{"id":2568,"date":"2025-11-14T06:55:33","date_gmt":"2025-11-14T06:55:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2568"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:27:24","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:27:24","slug":"440c-stainless-steel-s44004-bar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/440c-stainless-steel-s44004-bar\/","title":{"rendered":"440C Stainless Steel (S44004) Bar"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2568\" class=\"elementor elementor-2568\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efe82e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"efe82e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27edc04 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"27edc04\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f6f2e18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f6f2e18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Martensitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c90ad1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c90ad1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">440C Stainless Steel  (S44004) Bar<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-684ac18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"684ac18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A martensitic stainless steel with the highest carbon content in the 400 series.\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a97289 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a97289\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/440c-stainless-steel-s44004-bar\/\">440C stainless steel<\/a> is a member of the 400 series of stainless steels. It has the highest carbon content among them. It is capable of attaining, after heat treatment, the highest strength, hardness and wear resistance of all the stainless alloys. Its very high carbon content is responsible for these characteristics, which make 440C particularly suited to such applications as ball bearings and valve parts.<\/p><p>Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment.<\/p><p>440C stainless steel is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its excellent hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is the highest carbon content stainless steel in the 440 series, making it ideal for applications requiring high strength and edge retention.<\/p><p>Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c8f191 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9c8f191\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5946c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c5946c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c577a2 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"4c577a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1381173 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1381173\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5ce4fa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5ce4fa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range Enquiry\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-382d920 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"382d920\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883f6e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"883f6e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">440C Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdcea8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1fdcea8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-190\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"10\"\n           data-wpID=\"190\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        440C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S44004                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4125                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X105CrMo17                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        440C (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A314                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        440C (forged bars)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS440C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB (common usage)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        9Cr18Mo                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GOST                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Russia                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        95X18 (95\u042518)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-190'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    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th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01ed3a9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"01ed3a9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d19bf42 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d19bf42\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-030b69a elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"030b69a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3190\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3190\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3190\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f0f8964 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f0f8964\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b312708 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"b312708\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-99\">1.4125 Steel<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-99\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-99\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"9\"\n           data-wpID=\"99\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.95 - 1.20                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.00 - 18.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.04                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.40 - 0.80                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-99'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3191\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3191\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3191\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40e8da0 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"40e8da0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a08f93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"6a08f93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-100\">Bar Up To 100mm Dia or Thickness<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-100\">EN 10088-3<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-100\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"100\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        448-1900 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        758-2030 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4-14 %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-100'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3192\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3192\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3192\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8ad09e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d8ad09e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7453718 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"7453718\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-101\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"101\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.65 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        10.1 x 10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        24.2 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.6 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-101'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40d6463 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"40d6463\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3504e03 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3504e03\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9466b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"e9466b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e48a7e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5e48a7e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"127\">Applications of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"390\"><strong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"153\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"202\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"217\" data-end=\"292\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is widely used for <strong data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"387\">precision components, cutting tools, and high-strength applications<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"395\" \/><h3 data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"441\"><strong data-start=\"401\" data-end=\"441\">1. Bearings and Precision Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"617\"><li data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"495\"><p data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"495\">Ball bearings, roller bearings, and bearing races<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"562\"><p data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"562\">Valve components and pump parts requiring high wear resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"617\"><p data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"617\">Precision