{"id":3928,"date":"2025-11-26T19:53:49","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T11:53:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=3928"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:10:30","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:10:30","slug":"astm-a815-s31803-s32205","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/astm-a815-s31803-s32205\/","title":{"rendered":"ASTM A815 (S31803\/S32205)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3928\" class=\"elementor elementor-3928\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-921516e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"921516e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4225e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4225e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Duplex\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e8b7eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e8b7eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ASTM A815 (S31803\/S32205)\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99ab3ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99ab3ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A duplex stainless steel with a microstructure of 50:50 austenite and ferrite.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c0e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32c0e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/astm-a815-s31803-s32205\/\">ASTM A815 \/ UNS S31803<\/a> refers to duplex stainless steel pipe fittings made from grade <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/astm-a815-s31803-s32205\/\">S31803 (2205)<\/a> \u2013 a ferritic\u2013austenitic (duplex) stainless steel with about 22% Cr, 5\u20136% Ni, 3% Mo and nitrogen, offering high strength and excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking, pitting and crevice corrosion.<\/p><p>Duplex stainless steels are extremely corrosion resistant, work hardenable alloys. Their microstructures consist of a mixture of austenite and ferrite phases. As a result, duplex stainless steels display properties characteristic of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. This combination of properties can mean some compromise when compared with pure austenitic and pure ferritic grades.<\/p><p>Duplex stainless steels are in most cases, tougher than ferritic stainless steels. Strengths of duplex stainless steels can in some cases be double that for austenitic stainless steels.<\/p><p>Whilst duplex stainless steels are considered resistant to stress corrosion cracking, they are not as resistant to this form of attack as ferritic stainless steels. However, the corrosion resistance of the least resistant duplex stainless steels is greater than that for the most commonly used grades of stainless steels, i.e. <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\">316<\/a>.<\/p><p>Duplex steels are also magnetic, a property that can be used to easily differentiate them from common austenitic grades of stainless.<\/p><p>Property data given in this document is typical for flat rolled products covered by ASTM A240\/A240M. ASTM, EN or other standards may cover products sold. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this datasheet.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f75670 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f75670\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ff447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"25ff447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1609203 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1609203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c83d9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f9c83d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa7b70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fa7b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b21672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b21672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41da24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41da24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S31803\/S32205  Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96f1079 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"96f1079\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-215\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"12\"\n           data-wpID=\"215\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31803                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Common Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2205 duplex                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4462                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X2CrNiMoN22-5-3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A182                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        F51 (forgings, flanges)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2205 (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276 \/ A479                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2205 \/ S31803 (bars, shapes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A789 \/ A790                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31803 (duplex tubes \/ pipes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A815                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        WPS S31803 duplex pipe fittings                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB \/ China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        022Cr22Ni5Mo3N (duplex 2205 equivalent)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS329J3L (2205 \/ S31803 family)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-215'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-FF1100 { background-color: #FF1100 !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8c765 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1d8c765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d341ebc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d341ebc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20cf1e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"20cf1e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467fbc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"467fbc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa1e8d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"aa1e8d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-218\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"218\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        21.00 - 23.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.02                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4.50 - 6.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.08 - 0.20                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.50 - 3.