may cover all products sold. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this datasheet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f678fe e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9f678fe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6f69ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"e6f69ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eeb0ef2 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"eeb0ef2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b1aab97 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"b1aab97\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91351f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"91351f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e449cf elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5e449cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-115\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"14\"\n           data-wpID=\"115\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Product Form                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Size                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thicknesses                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet 2B Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2000 x 1000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.6mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet 2B Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet 2B Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.2mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet 240 Silicon                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2000 x 1000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.6mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet 240 Silicon                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.7mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Polished Sheet 240 Silicon                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.0mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2000 x 1000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 6.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4000 x 1500                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        CPP Plate ID Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4000 x 2000                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.0mm - 12.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Quarto Plate ID Finsh                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        5\" - 125\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Welded Mesh                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        96\" x 48\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Contact Service Centre                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-115'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba0e88e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba0e88e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d574b66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d574b66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">316 Stainless steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de5e80c elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"de5e80c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-184\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"12\"\n           data-wpID=\"184\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31600                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4401                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X5CrNiMo17-12-2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316 (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A213                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316 (boiler \/ HX tubes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A312                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP316 (seamless pipe)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0Cr17Ni12Mo2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS316                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        316S31                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-184'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-FF1100 { background-color: #FF1100 !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3cd2362 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3cd2362\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd0deac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cd0deac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0355dfe elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"0355dfe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3490\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3490\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3490\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a76fbc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2a76fbc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bc0104 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"0bc0104\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-116\">SS316 Steel<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-116\">EN 10088-2<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-116\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"116\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.07                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.50 - 18.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.00 - 2.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.05                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.02                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.00 - 13.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.11                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-116'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3491\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3491\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3491\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96e6a56 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"96e6a56\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d0f69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d5d0f69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-117\">Bar &amp; Section Up to 160mm Dia \/ Thickness<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-117\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-117\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"117\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        500 to 700 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hradness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        215 Max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-117'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3492\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3492\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3492\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9e26bf e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9e26bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-438c665 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"438c665\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-118\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"7\"\n           data-wpID=\"118\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        8.0 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Melting Point                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1400 \u00b0C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        15.9 x 10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        193 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.3 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.74 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-118'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c9e8ba elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"2c9e8ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e104a11 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e104a11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-140324d e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"140324d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5488e73 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5488e73\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"83\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"125\">Applications of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"388\"><strong data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"150\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> is an <strong data-start=\"157\" data-end=\"187\">austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"202\" data-end=\"273\">excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and good formability<\/strong>, particularly in <strong data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"313\">harsh environments<\/strong>. It is widely used in <strong data-start=\"336\" data-end=\"385\">marine, chemical, and industrial applications<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"393\" \/><h4 data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"425\"><strong data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"425\">1. Marine Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"564\"><li data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"463\"><p data-start=\"428\" data-end=\"463\">Boat fittings and hull components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"518\"><p data-start=\"466\" data-end=\"518\">Marine hardware exposed to <strong data-start=\"493\" data-end=\"516\">saltwater corrosion<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"564\"><p data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"564\">Offshore platforms and coastal structures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"566\" data-end=\"569\" \/><h4 data-start=\"571\" data-end=\"617\"><strong data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"617\">2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"755\"><li data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"669\"><p data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"669\">Chemical processing equipment and storage tanks<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"670\" data-end=\"720\"><p data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"720\">Piping systems for acids and caustic solutions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"755\"><p data-start=\"723\" data-end=\"755\">Heat exchangers and condensers<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"760\" \/><h4 data-start=\"762\" data-end=\"799\"><strong data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"799\">3. Food and Beverage Industry<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"976\"><li data-start=\"800\" data-end=\"848\"><p data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"848\">Brewing, dairy, and pharmaceutical equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"891\"><p data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"891\">Food processing and handling machinery<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"892\" data-end=\"976\"><p data-start=\"894\" data-end=\"976\">Tanks, valves, and pipelines requiring high <strong data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"974\">hygiene and corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"978\" data-end=\"981\" \/><h4 data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1033\"><strong data-start=\"987\" data-end=\"1033\">4. Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1150\"><li data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1079\"><p data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1079\">Surgical instruments and medical implants<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1112\"><p data-start=\"1082\" data-end=\"1112\">Sterile processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1150\"><p data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1150\">Laboratory benches and components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1152\" data-end=\"1155\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1157\" data-end=\"1201\"><strong data-start=\"1161\" data-end=\"1201\">5. Industrial and Architectural Uses<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1202\" data-end=\"1388\"><li data-start=\"1202\" data-end=\"1260\"><p data-start=\"1204\" data-end=\"1260\">Pumps, valves, and fasteners in corrosive environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1261\" data-end=\"1309\"><p data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1309\">Architectural panels and decorative cladding<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1310\" data-end=\"1388\"><p data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1388\">Industrial machinery exposed to <strong data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1386\">high-moisture or chemical environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1393\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1395\" data-end=\"1410\"><strong data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1410\">Summary<\/strong><\/h4><p data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1714\">316 stainless steel is highly versatile, offering <strong data-start=\"1461\" data-end=\"1521\">superior corrosion resistance, strength, and formability<\/strong>. Its applications span <strong data-start=\"1545\" data-end=\"1615\">marine, chemical, food processing, medical, and industrial sectors<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1711\">environments where durability and resistance to corrosion are critical<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e54711c e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e54711c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d94a9c elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1d94a9c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ed63e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3ed63e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"131\">Characteristics of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"396\"><strong data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"156\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> is an <strong data-start=\"163\" data-end=\"193\">austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> widely used for its <strong data-start=\"214\" data-end=\"295\">excellent corrosion resistance, high strength, and good mechanical properties<\/strong>. It is especially suitable for <strong data-start=\"327\" data-end=\"349\">harsh environments<\/strong>, including marine and chemical applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"398\" data-end=\"401\" \/><h4 data-start=\"403\" data-end=\"434\"><strong data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"434\">1. Chemical Composition<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"633\"><li data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"518\"><p data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"518\">Contains <strong data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"467\">chromium (16\u201318%)<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"469\" data-end=\"488\">nickel (10\u201314%)<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"515\">molybdenum (2\u20133%)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"633\"><p data-start=\"521\" data-end=\"633\">Molybdenum enhances <strong data-start=\"541\" data-end=\"588\">resistance to pitting and crevice corrosion<\/strong>, especially in chloride-rich environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"638\" \/><h4 data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"671\"><strong data-start=\"644\" data-end=\"671\">2. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"835\"><li data-start=\"672\" data-end=\"763\"><p data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"763\">Excellent resistance to <strong data-start=\"698\" data-end=\"760\">oxidation, general corrosion, and chloride-induced pitting<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"835\"><p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"835\">Performs well in <strong data-start=\"783\" data-end=\"832\">marine, chemical, and industrial environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"837\" data-end=\"840\" \/><h4 data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"874\"><strong data-start=\"846\" data-end=\"874\">3. Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"1057\"><li data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"924\"><p data-start=\"877\" data-end=\"924\">High <strong data-start=\"882\" data-end=\"921\">tensile strength and yield strength<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"988\"><p data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"988\">Good <strong data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"959\">ductility and toughness<\/strong>, even at low temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"989\" data-end=\"1057\"><p data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1057\">Retains mechanical properties over a wide range of temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1062\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1102\"><strong data-start=\"1068\" data-end=\"1102\">4. Formability and Fabrication<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1264\"><li data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1162\"><p data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1162\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1159\">cold working and forming characteristics<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1163\" data-end=\"1264\"><p data-start=\"1165\" data-end=\"1264\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1172\" data-end=\"1189\">welded easily<\/strong> using standard methods without significant loss of corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1269\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1297\"><strong data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1297\">5. Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1298\" data-end=\"1431\"><li data-start=\"1298\" data-end=\"1431\"><p data-start=\"1300\" data-end=\"1431\">Can withstand temperatures up to <strong data-start=\"1333\" data-end=\"1366\">870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F) intermittently<\/strong>, with continuous service recommended below <strong data-start=\"1410\" data-end=\"1428\">925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1433\" data-end=\"1436\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1438\" data-end=\"1461\"><strong data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1461\">6. Applications<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1574\"><li data-start=\"1462\" data-end=\"1574\"><p data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1574\">Marine equipment, chemical processing, food and beverage, medical instruments, and architectural components.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1576\" data-end=\"1579\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1596\"><strong data-start=\"1585\" data-end=\"1596\">Summary<\/strong><\/h4><p data-start=\"1597\" data-end=\"1904\">316 stainless steel is characterized by <strong data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1734\">superior corrosion resistance, high strength, excellent formability, and good heat resistance<\/strong>. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for <strong data-start=\"1785\" data-end=\"1843\">marine, chemical, medical, and industrial applications<\/strong>, particularly in <strong data-start=\"1861\" data-end=\"1901\">harsh and chloride-rich environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3dffbf3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"3dffbf3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb057f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"eb057f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ca29f23 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"ca29f23\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2110\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2110\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2110\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e81d63 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3e81d63\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91f1c91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"91f1c91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"144\"><strong data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"144\">Fabrication of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"395\"><strong data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"169\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> is an austenitic grade known for its excellent formability, weldability, and ease of fabrication. Its combination of strength, corrosion resistance, and ductility makes it suitable for a wide range of manufacturing processes.<\/p><hr data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"400\" \/><h4 data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"433\"><strong data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"433\">1. Forming and Shaping<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"700\"><li data-start=\"434\" data-end=\"532\"><p data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"532\">316 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"463\" data-end=\"486\">excellent ductility<\/strong>, allowing easy forming into complex shapes.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"533\" data-end=\"614\"><p data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"614\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"611\">bending, deep drawing, rolling, stamping, and press forming<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"615\" data-end=\"700\"><p data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"700\">Proper lubrication is recommended during forming to reduce galling and tool wear.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"702\" data-end=\"723\"><strong data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"723\">2. Machining<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"981\"><li data-start=\"724\" data-end=\"791\"><p data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"791\">Machinability is moderate due to its <strong data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"788\">work-hardening nature<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"794\" data-end=\"826\">Best results are achieved using:<\/p><ul data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"905\"><li data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"852\"><p data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"852\">Sharp cutting tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"871\"><p data-start=\"857\" data-end=\"871\">Rigid setups<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"905\">Controlled feeds and speeds<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"981\"><p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"981\">Coolants and lubricants help prevent heat buildup and extend tool life.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1002\"><strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1002\">3. Welding<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1003\" data-end=\"1348\"><li data-start=\"1003\" data-end=\"1116\"><p data-start=\"1005\" data-end=\"1067\">316 stainless steel can be welded using all common techniques:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1116\"><li data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1116\"><p data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1116\"><strong data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1114\">TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1117\" data-end=\"1240\"><p data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1240\">The low-carbon variant <strong data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1150\">316L<\/strong> is preferred for welded structures to minimize the risk of <strong data-start=\"1210\" data-end=\"1237\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1348\"><p data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1348\">Usually does <strong data-start=\"1256\" data-end=\"1291\">not require post-weld annealing<\/strong>, except for critical corrosion-resistant applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"1350\" data-end=\"1373\"><strong data-start=\"1355\" data-end=\"1373\">4. Hot Working<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1374\" data-end=\"1626\"><li data-start=\"1374\" data-end=\"1479\"><p data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1479\">Hot working operations such as forging and hot rolling are performed at <strong data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1476\">1200\u2013900\u00b0C (2190\u20131650\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1480\" data-end=\"1546\"><p data-start=\"1482\" data-end=\"1546\">Avoid working below 900\u00b0C to prevent excessive work hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1547\" data-end=\"1626\"><p data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1626\">Components should be followed by annealing to restore corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"1628\" data-end=\"1652\"><strong data-start=\"1633\" data-end=\"1652\">5. Cold Working<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1860\"><li data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1790\"><p data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1719\">316 stainless steel responds well to cold working, resulting in:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1790\"><li data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1757\"><p data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1757\">Increased strength and hardness<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1790\"><p data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1790\">Slightly reduced ductility<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1791\" data-end=\"1860\"><p data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1860\">Cold-worked components may require annealing to relieve stresses.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"1862\" data-end=\"1892\"><strong data-start=\"1867\" data-end=\"1892\">6. Cutting and Sawing<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"2057\"><li data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"1986\"><p data-start=\"1895\" data-end=\"1986\">Plasma cutting, laser cutting, water-jet cutting, and mechanical sawing are all suitable.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1987\" data-end=\"2057\"><p data-start=\"1989\" data-end=\"2057\">Laser cutting provides excellent precision and minimal distortion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h4 data-start=\"2059\" data-end=\"2088\"><strong data-start=\"2064\" data-end=\"2088\">7. Surface Treatment<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"2089\" data-end=\"2306\"><li data-start=\"2089\" data-end=\"2220\"><p data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2220\">After fabrication, surfaces can be <strong data-start=\"2126\" data-end=\"2162\">pickled, passivated, or polished<\/strong> to enhance corrosion resistance and improve appearance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2221\" data-end=\"2306\"><p data-start=\"2223\" data-end=\"2306\">A smooth finish is essential for sanitary, pharmaceutical, and marine applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2308\" data-end=\"2311\" \/><h4><strong data-start=\"2313\" data-end=\"2325\">Summary:<\/strong><\/h4><p>316 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2351\" data-end=\"2372\">easy to fabricate<\/strong>, offering excellent forming, welding, machining, and working characteristics. It is widely used for high-quality components in <strong data-start=\"2500\" data-end=\"2561\">marine, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and architectural<\/strong> industries where corrosion resistance and durability are essential.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2111\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2111\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2111\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76ce385 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"76ce385\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e87d4e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e87d4e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"144\"><strong data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"144\">Weldability of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"378\"><strong data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"169\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> has excellent weldability due to its austenitic structure and balanced chemical composition. It can be welded using all standard methods while maintaining strong mechanical and corrosion-resistant properties.<\/p><hr data-start=\"380\" data-end=\"383\" \/><h4 data-start=\"385\" data-end=\"421\"><strong data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"421\">1. Suitable Welding Methods<\/strong><\/h4><p data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"504\">316 stainless steel is compatible with all common welding techniques, including:<\/p><ul data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"663\"><li data-start=\"505\" data-end=\"523\"><p data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"523\"><strong data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"521\">TIG (GTAW)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"524\" data-end=\"542\"><p data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"542\"><strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"540\">MIG (GMAW)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"543\" data-end=\"584\"><p data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"584\"><strong data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"582\">SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"622\"><p data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"622\"><strong data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"620\">FCAW (Flux-Cored Arc Welding)<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"623\" data-end=\"663\"><p data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"663\"><strong data-start=\"625\" data-end=\"647\">Resistance welding<\/strong> (spot and seam)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p data-start=\"665\" data-end=\"731\">These methods produce strong, clean welds with minimal distortion.