mechanical parts in industrial machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"619\" data-end=\"622\" \/><h3 data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"659\"><strong data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"659\">2. Cutting Tools and Blades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"774\"><li data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"699\"><p data-start=\"662\" data-end=\"699\">Knives, scissors, and cutting tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"741\"><p data-start=\"702\" data-end=\"741\">Surgical instruments and dental tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"774\"><p data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"774\">High-wear industrial tooling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"779\" \/><h3 data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"829\"><strong data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"829\">3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"977\"><li data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"868\"><p data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"868\">High-strength shafts and fasteners<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"905\">Springs and precision components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"977\"><p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"977\">Components requiring high hardness and wear resistance under stress<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"982\" \/><h3 data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1031\"><strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1031\">4. Industrial and Engineering Equipment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1213\"><li data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1069\"><p data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1069\">Wear-resistant gears and bushings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1140\"><p data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1140\">Components in machinery exposed to moderate corrosive environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1213\"><p data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1213\">Die and mold parts requiring both hardness and dimensional stability<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1218\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1220\" data-end=\"1235\"><strong data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1235\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1561\">440C stainless steel is ideal for applications requiring <strong data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1371\">high hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its properties make it suitable for <strong data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1500\">bearings, precision tools, cutting instruments, and high-strength mechanical components<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1558\">industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c127a96 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c127a96\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39fa8d2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"39fa8d2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12ec29b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"12ec29b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"127\">Applications of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"390\"><strong data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"153\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"159\" data-end=\"202\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"217\" data-end=\"292\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is widely used for <strong data-start=\"316\" data-end=\"387\">precision components, cutting tools, and high-strength applications<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"392\" data-end=\"395\" \/><h3 data-start=\"397\" data-end=\"441\"><strong data-start=\"401\" data-end=\"441\">1. Bearings and Precision Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"617\"><li data-start=\"442\" data-end=\"495\"><p data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"495\">Ball bearings, roller bearings, and bearing races<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"496\" data-end=\"562\"><p data-start=\"498\" data-end=\"562\">Valve components and pump parts requiring high wear resistance<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"563\" data-end=\"617\"><p data-start=\"565\" data-end=\"617\">Precision mechanical parts in industrial machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"619\" data-end=\"622\" \/><h3 data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"659\"><strong data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"659\">2. Cutting Tools and Blades<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"774\"><li data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"699\"><p data-start=\"662\" data-end=\"699\">Knives, scissors, and cutting tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"700\" data-end=\"741\"><p data-start=\"702\" data-end=\"741\">Surgical instruments and dental tools<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"774\"><p data-start=\"744\" data-end=\"774\">High-wear industrial tooling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"779\" \/><h3 data-start=\"781\" data-end=\"829\"><strong data-start=\"785\" data-end=\"829\">3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"977\"><li data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"868\"><p data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"868\">High-strength shafts and fasteners<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"869\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"871\" data-end=\"905\">Springs and precision components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"977\"><p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"977\">Components requiring high hardness and wear resistance under stress<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"982\" \/><h3 data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1031\"><strong data-start=\"988\" data-end=\"1031\">4. Industrial and Engineering Equipment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1213\"><li data-start=\"1032\" data-end=\"1069\"><p data-start=\"1034\" data-end=\"1069\">Wear-resistant gears and bushings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1070\" data-end=\"1140\"><p data-start=\"1072\" data-end=\"1140\">Components in machinery exposed to moderate corrosive environments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1141\" data-end=\"1213\"><p data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1213\">Die and mold parts requiring both hardness and dimensional stability<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1215\" data-end=\"1218\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1220\" data-end=\"1235\"><strong data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1235\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1561\">440C stainless steel is ideal for applications requiring <strong data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1371\">high hardness, superior wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its properties make it suitable for <strong data-start=\"1409\" data-end=\"1500\">bearings, precision tools, cutting instruments, and high-strength mechanical components<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"1504\" data-end=\"1558\">industrial, automotive, and aerospace applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab79a1c elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ab79a1c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4b1743 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d4b1743\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a5525e elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"5a5525e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9470\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9470\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9470\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70898de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"70898de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8510795 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8510795\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"141\"><strong data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"141\">Fabrication of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"536\"><strong data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"167\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"216\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"306\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance<\/strong>. It is commonly used for <strong data-start=\"332\" data-end=\"385\">cutting tools, bearings, and precision components<\/strong>. Its fabrication characteristics differ significantly from austenitic stainless steels due to its <strong data-start=\"484\" data-end=\"533\">martensitic structure and high carbon content<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"538\" data-end=\"541\" \/><h3 data-start=\"543\" data-end=\"561\"><strong data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"561\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"972\"><li data-start=\"562\" data-end=\"768\"><p data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"582\"><strong data-start=\"564\" data-end=\"580\">Hot Working:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"768\"><li