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-218'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d978f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d978f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc21de elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1cc21de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-217\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"217\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        450 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        620 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        25 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        290 Max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-217'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ba096 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2ba096\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d403fd2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d403fd2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-216\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"216\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.805 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        13.7 x10^-6\u00a0\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        19.0 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.85 x10^-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-216'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f07a20 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"9f07a20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f7abc e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11f7abc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d097ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d097ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ae170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ae170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Applications of ASTM A815 \/ S31803 (2205 Duplex) Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>ASTM A815 \/ S31803 covers <strong>duplex stainless steel butt-weld fittings<\/strong> (such as elbows, tees, reducers, caps and stub-ends) manufactured in 2205 duplex. These fittings combine <strong>high strength (\u22482\u00d7 304\/316)<\/strong> with <strong>excellent resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, making them ideal for demanding piping systems.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Chemical and Petrochemical Process Piping<\/strong><\/h3><p>ASTM A815 S31803 fittings are widely used in aggressive chemical services where 304\/316 are at their limit:<\/p><ul><li><p>Process and transfer lines handling chloride-bearing or mildly acidic media<\/p><\/li><li><p>Header, manifold and branch connections on reactors, towers and scrubbers<\/p><\/li><li><p>Pump suction\/discharge spools, by-pass lines and instrument connections<\/p><\/li><li><p>Places where <strong>pitting\/crevice corrosion and SCC<\/strong> are concerns, but nickel alloys would be too costly<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Oil &amp; Gas, Offshore and Subsea Systems<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex fittings to ASTM A815 are a standard choice for high-load, corrosive oil &amp; gas environments:<\/p><ul><li><p>Topside and subsea <strong>flowlines, manifolds and water-injection systems<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Produced-water, seawater lift and firewater lines exposed to warm chlorides<\/p><\/li><li><p>High-pressure piping spools, riser tie-ins and gathering systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Valve, pump and separator connections where <strong>strength + SCC resistance<\/strong> are critical<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Desalination, Water and Wastewater Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><p>In water treatment and desalination plants, S31803 duplex fittings offer long-life performance:<\/p><ul><li><p>High-pressure RO and thermal desalination piping systems (feed, brine and product lines)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Seawater intake\/discharge lines and chlorinated cooling-water systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Clarifier, filter and contact-tank headers, distribution and collection lines<\/p><\/li><li><p>Wastewater treatment plant piping in <strong>saline or industrial effluent<\/strong> environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Pulp, Paper and Bleach Plant Piping<\/strong><\/h3><p>The combination of strength, chloride resistance and SCC resistance makes 2205 fittings attractive in pulp and paper service:<\/p><ul><li><p>White, green and black liquor headers and branch connections<\/p><\/li><li><p>Bleach plant piping where <strong>chloride + oxidizing conditions<\/strong> would damage 316L<\/p><\/li><li><p>Evaporator, washer and filtrate lines exposed to hot, corrosive liquors<\/p><\/li><li><p>Areas subject to <strong>corrosion\u2013fatigue<\/strong> from flow, vibration and pressure cycling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Marine, Coastal and Structural Pipework<\/strong><\/h3><p>ASTM A815 S31803 fittings are used in marine and structural systems exposed to seawater and spray:<\/p><ul><li><p>Shipboard seawater cooling, ballast and firewater piping systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Offshore platform utility and service lines in splash and tidal zones<\/p><\/li><li><p>Coastal and port facility piping where <strong>de-icing salts or seawater<\/strong> are present<\/p><\/li><li><p>Structural or handrail piping where higher strength and corrosion resistance than 316L are required<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Power Generation and General Industrial Service<\/strong><\/h3><p>In power and general industry, 2205 duplex fittings provide a robust upgrade over 304\/316 and carbon steel:<\/p><ul><li><p>Cooling-water and service-water systems in fossil, nuclear and renewable power plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>FGD (flue gas desulfurization) absorber, recycle and slurry lines where chlorides are present<\/p><\/li><li><p>High-strength process and utility piping in mining, fertilizer and general industrial plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>Any situation where designers want <strong>thinner walls \/ lighter fittings<\/strong> without sacrificing pressure capability or corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>ASTM A815 \/ S31803 (2205 duplex) stainless steel fittings are widely used in <strong>chemical and petrochemical plants, oil &amp; gas (onshore\/offshore), desalination and water treatment, pulp and paper, marine and coastal installations, power generation and general industrial piping<\/strong> wherever systems require <strong>high-strength, weldable stainless fittings with much better pitting, crevice and chloride SCC resistance than 304\/316<\/strong>, while still avoiding the cost and complexity of nickel-based alloys.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd8c14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dd8c14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46ca31f elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"46ca31f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3733b64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3733b64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Characteristics of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) is a duplex (austenite + ferrite) stainless steel used for <strong>butt-weld fittings<\/strong> under ASTM A815 (elbows, tees, reducers, caps, etc.). It combines <strong>high strength, excellent localized corrosion resistance and good weldability<\/strong>, making it a workhorse material for demanding piping systems.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Duplex Microstructure and Standardization<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Approximately <strong>50% ferrite \/ 50% austenite<\/strong> in the solution-annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex structure provides a balance of:<\/p><ul><li><p>High yield strength<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Strong resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>ASTM A815 S31803 fittings are produced and tested to <strong>pressure-piping and corrosion-resistant service standards<\/strong>, ensuring good consistency in microstructure and properties.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. High Yield Strength and Wall-Thickness Efficiency<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Yield strength is typically <strong>about twice that of 304L \/ 316L<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Enables:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Thinner fitting walls<\/strong> for the same pressure rating (subject to code rules).