<\/p><hr data-start=\"733\" data-end=\"736\" \/><h4 data-start=\"738\" data-end=\"763\"><strong data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"763\">2. Filler Metals<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"965\"><li data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"828\"><p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"828\">Recommended filler metals: <strong data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"800\">316<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"802\" data-end=\"810\">316L<\/strong>, or <strong data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"825\">316LSi<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"829\" data-end=\"965\"><p data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"965\"><strong data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"846\">316L filler<\/strong> is preferred for minimizing carbide precipitation and maximizing corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"967\" data-end=\"970\" \/><h4 data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1009\"><strong data-start=\"977\" data-end=\"1009\">3. Low Risk of Sensitization<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1225\"><li data-start=\"1010\" data-end=\"1121\"><p data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1121\">The <strong data-start=\"1016\" data-end=\"1032\">316L variant<\/strong> contains low carbon (\u22640.03%), reducing the risk of <strong data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1118\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1122\" data-end=\"1225\"><p data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1225\">This significantly decreases susceptibility to <strong data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1198\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong>, especially after welding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1227\" data-end=\"1230\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1277\"><strong data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1277\">4. Pre- and Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1507\"><li data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1362\"><p data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1362\"><strong data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1307\">Preheat is not required<\/strong> due to the steel\u2019s stable austenitic microstructure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1507\"><p data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1507\"><strong data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1411\">Post-weld annealing is usually unnecessary<\/strong>, except in highly corrosive environments or applications requiring full corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1509\" data-end=\"1512\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1514\" data-end=\"1548\"><strong data-start=\"1519\" data-end=\"1548\">5. Welding Considerations<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1853\"><li data-start=\"1549\" data-end=\"1677\"><p data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1591\">Proper heat input control helps prevent:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1594\" data-end=\"1677\"><li data-start=\"1594\" data-end=\"1620\"><p data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1620\">Excessive grain growth<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1637\"><p data-start=\"1625\" data-end=\"1637\">Distortion<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1640\" data-end=\"1677\"><p data-start=\"1642\" data-end=\"1677\">Reduction of corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1777\"><p data-start=\"1680\" data-end=\"1777\">Avoid contamination with carbon steel to prevent surface rust or reduced corrosion performance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1778\" data-end=\"1853\"><p data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1853\">Argon or argon\/helium shielding gases are commonly used for best results.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1855\" data-end=\"1858\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1860\" data-end=\"1890\"><strong data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"1890\">6. Weld Joint Quality<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"2114\"><li data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1953\"><p data-start=\"1893\" data-end=\"1953\">Welds typically exhibit excellent toughness and ductility.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1954\" data-end=\"2114\"><p data-start=\"1956\" data-end=\"2114\">When welded correctly, 316 stainless steel retains strong corrosion resistance, including resistance to <strong data-start=\"2060\" data-end=\"2073\">chlorides<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"2075\" data-end=\"2084\">acids<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2113\">marine environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2119\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2121\" data-end=\"2136\"><strong data-start=\"2125\" data-end=\"2136\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2137\" data-end=\"2474\">316 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2164\" data-end=\"2189\">excellent weldability<\/strong>, maintains high corrosion resistance after welding, and supports all conventional welding methods. The use of 316L fillers and proper heat control ensures strong, long-lasting weld joints suitable for <strong data-start=\"2391\" data-end=\"2473\">marine, chemical processing, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2112\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2112\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2112\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cbfd1e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5cbfd1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41eedac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"41eedac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"148\"><strong data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"148\">Machinability of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"372\"><strong data-start=\"150\" data-end=\"173\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> has moderate machinability due to its austenitic structure and tendency to work harden. With proper tooling, cutting conditions, and cooling, it can be machined effectively for precision components.<\/p><hr data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"377\" \/><h4 data-start=\"379\" data-end=\"414\"><strong data-start=\"384\" data-end=\"414\">1. Work Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"698\"><li data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"507\"><p data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"507\">316 stainless steel <strong data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"461\">work-hardens rapidly<\/strong>, which can make machining more challenging.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"508\" data-end=\"698\"><p data-start=\"510\" data-end=\"544\">To avoid excessive hardening, use:<\/p><ul data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"698\"><li data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"575\"><p data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"575\"><strong data-start=\"549\" data-end=\"573\">Rigid tooling setups<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"644\"><p data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"644\"><strong data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"611\">Consistent, continuous cuts<\/strong> rather than light, slow passes<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"698\"><p data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"698\"><strong data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"672\">Sharp cutting tools<\/strong> to reduce tool pressure<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"703\" \/><h4 data-start=\"705\" data-end=\"742\"><strong data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"742\">2. Recommended Cutting Tools<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"1001\"><li data-start=\"743\" data-end=\"804\"><p data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"804\"><strong data-start=\"745\" data-end=\"762\">Carbide tools<\/strong> are preferred for high-speed machining.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"877\"><p data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"877\"><strong data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"833\">High-speed steel (HSS)<\/strong> tools may be used for lighter operations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"878\" data-end=\"1001\"><p data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"896\">Tools should be:<\/p><ul data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"1001\"><li data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"927\"><p data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"927\">Sharp and well-supported<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"930\" data-end=\"951\"><p data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"951\">Resistant to heat<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"954\" data-end=\"1001\"><p data-start=\"956\" data-end=\"1001\">Coated where appropriate to reduce friction<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1003\" data-end=\"1006\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1044\"><strong data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1044\">3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1226\"><li data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1137\"><p data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1137\">Lower cutting speeds but <strong data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1093\">higher feed rates<\/strong> help minimize heat buildup and tool wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1226\"><p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1226\">Avoid dwelling or stopping the tool during cutting, as this promotes work hardening.