data-start=\"585\" data-end=\"691\"><p data-start=\"587\" data-end=\"691\">Hot forging is possible in the <strong data-start=\"618\" data-end=\"640\">annealed condition<\/strong> at temperatures of <strong data-start=\"660\" data-end=\"688\">980\u20131150\u00b0C (1800\u20132100\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"768\"><p data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"768\">Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth, which can reduce toughness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"972\"><p data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"790\"><strong data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"788\">Cold Working:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"972\"><li data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"906\"><p data-start=\"795\" data-end=\"906\">Limited cold forming is possible but may lead to <strong data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"882\">cracking or high internal stresses<\/strong> due to high hardness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"972\"><p data-start=\"911\" data-end=\"972\">Preferred to perform forming in the <strong data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"969\">annealed condition<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"977\" \/><h3 data-start=\"979\" data-end=\"999\"><strong data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"999\">2. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1267\"><li data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1096\"><p data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1096\">440C has <strong data-start=\"1011\" data-end=\"1028\">high hardness<\/strong>, which makes machining <strong data-start=\"1052\" data-end=\"1067\">challenging<\/strong> in the hardened condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1097\" data-end=\"1153\"><p data-start=\"1099\" data-end=\"1153\">Best machined in the <strong data-start=\"1120\" data-end=\"1150\">annealed or softened state<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1154\" data-end=\"1267\"><p data-start=\"1156\" data-end=\"1267\">Requires <strong data-start=\"1165\" data-end=\"1190\">sharp carbide tooling<\/strong>, slower cutting speeds, and adequate coolant to avoid excessive tool wear.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1269\" data-end=\"1272\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1274\" data-end=\"1292\"><strong data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1292\">3. Welding<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1506\"><li data-start=\"1293\" data-end=\"1404\"><p data-start=\"1295\" data-end=\"1404\"><strong data-start=\"1295\" data-end=\"1324\">Not typically recommended<\/strong> due to high carbon content and susceptibility to <strong data-start=\"1374\" data-end=\"1401\">cracking and distortion<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1506\"><p data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1506\">If welding is necessary, preheating and post-weld heat treatment are required to reduce stresses.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1508\" data-end=\"1511\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1513\" data-end=\"1553\"><strong data-start=\"1517\" data-end=\"1553\">4. Heat Treatment Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1732\"><li data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1607\"><p data-start=\"1556\" data-end=\"1607\">Fabrication is usually done <strong data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1604\">before hardening<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1608\" data-end=\"1732\"><p data-start=\"1610\" data-end=\"1732\">After forming or machining, 440C can be <strong data-start=\"1650\" data-end=\"1681\">hardened via heat treatment<\/strong> to achieve maximum strength and wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1734\" data-end=\"1737\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1739\" data-end=\"1767\"><strong data-start=\"1743\" data-end=\"1767\">5. Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1768\" data-end=\"1960\"><li data-start=\"1768\" data-end=\"1841\"><p data-start=\"1770\" data-end=\"1841\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1777\" data-end=\"1806\">polished to a high finish<\/strong> to enhance corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1960\"><p data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"1960\">Passivation may be applied to further improve corrosion resistance, especially in moist or corrosive environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"1965\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"1990\"><strong data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"1990\">6. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2125\"><li data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2019\"><p data-start=\"1993\" data-end=\"2019\">Ball and roller bearings<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2020\" data-end=\"2042\"><p data-start=\"2022\" data-end=\"2042\">Cutlery and knives<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2043\" data-end=\"2089\"><p data-start=\"2045\" data-end=\"2089\">Valve components and precision instruments<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2125\"><p data-start=\"2092\" data-end=\"2125\">Wear-resistant mechanical parts<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2127\" data-end=\"2130\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2132\" data-end=\"2147\"><strong data-start=\"2136\" data-end=\"2147\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2148\" data-end=\"2512\">Fabrication of 440C stainless steel is best performed in the <strong data-start=\"2209\" data-end=\"2231\">annealed condition<\/strong> due to its high carbon content and martensitic structure. It can be <strong data-start=\"2300\" data-end=\"2336\">hot worked, machined, and formed<\/strong> before hardening. Post-fabrication <strong data-start=\"2372\" data-end=\"2390\">heat treatment<\/strong> imparts high hardness and wear resistance, making 440C ideal for <strong data-start=\"2456\" data-end=\"2509\">cutting tools, bearings, and precision components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9471\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9471\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9471\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59de775 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"59de775\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cdc74e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cdc74e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"141\"><strong data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"141\">Weldability of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"443\"><strong data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"167\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"216\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"296\">high hardness, wear resistance, and good corrosion resistance<\/strong>. However, its <strong data-start=\"311\" data-end=\"337\">weldability is limited<\/strong> due to the high carbon content, which increases the risk of <strong data-start=\"398\" data-end=\"425\">cracking and distortion<\/strong> during welding.<\/p><hr data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"448\" \/><h3 data-start=\"450\" data-end=\"479\"><strong data-start=\"454\" data-end=\"479\">1. Welding Challenges<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"776\"><li data-start=\"480\" data-end=\"619\"><p data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"619\">High carbon content leads to <strong data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"561\">martensite formation in the heat-affected zone<\/strong>, increasing the risk of <strong data-start=\"586\" data-end=\"616\">brittle welds and cracking<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"620\" data-end=\"705\"><p data-start=\"622\" data-end=\"705\">Hardness in the as-hardened condition makes welding <strong data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"702\">difficult or inadvisable<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"706\" data-end=\"776\"><p data-start=\"708\" data-end=\"776\">Residual stresses can cause <strong data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"773\">distortion or dimensional changes<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"778\" data-end=\"781\" \/><h3 data-start=\"783\" data-end=\"817\"><strong data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"817\">2. Welding Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"1203\"><li data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"903\"><p data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"903\"><strong data-start=\"820\" data-end=\"835\">Preheating:<\/strong> Heat parts to <strong data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"875\">150\u2013300\u00b0C (300\u2013570\u00b0F)<\/strong> to reduce thermal stress.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"904\" data-end=\"1028\"><p data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"1028\"><strong data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"926\">Filler Material:<\/strong> Use <strong data-start=\"931\" data-end=\"1000\">matching low-carbon martensitic stainless steel filler rods\/wires<\/strong> (e.g., 410 or 420 types).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1029\" data-end=\"1113\"><p data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1113\"><strong data-start=\"1031\" data-end=\"1054\">Controlled Cooling:<\/strong> Slow cooling after welding reduces the risk of cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1203\"><p data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1203\"><strong data-start=\"1116\" data-end=\"1145\">Post-Weld Heat Treatment:<\/strong> Required to <strong data-start=\"1158\" data-end=\"1200\">relieve stresses and restore toughness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1205\" data-end=\"1208\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1210\" data-end=\"1236\"><strong data-start=\"1214\" data-end=\"1236\">3. Welding Methods<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1475\"><li data-start=\"1237\" data-end=\"1318\"><p data-start=\"1239\" data-end=\"1318\"><strong data-start=\"1239\" data-end=\"1262\">TIG (GTAW) or SMAW:<\/strong> Preferred for precise control and minimal heat input.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1319\" data-end=\"1402\"><p data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1402\"><strong data-start=\"1321\" data-end=\"1336\">MIG (GMAW):<\/strong> Can be used with appropriate preheating and controlled cooling.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1403\" data-end=\"1475\"><p data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1475\">Avoid welding in the <strong data-start=\"1426\" data-end=\"1454\">fully hardened condition<\/strong> whenever possible.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1477\" data-end=\"1480\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1482\" data-end=\"1517\"><strong data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1517\">4. Practical Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1801\"><li data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1615\"><p data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1615\">For critical applications, <strong data-start=\"1547\" data-end=\"1582\">mechanical fastening or brazing<\/strong> may be preferred over welding.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1616\" data-end=\"1724\"><p data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"1724\">Post-weld machining or polishing may be required to restore <strong data-start=\"1678\" data-end=\"1721\">surface finish and dimensional accuracy<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1801\"><p data-start=\"1727\" data-end=\"1801\">Welding is generally limited to <strong data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1798\">small repairs or non-critical areas<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1803\" data-end=\"1806\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1808\" data-end=\"1831\"><strong data-start=\"1812\" data-end=\"1831\">5. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1970\"><li data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1885\"><p data-start=\"1834\" data-end=\"1885\">Small repairs of <strong data-start=\"1851\" data-end=\"1883\">bearings or valve components<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1886\" data-end=\"1970\"><p data-start=\"1888\" data-end=\"1970\">Non-critical joining of <strong data-start=\"1912\" data-end=\"1936\">precision components<\/strong> where welding cannot be avoided<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"1975\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1977\" data-end=\"1992\"><strong data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"1992\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1993\" data-end=\"2344\">440C stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"2018\" data-end=\"2041\">limited weldability<\/strong> due to its high carbon content and martensitic structure. Welding requires <strong data-start=\"2117\" data-end=\"2207\">careful preheating, filler selection, controlled cooling, and post-weld heat treatment<\/strong>. For critical applications, alternative joining methods may be preferred to maintain <strong data-start=\"2293\" data-end=\"2341\">strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9472\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9472\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9472\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5115c8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d5115c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af75cb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af75cb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"101\" data-end=\"145\"><strong data-start=\"104\" data-end=\"145\">Machinability of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"418\"><strong data-start=\"147\" data-end=\"171\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"177\" data-end=\"220\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"235\" data-end=\"309\">excellent hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its <strong data-start=\"315\" data-end=\"343\">high carbon and hardness<\/strong> make machining more challenging compared to austenitic stainless steels.<\/p><hr data-start=\"420\" data-end=\"423\" \/><h3 data-start=\"425\" data-end=\"461\"><strong data-start=\"429\" data-end=\"461\">1. Machining Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"773\"><li data-start=\"462\" data-end=\"574\"><p data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"574\"><strong data-start=\"464\" data-end=\"514\">Difficult to machine in the hardened condition<\/strong> due to high hardness (up to 60 HRC after heat treatment).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"693\"><p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"693\">Better machinability in the <strong data-start=\"605\" data-end=\"627\">annealed condition<\/strong>, which is recommended for forming and shaping before hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"694\" data-end=\"773\"><p data-start=\"696\" data-end=\"773\">Tends to produce <strong data-start=\"713\" data-end=\"735\">short, stiff chips<\/strong>, reducing the risk of entanglement.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"778\" \/><h3 data-start=\"780\" data-end=\"814\"><strong data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"814\">2. Tooling Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"1195\"><li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"926\"><p data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"926\"><strong data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"836\">Tool materials:<\/strong> Use <strong data-start=\"841\" data-end=\"884\">carbide or high-speed steel (HSS) tools<\/strong>, preferably coated for heat resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"927\" data-end=\"1021\"><p data-start=\"929\" data-end=\"1021\"><strong data-start=\"929\" data-end=\"947\">Cutting speed:<\/strong> Low to moderate; higher speeds generate heat that can reduce tool life.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1022\" data-end=\"1100\"><p data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1100\"><strong data-start=\"1024\" data-end=\"1038\">Feed rate:<\/strong> Moderate to maintain surface finish and avoid tool chatter.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1195\"><p data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1195\"><strong data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1115\">Coolant:<\/strong> Adequate cutting fluid is essential to <strong data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1192\">reduce heat and improve tool life<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1197\" data-end=\"1200\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1202\" data-end=\"1233\"><strong data-start=\"1206\" data-end=\"1233\">3. Machining Operations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1571\"><li data-start=\"1234\" data-end=\"1375\"><p data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1375\"><strong data-start=\"1236\" data-end=\"1271\">Turning, milling, and drilling:<\/strong> Best performed in the <strong data-start=\"1294\" data-end=\"1316\">annealed condition<\/strong>. Hardened 440C requires <strong data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1372\">specialized carbide tooling<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1376\" data-end=\"1469\"><p data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1469\"><strong data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1391\">Grinding:<\/strong> Often used after hardening for <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1466\">precision dimensions and surface finish<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1470\" data-end=\"1571\"><p data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1571\"><strong data-start=\"1472\" data-end=\"1513\">EDM (Electrical Discharge Machining):<\/strong> Can be employed for hardened parts with complex shapes.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1573\" data-end=\"1576\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1578\" data-end=\"1599\"><strong data-start=\"1582\" data-end=\"1599\">4. Advantages<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1600\" data-end=\"1815\"><li data-start=\"1600\" data-end=\"1698\"><p data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1698\">Can achieve <strong data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1660\">high precision and wear-resistant surfaces<\/strong> after machining and heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1699\" data-end=\"1815\"><p data-start=\"1701\" data-end=\"1815\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1767\">bearings, cutting tools, and precision components<\/strong> when proper machining practices are followed.