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1231\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1233\" data-end=\"1269\"><strong data-start=\"1238\" data-end=\"1269\">4. Coolants and Lubrication<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1484\"><li data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1422\"><p data-start=\"1272\" data-end=\"1362\">Generous use of <strong data-start=\"1288\" data-end=\"1300\">coolants<\/strong>, especially sulfurized or chlorinated lubricants, improves:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1422\"><li data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1378\"><p data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1378\">Tool life<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1399\"><p data-start=\"1383\" data-end=\"1399\">Surface finish<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1422\"><p data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1422\">Heat dissipation<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1484\"><p data-start=\"1425\" data-end=\"1484\">Flood coolant is typically recommended for heavy machining.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1489\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1517\"><strong data-start=\"1496\" data-end=\"1517\">5. Surface Finish<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1713\"><li data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1619\"><p data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1619\">316 stainless steel can achieve <strong data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1582\">excellent surface finishes<\/strong> with correct machining parameters.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1620\" data-end=\"1713\"><p data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1713\">Careful control of feeds, speeds, and coolant ensures a smooth, high-quality final surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1718\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1763\"><strong data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1763\">6. Machined Component Applications<\/strong><\/h4><p data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1844\">Machined parts made from 316 stainless steel are common in industries such as:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1988\"><li data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1865\"><p data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1865\">Marine equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1866\" data-end=\"1889\"><p data-start=\"1868\" data-end=\"1889\">Chemical processing<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1890\" data-end=\"1927\"><p data-start=\"1892\" data-end=\"1927\">Food and pharmaceutical machinery<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1928\" data-end=\"1988\"><p data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1988\">High-corrosion-resistant fasteners, valves, and fittings<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1990\" data-end=\"1993\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1995\" data-end=\"2010\"><strong data-start=\"1999\" data-end=\"2010\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2288\">316 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2038\" data-end=\"2064\">moderate machinability<\/strong>, requiring proper tool selection, sharp cutting edges, controlled speeds and feeds, and ample coolant. When machined correctly, it delivers excellent precision and corrosion-resistant performance for demanding applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2113\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2113\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2113\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eb00437 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"eb00437\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a894df elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a894df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"111\" data-end=\"162\"><strong data-start=\"115\" data-end=\"162\">Corrosion Resistance of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"428\"><strong data-start=\"164\" data-end=\"187\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> is renowned for its excellent corrosion resistance, especially in environments containing chlorides, acids, and industrial chemicals. Its molybdenum-enhanced composition provides superior protection compared to standard 304 stainless steel.<\/p><hr data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"433\" \/><h4 data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"476\"><strong data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"476\">1. Resistance to Chloride Attack<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"780\"><li data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"588\"><p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"588\">The addition of <strong data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"514\">2\u20133% molybdenum<\/strong> significantly improves resistance to <strong data-start=\"552\" data-end=\"585\">pitting and crevice corrosion<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"688\"><p data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"688\">Performs exceptionally well in <strong data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"632\">marine<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"634\" data-end=\"645\">coastal<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"651\" data-end=\"672\">salt-contaminated<\/strong> environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"689\" data-end=\"780\"><p data-start=\"691\" data-end=\"780\">More resistant than 304 in <strong data-start=\"718\" data-end=\"736\">brackish water<\/strong>, salt spray, and chloride-rich atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"782\" data-end=\"785\" \/><h4 data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"827\"><strong data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"827\">2. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"1078\"><li data-start=\"828\" data-end=\"969\"><p data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"900\">Excellent resistance to a wide range of corrosive agents, including:<\/p><ul data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"969\"><li data-start=\"903\" data-end=\"917\"><p data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"917\">Mild acids<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"920\" data-end=\"942\"><p data-start=\"922\" data-end=\"942\">Alkaline solutions<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"969\"><p data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"969\">Industrial chemicals<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"970\" data-end=\"1078\"><p data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1078\">Suitable for long-term exposure in <strong data-start=\"1007\" data-end=\"1030\">chemical processing<\/strong>, <strong data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1040\">food<\/strong>, and <strong data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1064\">pharmaceutical<\/strong> environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1083\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1112\"><strong data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1112\">3. Acid Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1342\"><li data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1195\"><p data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1195\">Good resistance to organic acids (e.g., acetic acid) and many inorganic acids.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1196\" data-end=\"1257\"><p data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1257\">Performs better than 304 in acidic chloride environments.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1258\" data-end=\"1342\"><p data-start=\"1260\" data-end=\"1342\">Not recommended for long-term use in strong reducing acids like hydrochloric acid.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1347\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1349\" data-end=\"1384\"><strong data-start=\"1354\" data-end=\"1384\">4. Intergranular Corrosion<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1560\"><li data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1462\"><p data-start=\"1387\" data-end=\"1462\">Low-carbon variant <strong data-start=\"1406\" data-end=\"1414\">316L<\/strong> greatly reduces sensitization during welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1463\" data-end=\"1560\"><p data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1560\">Offers strong protection against <strong data-start=\"1498\" data-end=\"1525\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1565\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1604\"><strong data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1604\">5. Stress Corrosion Cracking<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1605\" data-end=\"1803\"><li data-start=\"1605\" data-end=\"1710\"><p data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1710\">Good resistance to <strong data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1664\">chloride stress corrosion cracking<\/strong> (SCC), especially in moderate temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1803\"><p data-start=\"1713\" data-end=\"1803\">Higher performance than 304 stainless steel under tensile stress in chloride environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1805\" data-end=\"1808\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1810\" data-end=\"1842\"><strong data-start=\"1815\" data-end=\"1842\">6. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"1993\"><li data-start=\"1843\" data-end=\"1923\"><p data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1923\">Good resistance to oxidation in continuous service up to <strong data-start=\"1902\" data-end=\"1920\">870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1993\"><p data-start=\"1926\" data-end=\"1993\">Suitable for applications involving heat and corrosive atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1995\" data-end=\"1998\" \/><h4 data-start=\"2000\" data-end=\"2038\"><strong data-start=\"2005\" data-end=\"2038\">7. Hygienic and Clean Surface<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"2039\" data-end=\"2244\"><li data-start=\"2039\" data-end=\"2244\"><p data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2131\">Its smooth, non-porous surface resists contamination and corrosion, making it ideal for:<\/p><ul data-start=\"2134\" data-end=\"2244\"><li data-start=\"2134\" data-end=\"2163\"><p data-start=\"2136\" data-end=\"2163\">Food processing equipment<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2166\" data-end=\"2204\"><p data-start=\"2168\" data-end=\"2204\">Medical and pharmaceutical systems<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2207\" data-end=\"2244\"><p data-start=\"2209\" data-end=\"2244\">Sanitary and sterile environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2246\" data-end=\"2249\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2251\" data-end=\"2266\"><strong data-start=\"2255\" data-end=\"2266\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2267\" data-end=\"2608\">316 stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"2296\" data-end=\"2332\">exceptional corrosion resistance<\/strong>, particularly against <strong data-start=\"2355\" data-end=\"2407\">chlorides, acids, pitting, and crevice corrosion<\/strong>. Its molybdenum content and strong performance in aggressive environments make it one of the most reliable stainless steels for <strong data-start=\"2536\" data-end=\"2607\">marine, chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2114\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2114\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2114\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-251ffb5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"251ffb5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c3d6888 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c3d6888\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"146\"><strong data-start=\"107\" data-end=\"146\">Cold Working of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"395\"><strong data-start=\"148\" data-end=\"171\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> responds well to cold working and can be formed into a wide range of shapes while increasing its strength and hardness. Its austenitic structure provides excellent ductility, allowing extensive deformation without cracking.<\/p><hr data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"400\" \/><h4 data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"442\"><strong data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"442\">1. Cold Working Characteristics<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"819\"><li data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"573\"><p data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"573\">316 stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"492\">high ductility<\/strong>, making it suitable for deep drawing, bending, rolling, swaging, and stamping.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"574\" data-end=\"712\"><p data-start=\"576\" data-end=\"712\">The material <strong data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"613\">work-hardens rapidly<\/strong>, which increases strength but may require intermediate annealing for complex forming operations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"819\"><p data-start=\"715\" data-end=\"737\">Cold working enhances:<\/p><ul data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"819\"><li data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"760\"><p data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"760\">Tensile strength<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"781\"><p data-start=\"765\" data-end=\"781\">Yield strength<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"796\"><p data-start=\"786\" data-end=\"796\">Hardness<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"799\" data-end=\"819\"><p data-start=\"801\" data-end=\"819\">Slight magnetism<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"821\" data-end=\"824\" \/><h4 data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"867\"><strong data-start=\"831\" data-end=\"867\">2. Common Cold Working Processes<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"1156\"><li data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"918\"><p data-start=\"870\" data-end=\"918\"><strong data-start=\"870\" data-end=\"886\">Cold rolling<\/strong> for sheets, strips, and coils<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"919\" data-end=\"990\"><p data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"990\"><strong data-start=\"921\" data-end=\"944\">Bending and forming<\/strong> for structural and architectural components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"991\" data-end=\"1083\"><p data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1083\"><strong data-start=\"993\" data-end=\"1022\">Stamping and deep drawing<\/strong> for kitchenware, chemical containers, and industrial parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1156\"><p data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1156\"><strong data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1102\">Wire drawing<\/strong> for fasteners, springs, and precision wire products<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1161\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1163\" data-end=\"1198\"><strong data-start=\"1168\" data-end=\"1198\">3. Effects of Cold Working<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1199\" data-end=\"1443\"><li data-start=\"1199\" data-end=\"1252\"><p data-start=\"1201\" data-end=\"1252\">Significant strengthening due to strain hardening<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1302\"><p data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1302\">Reduced ductility with increasing deformation<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1374\"><p data-start=\"1305\" data-end=\"1374\">Surface finish can be improved or modified depending on the process<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1375\" data-end=\"1443\"><p data-start=\"1377\" data-end=\"1443\">May develop <strong data-start=\"1389\" data-end=\"1419\">slight magnetic properties<\/strong> after heavy cold work<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1445\" data-end=\"1448\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1450\" data-end=\"1484\"><strong data-start=\"1455\" data-end=\"1484\">4. Annealing Requirements<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1785\"><li data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1593\"><p data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1593\">For severe or multi-stage cold forming, <strong data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1553\">intermediate annealing<\/strong> may be required to restore ductility.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1594\" data-end=\"1785\"><p data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1650\">Full annealing after cold working may be performed to:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1785\"><li data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1682\"><p data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1682\">Relieve internal stresses<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1717\"><p data-start=\"1687\" data-end=\"1717\">Improve corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1720\" data-end=\"1785\"><p data-start=\"1722\" data-end=\"1785\">Return the material to a non-magnetic, fully austenitic state<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1787\" data-end=\"1790\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1792\" data-end=\"1838\"><strong data-start=\"1797\" data-end=\"1838\">5. Considerations During Cold Working<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"2080\"><li data-start=\"1839\" data-end=\"1906\"><p data-start=\"1841\" data-end=\"1906\">Use appropriate lubrication to reduce galling and tooling wear.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1907\" data-end=\"1978\"><p data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1978\">High-strength tools and dies are recommended due to work hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1979\" data-end=\"2080\"><p data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2080\">Rapid work hardening may require careful planning to avoid cracking in tight bends or deep draws.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2082\" data-end=\"2085\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2102\"><strong data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2102\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2103\" data-end=\"2397\">316 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2169\">excellent cold working capabilities<\/strong>, allowing it to be shaped into complex forms while increasing strength. Though the alloy work-hardens quickly, proper annealing and process control ensure high-quality, corrosion-resistant components for demanding applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2115\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2115\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2115\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f3cf4c9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f3cf4c9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9645599 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9645599\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"150\"><strong data-start=\"109\" data-end=\"150\">Heat Treatment of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"386\"><strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"175\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> cannot be hardened by heat treatment because it is an austenitic stainless steel. However, heat treatment is used to restore corrosion resistance, relieve stress, and improve ductility after working or welding.