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1817\" data-end=\"1820\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1822\" data-end=\"1844\"><strong data-start=\"1826\" data-end=\"1844\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"2000\"><li data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1916\"><p data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1916\">Machining in the <strong data-start=\"1864\" data-end=\"1913\">hardened condition is slow and tool-intensive<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1917\" data-end=\"2000\"><p data-start=\"1919\" data-end=\"2000\">Work hardening can occur if machining is attempted in partially hardened areas.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2002\" data-end=\"2005\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2007\" data-end=\"2060\"><strong data-start=\"2011\" data-end=\"2060\">6. Applications Benefiting from Machinability<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2214\"><li data-start=\"2061\" data-end=\"2085\"><p data-start=\"2063\" data-end=\"2085\">Bearings and rollers<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2086\" data-end=\"2117\"><p data-start=\"2088\" data-end=\"2117\">Cutlery, knives, and blades<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2118\" data-end=\"2164\"><p data-start=\"2120\" data-end=\"2164\">Precision valves and mechanical components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"2165\" data-end=\"2214\"><p data-start=\"2167\" data-end=\"2214\">Wear-resistant parts for industrial machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2216\" data-end=\"2219\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2221\" data-end=\"2236\"><strong data-start=\"2225\" data-end=\"2236\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2632\">440C stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"2262\" data-end=\"2291\">challenging machinability<\/strong> due to its high carbon content and hardness. Machining is best performed in the <strong data-start=\"2372\" data-end=\"2394\">annealed condition<\/strong> with proper tooling, speed, feed, and cooling. After machining and heat treatment, it offers <strong data-start=\"2488\" data-end=\"2554\">excellent wear resistance, strength, and dimensional precision<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2576\" data-end=\"2629\">cutting tools, bearings, and precision components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9473\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9473\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9473\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-062514f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"062514f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76740db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76740db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"108\" data-end=\"159\"><strong data-start=\"111\" data-end=\"159\">Corrosion Resistance of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"454\"><strong data-start=\"161\" data-end=\"185\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"191\" data-end=\"234\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"249\" data-end=\"328\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its corrosion resistance is good for martensitic stainless steels but lower than that of austenitic types like 304 or 316.<\/p><hr data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"459\" \/><h3 data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"500\"><strong data-start=\"465\" data-end=\"500\">1. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"843\"><li data-start=\"501\" data-end=\"593\"><p data-start=\"503\" data-end=\"593\">Resists <strong data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"542\">mild oxidizing environments<\/strong>, including air and mildly corrosive atmospheres.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"594\" data-end=\"706\"><p data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"706\">Performs well in <strong data-start=\"613\" data-end=\"631\">dry conditions<\/strong> and is suitable for components with <strong data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"703\">occasional exposure to moisture<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"843\"><p data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"843\">Not suitable for <strong data-start=\"726\" data-end=\"793\">continuous exposure to chlorides or harsh chemical environments<\/strong>, where pitting and crevice corrosion may occur.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"848\" \/><h3 data-start=\"850\" data-end=\"885\"><strong data-start=\"854\" data-end=\"885\">2. Effect of Carbon Content<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"886\" data-end=\"1138\"><li data-start=\"886\" data-end=\"1046\"><p data-start=\"888\" data-end=\"1046\">High carbon content increases <strong data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"950\">hardness and wear resistance<\/strong>, but may reduce corrosion resistance compared to low-carbon martensitic or austenitic steels.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1138\"><p data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1138\">Proper <strong data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1088\">heat treatment and tempering<\/strong> help balance hardness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1143\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1145\" data-end=\"1173\"><strong data-start=\"1149\" data-end=\"1173\">3. Surface Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1359\"><li data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1254\"><p data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1254\"><strong data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1204\">Polishing or passivation<\/strong> can significantly improve corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1359\"><p data-start=\"1257\" data-end=\"1359\">Coatings, such as oil or plating, may be applied in <strong data-start=\"1309\" data-end=\"1332\">severe environments<\/strong> to protect against rust.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1361\" data-end=\"1364\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1366\" data-end=\"1426\"><strong data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1426\">4. Applications Benefiting from Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1427\" data-end=\"1684\"><li data-start=\"1427\" data-end=\"1487\"><p data-start=\"1429\" data-end=\"1487\">Bearings and rollers used in <strong data-start=\"1458\" data-end=\"1485\">controlled environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1551\"><p data-start=\"1490\" data-end=\"1551\">Precision mechanical parts exposed to <strong data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1549\">moderate moisture<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1552\" data-end=\"1636\"><p data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1636\">Cutlery, knives, and surgical instruments in <strong data-start=\"1599\" data-end=\"1634\">dry or lightly humid conditions<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1684\"><p data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1684\">Valve components and small industrial tools<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1686\" data-end=\"1689\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1691\" data-end=\"1713\"><strong data-start=\"1695\" data-end=\"1713\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1902\"><li data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1808\"><p data-start=\"1716\" data-end=\"1808\">Not recommended for <strong data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"1759\">marine environments<\/strong> or exposure to <strong data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1805\">strong acids and chlorides<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1809\" data-end=\"1902\"><p data-start=\"1811\" data-end=\"1902\">Requires <strong data-start=\"1820\" data-end=\"1858\">careful maintenance and protection<\/strong> to prevent rust in aggressive conditions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1904\" data-end=\"1907\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1909\" data-end=\"1924\"><strong data-start=\"1913\" data-end=\"1924\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"2330\">440C stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"1953\" data-end=\"1986\">moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>, suitable for <strong data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2055\">industrial, mechanical, and precision applications<\/strong> in controlled or mildly corrosive environments. While not as corrosion-resistant as austenitic stainless steels, its combination of <strong data-start=\"2188\" data-end=\"2254\">hardness, wear resistance, and reasonable corrosion resistance<\/strong> makes it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2274\" data-end=\"2327\">bearings, cutting tools, and precision components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9474\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9474\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9474\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2ca1c4b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2ca1c4b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4911a62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4911a62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"100\" data-end=\"143\"><strong data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"143\">Cold Working of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"430\"><strong data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"169\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"175\" data-end=\"218\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"233\" data-end=\"302\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Its ability to be cold worked is limited due to its <strong data-start=\"356\" data-end=\"397\">high carbon content and hardenability<\/strong>, requiring careful processing.<\/p><hr data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"435\" \/><h3 data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"476\"><strong data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"476\">1. Cold Working Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"805\"><li data-start=\"477\" data-end=\"583\"><p data-start=\"479\" data-end=\"583\">Cold working is <strong data-start=\"495\" data-end=\"534\">difficult in the hardened condition<\/strong> because 440C is brittle and prone to cracking.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"700\"><p data-start=\"586\" data-end=\"700\">Most forming operations are performed in the <strong data-start=\"631\" data-end=\"653\">annealed condition<\/strong>, where the steel is softer and more ductile.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"701\" data-end=\"805\"><p data-start=\"703\" data-end=\"805\">Cold deformation increases <strong data-start=\"730\" data-end=\"755\">strength and hardness<\/strong> through strain hardening but reduces ductility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"807\" data-end=\"810\" \/><h3 data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"833\"><strong data-start=\"816\" data-end=\"833\">2. Techniques<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"1117\"><li data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"930\"><p data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"930\"><strong data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"860\">Bending and shaping:<\/strong> Limited in the annealed state; avoid sharp bends in hardened steel.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"931\" data-end=\"1014\"><p data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"1014\"><strong data-start=\"933\" data-end=\"958\">Drawing and stamping:<\/strong> Possible for thin sections in the annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1117\"><p data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1117\"><strong data-start=\"1017\" data-end=\"1041\">Rolling or pressing:<\/strong> Should be done cautiously to avoid cracks in partially hardened material.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1119\" data-end=\"1122\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1145\"><strong data-start=\"1128\" data-end=\"1145\">3. Advantages<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1349\"><li data-start=\"1146\" data-end=\"1267\"><p data-start=\"1148\" data-end=\"1267\">Cold working in the annealed condition allows for <strong data-start=\"1198\" data-end=\"1241\">shaping complex or precision components<\/strong> before final hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1349\"><p data-start=\"1270\" data-end=\"1349\">Can improve <strong data-start=\"1282\" data-end=\"1326\">surface finish and dimensional precision<\/strong> when done correctly.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1351\" data-end=\"1354\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1356\" data-end=\"1378\"><strong data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1378\">4. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1379\" data-end=\"1640\"><li data-start=\"1379\" data-end=\"1464\"><p data-start=\"1381\" data-end=\"1464\">Cold working in the hardened condition is <strong data-start=\"1423\" data-end=\"1442\">not recommended<\/strong> due to brittleness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1465\" data-end=\"1550\"><p data-start=\"1467\" data-end=\"1550\">Excessive deformation may lead to <strong data-start=\"1501\" data-end=\"1547\">cracking, distortion, or residual stresses<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1551\" data-end=\"1640\"><p data-start=\"1553\" data-end=\"1640\">Requires <strong data-start=\"1562\" data-end=\"1591\">subsequent heat treatment<\/strong> to achieve final hardness and wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1642\" data-end=\"1645\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1647\" data-end=\"1699\"><strong data-start=\"1651\" data-end=\"1699\">5. Applications Benefiting from Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1874\"><li data-start=\"1700\" data-end=\"1761\"><p data-start=\"1702\" data-end=\"1761\">Precision components such as <strong data-start=\"1731\" data-end=\"1759\">bearings and valve parts<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1762\" data-end=\"1813\"><p data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1813\">Cutlery and knife blanks before final hardening<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1814\" data-end=\"1874\"><p data-start=\"1816\" data-end=\"1874\">Industrial components requiring <strong data-start=\"1848\" data-end=\"1872\">dimensional accuracy<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1879\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1881\" data-end=\"1896\"><strong data-start=\"1885\" data-end=\"1896\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1897\" data-end=\"2252\">440C stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"1922\" data-end=\"1957\">limited cold working capability<\/strong>, best performed in the <strong data-start=\"1981\" data-end=\"2003\">annealed condition<\/strong> to shape components before hardening. Cold working increases strength and hardness but can reduce ductility, so <strong data-start=\"2116\" data-end=\"2165\">careful control and subsequent heat treatment<\/strong> are required to produce durable, wear-resistant, and corrosion-resistant components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9475\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9475\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9475\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6885d61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6885d61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f50e55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f50e55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"147\"><strong data-start=\"105\" data-end=\"147\">Heat Treatment of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"415\"><strong data-start=\"149\" data-end=\"173\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"179\" data-end=\"222\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"237\" data-end=\"316\">high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Heat treatment is essential to achieve its <strong data-start=\"361\" data-end=\"412\">maximum hardness, strength, and wear properties<\/strong>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"420\" \/><h3 data-start=\"422\" data-end=\"442\"><strong data-start=\"426\" data-end=\"442\">1. Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"756\"><li data-start=\"443\" data-end=\"526\"><p data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"526\"><strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"457\">Purpose:<\/strong> Softens the steel for machining or forming before final hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"696\"><p data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"543\"><strong data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"541\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"696\"><li data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"586\"><p data-start=\"548\" data-end=\"586\">Heat to <strong data-start=\"556\" data-end=\"583\">815\u2013845\u00b0C (1500\u20131550\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"589\" data-end=\"634\"><p data-start=\"591\" data-end=\"634\">Hold long enough for uniform temperature.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"637\" data-end=\"696\"><p data-start=\"639\" data-end=\"696\">Slow cool in <strong data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"663\">furnace<\/strong> to minimize residual stresses.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"756\"><p data-start=\"699\" data-end=\"756\">Produces a <strong data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"737\">soft, ductile condition<\/strong> for fabrication.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"761\" \/><h3 data-start=\"763\" data-end=\"783\"><strong data-start=\"767\" data-end=\"783\">2. Hardening<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"1048\"><li data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"844\"><p data-start=\"786\" data-end=\"844\"><strong data-start=\"786\" data-end=\"798\">Purpose:<\/strong> Develops high hardness and wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"845\" data-end=\"989\"><p data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"861\"><strong data-start=\"847\" data-end=\"859\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"989\"><li data-start=\"864\" data-end=\"913\"><p data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"913\">Austenitize at <strong data-start=\"881\" data-end=\"910\">1010\u20131075\u00b0C (1850\u20131970\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"989\"><p data-start=\"918\" data-end=\"989\">Quench in <strong data-start=\"928\" data-end=\"942\">oil or air<\/strong> (depending on part size) to form martensite.