<\/p><hr data-start=\"388\" data-end=\"391\" \/><h4 data-start=\"393\" data-end=\"414\"><strong data-start=\"398\" data-end=\"414\">1. Annealing<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"784\"><li data-start=\"415\" data-end=\"487\"><p data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"487\">The primary heat treatment for 316 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"484\">annealing<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"488\" data-end=\"557\"><p data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"557\">Recommended annealing temperature: <strong data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"554\">1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"558\" data-end=\"676\"><p data-start=\"560\" data-end=\"676\">After heating, the material should be <strong data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"634\">rapidly quenched in water or air<\/strong> to ensure a fully austenitic structure.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"784\"><p data-start=\"679\" data-end=\"689\">Annealing:<\/p><ul data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"784\"><li data-start=\"692\" data-end=\"714\"><p data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"714\">Restores ductility<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"717\" data-end=\"747\"><p data-start=\"719\" data-end=\"747\">Relieves internal stresses<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"750\" data-end=\"784\"><p data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"784\">Maximizes corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"786\" data-end=\"789\" \/><h4 data-start=\"791\" data-end=\"819\"><strong data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"819\">2. Stress Relieving<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"1103\"><li data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"890\"><p data-start=\"822\" data-end=\"890\">Light stress relief can be performed at <strong data-start=\"862\" data-end=\"887\">400\u2013480\u00b0C (750\u2013900\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"891\" data-end=\"1026\"><p data-start=\"893\" data-end=\"1026\">Avoid higher temperatures (around 600\u2013900\u00b0C) because this range can cause <strong data-start=\"967\" data-end=\"992\">carbide precipitation<\/strong>, reducing corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1027\" data-end=\"1103\"><p data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1103\">For welded components, <strong data-start=\"1052\" data-end=\"1060\">316L<\/strong> is preferred to reduce sensitization risk.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1108\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1131\"><strong data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1131\">3. Hardening<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1132\" data-end=\"1269\"><li data-start=\"1132\" data-end=\"1197\"><p data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1197\"><strong data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1194\">316 stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1269\"><p data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1269\">Hardness and strength can only be increased through <strong data-start=\"1252\" data-end=\"1268\">cold working<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1274\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1306\"><strong data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1306\">4. Solution Treatment<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1500\"><li data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1434\"><p data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1434\">Solution annealing at <strong data-start=\"1331\" data-end=\"1347\">~1050\u20131100\u00b0C<\/strong> followed by rapid cooling dissolves carbides and restores full corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1435\" data-end=\"1500\"><p data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1500\">Often performed after heavy cold working or welding operations.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1502\" data-end=\"1505\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1507\" data-end=\"1543\"><strong data-start=\"1512\" data-end=\"1543\">5. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1544\" data-end=\"1714\"><li data-start=\"1544\" data-end=\"1618\"><p data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1618\">Generally <strong data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1572\">not required<\/strong>, especially when using low-carbon <strong data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1615\">316L<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1714\"><p data-start=\"1621\" data-end=\"1714\">When maximum corrosion resistance is needed, solution annealing may be applied after welding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1719\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1721\" data-end=\"1736\"><strong data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1736\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1737\" data-end=\"2016\">316 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"1760\" data-end=\"1796\">not heat-treatable for hardening<\/strong>, but annealing and solution treatment are essential processes to restore corrosion resistance, relieve stress, and improve ductility. Optimal heat treatment involves heating to <strong data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"1989\">1010\u20131120\u00b0C<\/strong> followed by rapid cooling.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2116\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2116\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2116\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea6ae9b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"ea6ae9b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eadbcd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eadbcd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"152\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"110\" data-end=\"152\">Heat Resistance of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"444\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"177\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> <\/span>provides excellent heat resistance due to its stable austenitic structure and molybdenum-enhanced composition. It performs well in high-temperature and oxidizing environments, making it suitable for thermal processing equipment and elevated-temperature applications.<\/p><hr data-start=\"446\" data-end=\"449\" \/><h4 data-start=\"451\" data-end=\"491\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"491\">1. High-Temperature Performance<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"724\"><li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"639\"><p data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"639\">316 stainless steel maintains good mechanical strength and oxidation resistance at temperatures up to <strong data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"614\">870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong> in continuous service.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"640\" data-end=\"724\"><p data-start=\"642\" data-end=\"724\">For intermittent service, it can tolerate temperatures up to <strong data-start=\"703\" data-end=\"721\">925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"729\" \/><h4 data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"763\"><strong data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"763\">2. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"936\"><li data-start=\"764\" data-end=\"852\"><p data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"852\">Shows excellent resistance to oxidation and scaling in air at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"853\" data-end=\"936\"><p data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"936\">The chromium-rich oxide layer provides stable protection during heating cycles.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"938\" data-end=\"941\" \/><h4 data-start=\"943\" data-end=\"998\"><strong data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"998\">3. Resistance in High-Temperature Environments<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1261\"><li data-start=\"999\" data-end=\"1137\"><p data-start=\"1001\" data-end=\"1056\">Performs well in hot corrosive environments containing:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1137\"><li data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1068\"><p data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1068\">Steam<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1071\" data-end=\"1084\"><p data-start=\"1073\" data-end=\"1084\">Hot gases<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1087\" data-end=\"1137\"><p data-start=\"1089\" data-end=\"1137\">Mild acidic or chloride-containing atmospheres<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1261\"><p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1261\">Offers better hot-corrosion resistance than <strong data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1207\">304 stainless steel<\/strong>, especially in environments with chlorides and salts.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1263\" data-end=\"1266\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1315\"><strong data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1315\">4. Creep and Stress Rupture Properties<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1479\"><li data-start=\"1316\" data-end=\"1403\"><p data-start=\"1318\" data-end=\"1403\">Good <strong data-start=\"1323\" data-end=\"1343\">creep resistance<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"1348\" data-end=\"1375\">stress rupture strength<\/strong> at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1404\" data-end=\"1479\"><p data-start=\"1406\" data-end=\"1479\">Suitable for components exposed to long-term stress at high temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1484\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1512\"><strong data-start=\"1491\" data-end=\"1512\">5. Considerations<\/strong><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1513\" data-end=\"1777\"><li data-start=\"1513\" data-end=\"1659\"><p data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1659\">Prolonged exposure between <strong data-start=\"1542\" data-end=\"1568\">425\u2013860\u00b0C (800\u20131580\u00b0F)<\/strong> may cause <strong data-start=\"1579\" data-end=\"1596\">sensitization<\/strong> due to carbide precipitation, reducing corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1660\" data-end=\"1777\"><p data-start=\"1662\" data-end=\"1777\">The low-carbon grade <strong data-start=\"1683\" data-end=\"1691\">316L<\/strong> is preferred for welded components requiring high-temperature corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1782\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1784\" data-end=\"1799\"><strong data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1799\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1800\" data-end=\"2154\">316 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1870\">excellent heat and oxidation resistance<\/strong>, maintaining strength and stability up to <strong data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1926\">870\u2013925\u00b0C<\/strong>, with strong performance in hot corrosive and chloride-containing environments. These properties make it ideal for industrial heating systems, chemical processing, marine atmospheres, and high-temperature structural components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2117\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2117\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2117\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9c7ab2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d9c7ab2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de3515f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"de3515f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"144\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"144\">Hot Working of 316 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"384\"><strong data-start=\"146\" data-end=\"169\">316 stainless steel<\/strong> can be effectively hot worked thanks to its excellent ductility and stable austenitic structure. Proper temperature control is essential to maintain mechanical properties, surface quality, and corrosion resistance.<\/p><hr data-start=\"386\" data-end=\"389\" \/><h4 data-start=\"391\" data-end=\"444\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"396\" data-end=\"444\">1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature Range<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"714\"><li data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"508\"><p data-start=\"447\" data-end=\"508\">Ideal hot working temperature: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"506\">1200\u2013900\u00b0C (2190\u20131650\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"632\"><p data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"632\">Avoid working the material <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"553\">below 900\u00b0C<\/strong><\/span>, as it may cause excessive work hardening and increase the risk of cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"714\"><p data-start=\"635\" data-end=\"714\">Do not exceed <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"649\" data-end=\"659\">1250\u00b0C<\/strong><\/span>, which can lead to grain growth and reduced toughness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"716\" data-end=\"719\" \/><h4 data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"754\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"754\">2. Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><p data-start=\"755\" data-end=\"795\">Common hot working operations include:<\/p><ul data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"1027\"><li data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"844\"><p data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"844\"><strong data-start=\"798\" data-end=\"813\">Hot rolling<\/strong> of plates, sheets, and coils<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"904\"><p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"904\"><strong data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"858\">Forging<\/strong> of bars, flanges, and heavy-duty components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"956\"><p data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"956\"><strong data-start=\"907\" data-end=\"924\">Hot extrusion<\/strong> of tubes and complex profiles<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"957\" data-end=\"1027\"><p data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"1027\"><strong data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"984\">Upsetting and forming<\/strong> for industrial and pressure applications<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1032\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1080\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"1039\" data-end=\"1080\">3. Characteristics During Hot Working<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1330\"><li data-start=\"1081\" data-end=\"1153\"><p data-start=\"1083\" data-end=\"1153\">Excellent high-temperature ductility allows significant deformation.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1229\"><p data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1229\">Material remains stable and resistant to cracking when properly heated.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1330\"><p data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1330\">Controlled deformation helps produce uniform grain structure and consistent mechanical properties.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1332\" data-end=\"1335\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1375\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1375\">4. Post\u2013Hot Working Treatment<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1695\"><li data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1596\"><p data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1431\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1391\">Annealing<\/strong><\/span> is recommended after heavy hot working:<\/p><ul data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1596\"><li data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1498\"><p data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1498\">Typical annealing temperature: <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"1467\" data-end=\"1496\">1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1501\" data-end=\"1596\"><p data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1596\">Followed by <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1532\">rapid cooling<\/strong><\/span> to restore corrosion resistance and relieve internal stresses<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1597\" data-end=\"1695\"><p data-start=\"1599\" data-end=\"1695\">Pickling and passivation may be performed to clean the surface and enhance corrosion protection.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1697\" data-end=\"1700\" \/><h4 data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1728\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"1707\" data-end=\"1728\">5. Considerations<\/strong><\/span><\/h4><ul data-start=\"1729\" data-end=\"2076\"><li data-start=\"1729\" data-end=\"1812\"><p data-start=\"1731\" data-end=\"1812\">Ensure uniform heating throughout the material to avoid distortion or cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1813\" data-end=\"1895\"><p data-start=\"1815\" data-end=\"1895\">Apply controlled cooling to prevent warping and maintain structural stability.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1896\" data-end=\"2076\"><p data-start=\"1898\" data-end=\"2076\">Avoid prolonged exposure in the <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1956\">425\u2013860\u00b0C (800\u20131580\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/span> range to minimize sensitization and loss of corrosion resistance (use <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"2027\" data-end=\"2035\">316L<\/strong><\/span> for welded\/high-corrosion applications).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2078\" data-end=\"2081\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2083\" data-end=\"2098\"><span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2098\">Summary<\/strong><\/span><\/h3><p data-start=\"2099\" data-end=\"2380\">316 stainless steel is highly suitable for <span style=\"color: #000080;\"><strong data-start=\"2142\" data-end=\"2168\">hot working operations<\/strong><\/span> such as forging, rolling, and extrusion. Best results are achieved when working at <span style=\"color: #ff0000;\"><strong data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2266\">1200\u2013900\u00b0C<\/strong><\/span>, followed by proper annealing and rapid cooling to ensure optimal mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Austenitic S31600 (316) Stainless steel A chromium-nickel-molybdenum austenitic stainless steel. Stainless steel types 1.4401 (also known as grade 316) is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. It has similar mechanical properties to 304 but is stronger at elevated temperatures. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2623,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2622","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2622","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2622"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2622\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2623"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2622"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2622"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/th\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2622"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}