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1048\"><p data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1048\"><strong data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1003\">Result:<\/strong> Achieves <strong data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1045\">high hardness (up to 60 HRC)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1050\" data-end=\"1053\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1075\"><strong data-start=\"1059\" data-end=\"1075\">3. Tempering<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1395\"><li data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1162\"><p data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1162\"><strong data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1090\">Purpose:<\/strong> Reduces brittleness and relieves stresses while maintaining hardness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1163\" data-end=\"1305\"><p data-start=\"1165\" data-end=\"1179\"><strong data-start=\"1165\" data-end=\"1177\">Process:<\/strong><\/p><ul data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1305\"><li data-start=\"1182\" data-end=\"1275\"><p data-start=\"1184\" data-end=\"1275\">Heat to <strong data-start=\"1192\" data-end=\"1217\">150\u2013370\u00b0C (300\u2013700\u00b0F)<\/strong> depending on desired balance of hardness and toughness.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1278\" data-end=\"1305\"><p data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1305\">Hold and then air cool.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1395\"><p data-start=\"1308\" data-end=\"1395\">Multiple tempering cycles may be applied for <strong data-start=\"1353\" data-end=\"1392\">dimensional stability and toughness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1400\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1402\" data-end=\"1426\"><strong data-start=\"1406\" data-end=\"1426\">4. Stress Relief<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1427\" data-end=\"1600\"><li data-start=\"1427\" data-end=\"1534\"><p data-start=\"1429\" data-end=\"1534\">Optional stress-relief treatments may be applied <strong data-start=\"1478\" data-end=\"1508\">after machining or welding<\/strong> to minimize distortion.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1600\"><p data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1600\">Typical stress-relief temperature: <strong data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1597\">150\u2013370\u00b0C (300\u2013700\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1605\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1607\" data-end=\"1655\"><strong data-start=\"1611\" data-end=\"1655\">5. Surface Treatment Post Heat-Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1765\"><li data-start=\"1656\" data-end=\"1765\"><p data-start=\"1658\" data-end=\"1765\">Polishing, passivation, or coating may be applied to <strong data-start=\"1711\" data-end=\"1743\">improve corrosion resistance<\/strong> and surface finish.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1767\" data-end=\"1770\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1772\" data-end=\"1826\"><strong data-start=\"1776\" data-end=\"1826\">6. Applications Benefiting from Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1960\"><li data-start=\"1827\" data-end=\"1870\"><p data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"1870\">Bearings, rollers, and valve components<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1871\" data-end=\"1893\"><p data-start=\"1873\" data-end=\"1893\">Cutlery and knives<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1894\" data-end=\"1929\"><p data-start=\"1896\" data-end=\"1929\">Wear-resistant mechanical parts<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1930\" data-end=\"1960\"><p data-start=\"1932\" data-end=\"1960\">Precision industrial tools<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1962\" data-end=\"1965\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"1982\"><strong data-start=\"1971\" data-end=\"1982\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1983\" data-end=\"2366\">Heat treatment of 440C stainless steel involves <strong data-start=\"2031\" data-end=\"2165\">annealing for machining, hardening for maximum strength and wear resistance, and tempering for toughness and dimensional stability<\/strong>. Proper heat treatment allows 440C to reach its <strong data-start=\"2214\" data-end=\"2286\">optimum hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2308\" data-end=\"2363\">bearings, precision tools, and high-wear components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9476\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9476\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9476\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8833c7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"d8833c7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1efd30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1efd30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"103\" data-end=\"149\"><strong data-start=\"106\" data-end=\"149\">Heat Resistance of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"151\" data-end=\"463\"><strong data-start=\"151\" data-end=\"175\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"181\" data-end=\"224\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"239\" data-end=\"308\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. While it excels in mechanical strength and wear properties, its <strong data-start=\"374\" data-end=\"404\">heat resistance is limited<\/strong> compared to austenitic stainless steels like <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\">316<\/a>.<\/p><hr data-start=\"465\" data-end=\"468\" \/><h3 data-start=\"470\" data-end=\"499\"><strong data-start=\"474\" data-end=\"499\">1. Temperature Limits<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"803\"><li data-start=\"500\" data-end=\"574\"><p data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"574\"><strong data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"525\">Continuous service:<\/strong> Up to approximately <strong data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"571\">150\u2013200\u00b0C (300\u2013390\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"575\" data-end=\"666\"><p data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"666\"><strong data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"603\">Intermittent exposure:<\/strong> Can tolerate slightly higher temperatures for short periods.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"667\" data-end=\"803\"><p data-start=\"669\" data-end=\"803\">Prolonged exposure to higher temperatures may cause <strong data-start=\"721\" data-end=\"774\">softening, loss of hardness, or tempering effects<\/strong>, reducing wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"805\" data-end=\"808\" \/><h3 data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"841\"><strong data-start=\"814\" data-end=\"841\">2. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"1054\"><li data-start=\"842\" data-end=\"905\"><p data-start=\"844\" data-end=\"905\">Resists <strong data-start=\"852\" data-end=\"902\">mild oxidation at low to moderate temperatures<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"906\" data-end=\"971\"><p data-start=\"908\" data-end=\"971\">Not suitable for <strong data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"968\">high-temperature oxidizing environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"972\" data-end=\"1054\"><p data-start=\"974\" data-end=\"1054\">Surface scaling can occur if exposed to temperatures above recommended limits.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1059\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1061\" data-end=\"1103\"><strong data-start=\"1065\" data-end=\"1103\">3. Effect on Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1335\"><li data-start=\"1104\" data-end=\"1225\"><p data-start=\"1106\" data-end=\"1225\">Elevated temperatures can <strong data-start=\"1132\" data-end=\"1172\">reduce hardness and tensile strength<\/strong> due to <strong data-start=\"1180\" data-end=\"1222\">tempering of the martensitic structure<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1226\" data-end=\"1335\"><p data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1335\">Care must be taken to <strong data-start=\"1250\" data-end=\"1278\">avoid prolonged exposure<\/strong> above the tempering range to maintain wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1337\" data-end=\"1340\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1342\" data-end=\"1365\"><strong data-start=\"1346\" data-end=\"1365\">4. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1366\" data-end=\"1612\"><li data-start=\"1366\" data-end=\"1431\"><p data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1431\">Bearings and rollers in <strong data-start=\"1392\" data-end=\"1429\">moderate-temperature environments<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1432\" data-end=\"1484\"><p data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1484\">Precision components in <strong data-start=\"1458\" data-end=\"1482\">industrial machinery<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1485\" data-end=\"1554\"><p data-start=\"1487\" data-end=\"1554\">Cutlery and knives not exposed to high cooking or industrial heat<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1555\" data-end=\"1612\"><p data-start=\"1557\" data-end=\"1612\">Valve and mechanical parts with limited heat exposure<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1617\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1619\" data-end=\"1654\"><strong data-start=\"1623\" data-end=\"1654\">5. Practical Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"2066\"><li data-start=\"1655\" data-end=\"1763\"><p data-start=\"1657\" data-end=\"1763\">440C is primarily designed for <strong data-start=\"1688\" data-end=\"1725\">wear resistance and high hardness<\/strong>, not high-temperature applications.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1950\"><p data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1950\">For applications involving <strong data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1818\">elevated temperatures<\/strong>, consider <strong data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"1875\">martensitic or austenitic stainless steels<\/strong> specifically designed for heat resistance (e.g., 410, 420, 309, or 310).<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1951\" data-end=\"2066\"><p data-start=\"1953\" data-end=\"2066\">Post-fabrication polishing and surface treatment help <strong data-start=\"2007\" data-end=\"2063\">reduce oxidation at moderately elevated temperatures<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"2068\" data-end=\"2071\" \/><h3 data-start=\"2073\" data-end=\"2088\"><strong data-start=\"2077\" data-end=\"2088\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"2089\" data-end=\"2440\">440C stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"2114\" data-end=\"2141\">limited heat resistance<\/strong>, suitable for <strong data-start=\"2156\" data-end=\"2193\">moderate-temperature applications<\/strong> where hardness and wear resistance are critical. It is ideal for <strong data-start=\"2259\" data-end=\"2312\">bearings, cutting tools, and precision components<\/strong> operating below approximately 200\u00b0C, but prolonged high-temperature exposure can <strong data-start=\"2394\" data-end=\"2437\">soften the steel and reduce performance<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-9477\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-9477\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-9477\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5acfb0a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5acfb0a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-77d6a1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"77d6a1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"99\" data-end=\"141\"><strong data-start=\"102\" data-end=\"141\">Hot Working of 440C Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"479\"><strong data-start=\"143\" data-end=\"167\">440C stainless steel<\/strong> is a <strong data-start=\"173\" data-end=\"216\">high-carbon martensitic stainless steel<\/strong> known for its <strong data-start=\"231\" data-end=\"300\">high hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Hot working is possible, but due to its <strong data-start=\"342\" data-end=\"391\">high carbon content and martensitic structure<\/strong>, it requires careful temperature control to avoid cracking or excessive grain growth.<\/p><hr data-start=\"481\" data-end=\"484\" \/><h3 data-start=\"486\" data-end=\"524\"><strong data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"524\">1. Hot Working Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"782\"><li data-start=\"525\" data-end=\"611\"><p data-start=\"527\" data-end=\"611\">Hot working is generally performed in the <strong data-start=\"569\" data-end=\"591\">annealed condition<\/strong> before hardening.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"612\" data-end=\"706\"><p data-start=\"614\" data-end=\"706\">Allows <strong data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"665\">forging, rolling, extrusion, and shaping<\/strong> of components with large deformations.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"782\"><p data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"782\">Reduces work hardening compared to cold working, making shaping easier.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"787\" \/><h3 data-start=\"789\" data-end=\"829\"><strong data-start=\"793\" data-end=\"829\">2. Recommended Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"1084\"><li data-start=\"830\" data-end=\"898\"><p data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"898\"><strong data-start=\"832\" data-end=\"866\">Hot working (forging\/rolling):<\/strong> <strong data-start=\"867\" data-end=\"895\">980\u20131150\u00b0C (1800\u20132100\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"1012\"><p data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"1012\">Avoid overheating above <strong data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"935\">1150\u00b0C<\/strong> to prevent <strong data-start=\"947\" data-end=\"963\">grain growth<\/strong> that can reduce toughness and wear resistance.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1013\" data-end=\"1084\"><p data-start=\"1015\" data-end=\"1084\">Controlled cooling is essential to <strong data-start=\"1050\" data-end=\"1081\">maintain desired properties<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1086\" data-end=\"1089\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1112\"><strong data-start=\"1095\" data-end=\"1112\">3. Advantages<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1311\"><li data-start=\"1113\" data-end=\"1173\"><p data-start=\"1115\" data-end=\"1173\">Facilitates the formation of <strong data-start=\"1144\" data-end=\"1170\">large or complex parts<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1174\" data-end=\"1229\"><p data-start=\"1176\" data-end=\"1229\">Reduces residual stresses compared to cold working.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1311\"><p data-start=\"1232\" data-end=\"1311\">Provides a <strong data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1269\">uniform microstructure<\/strong> when followed by proper heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1313\" data-end=\"1316\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1318\" data-end=\"1340\"><strong data-start=\"1322\" data-end=\"1340\">4. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1674\"><li data-start=\"1341\" data-end=\"1447\"><p data-start=\"1343\" data-end=\"1447\">Surface scaling may occur at high temperatures, requiring <strong data-start=\"1401\" data-end=\"1427\">descaling or polishing<\/strong> after processing.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1571\"><p data-start=\"1450\" data-end=\"1571\">Not suitable for strengthening by heat treatment alone; final hardness requires <strong data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1568\">subsequent hardening and tempering<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1572\" data-end=\"1674\"><p data-start=\"1574\" data-end=\"1674\">Requires <strong data-start=\"1583\" data-end=\"1602\">skilled control<\/strong> of temperature and deformation rates to avoid cracking or distortion.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1676\" data-end=\"1679\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1681\" data-end=\"1704\"><strong data-start=\"1685\" data-end=\"1704\">5. Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1912\"><li data-start=\"1705\" data-end=\"1768\"><p data-start=\"1707\" data-end=\"1768\">Forged or rolled parts requiring <strong data-start=\"1740\" data-end=\"1766\">precision and strength<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1769\" data-end=\"1823\"><p data-start=\"1771\" data-end=\"1823\">Bearings, valve components, and industrial tooling<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1824\" data-end=\"1869\"><p data-start=\"1826\" data-end=\"1869\">Cutlery and knives (pre-hardened shaping)<\/p><\/li><li data-start=\"1870\" data-end=\"1912\"><p data-start=\"1872\" data-end=\"1912\">Wear-resistant components in machinery<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr data-start=\"1914\" data-end=\"1917\" \/><h3 data-start=\"1919\" data-end=\"1934\"><strong data-start=\"1923\" data-end=\"1934\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p data-start=\"1935\" data-end=\"2303\">440C stainless steel can be <strong data-start=\"1963\" data-end=\"1989\">hot worked effectively<\/strong> in the <strong data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2019\">annealed condition<\/strong> to form complex or large components. Proper temperature control and post-processing <strong data-start=\"2104\" data-end=\"2122\">heat treatment<\/strong> are essential to achieve its <strong data-start=\"2152\" data-end=\"2215\">maximum hardness, wear resistance, and dimensional accuracy<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2237\" data-end=\"2300\">bearings, cutting tools, and high-wear precision components<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Martensitic 440C Stainless Steel (S44004) Bar A martensitic stainless steel with the highest carbon content in the 400 series. 440C stainless steel is a member of the 400 series of stainless steels. It has the highest carbon content among them. It is capable of attaining, after heat treatment, the highest strength, hardness and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2569,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2568","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2568"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2568\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2569"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2568"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2568"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2568"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}