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Lighter piping systems and reduced support loads.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Especially valuable in high-pressure or large-diameter systems where weight and space are critical.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Corrosion Resistance in Chloride Media<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Better resistance than 304L \/ 316L to:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Pitting corrosion<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Crevice corrosion<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Well suited to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Seawater, brackish water and chlorinated cooling water<\/p><\/li><li><p>Many chloride-bearing chemical and process streams<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct pickling\/passivation and good surface finish on fittings are important to fully realize this corrosion performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Weldability and Fabrication of Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 duplex is <strong>readily weldable<\/strong>, provided duplex-specific procedures are used:<\/p><ul><li><p>Controlled heat input and interpass temperature<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex or over-alloyed austenitic filler metals<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>ASTM A815 S31803 fittings are designed for:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Butt welding to matching pipe and components<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Good weld soundness and HAZ toughness when proper procedures are followed<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct welding keeps the ferrite\u2013austenite balance and preserves corrosion resistance at the welds.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Toughness, Fatigue and Service Reliability<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Toughness is lower than fully austenitic grades but <strong>adequate for most pressure and structural duties<\/strong> when microstructure is correct.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex structure gives good <strong>fatigue and corrosion-fatigue performance<\/strong>, important in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Pump, compressor and rotating-equipment piping<\/p><\/li><li><p>Systems subject to vibration, pressure cycling and flow-induced loading<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>When combined with good design and support, fittings offer <strong>long, reliable service life<\/strong> in demanding systems.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Dimensional Accuracy, Pressure Integrity and Standards Compliance<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>ASTM A815 sets requirements for:<\/p><ul><li><p>Chemical composition and mechanical properties<\/p><\/li><li><p>Heat treatment (solution annealed)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Nondestructive examination and pressure-related quality controls (where specified by grade\/class)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Fittings are manufactured with <strong>controlled dimensions, wall thickness and end preparation<\/strong>, making them:<\/p><ul><li><p>Suitable for <strong>code piping systems<\/strong> (e.g. ASME\/EN pressure design)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Compatible with standard duplex pipes, flanges and valves.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>7. Physical Properties and Magnetism<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Higher <strong>elastic modulus<\/strong> and lower <strong>thermal expansion<\/strong> than 304\/316:<\/p><ul><li><p>Improved dimensional stability under load and temperature changes<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p><strong>Magnetic<\/strong> in all conditions due to ferrite phase (unlike annealed 300-series).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Thermal conductivity slightly higher than austenitic grades, beneficial for some heat-transfer and thermal-cycling applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex stainless steel fittings combine a <strong>duplex microstructure, high yield strength, excellent resistance to pitting\/crevice attack and chloride SCC, good weldability with duplex-appropriate procedures, and robust dimensional\/pressure integrity<\/strong>, making them a preferred choice for high-reliability piping systems in chemical, petrochemical, oil &amp; gas, desalination, water treatment, pulp &amp; paper, marine and other chloride-exposed industrial applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3e020 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7a3e020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398ba8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"398ba8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f273836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"f273836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9c5ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9c5ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f22bda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f22bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Weldability of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel fittings to ASTM A815 are <strong>readily weldable butt-weld components<\/strong>, but\u2014like all duplex steels\u2014they require <strong>duplex-specific welding procedures<\/strong> to maintain correct ferrite\u2013austenite balance, toughness and high corrosion resistance in the weld and heat-affected zone.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Weldability Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Designed for <strong>butt welding<\/strong> to matching duplex pipe and components.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Weldable with all common stainless processes, but with a <strong>narrower process window<\/strong> than 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Key control targets:<\/p><ul><li><p>Maintain a <strong>balanced duplex structure<\/strong> in weld metal and HAZ.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid formation of <strong>intermetallic phases<\/strong> (e.g. sigma) from excessive heat input.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Preserve <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> at and near welds.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Suitable Welding Processes for ASTM A815 Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Common processes:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>GTAW (TIG)<\/strong> \u2013 ideal for root passes on pipe\u2013fitting joints and for thinner wall sections.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>GMAW (MIG\/MAG)<\/strong> \u2013 widely used for production welding of duplex piping systems.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>SMAW (manual stick)<\/strong> \u2013 often used on site and for repairs with duplex electrodes.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>FCAW<\/strong> \u2013 used in shop fabrication with duplex flux-cored wires.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Autogenous welding (no filler) should be <strong>avoided except for very thin sections<\/strong>; filler composition is important to match corrosion resistance and phase balance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Filler Metal Selection and Matching<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Use <strong>duplex filler metals<\/strong> designed for 2205-type alloys, giving:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Pitting resistance<\/strong> at least equal to, preferably higher than, the S31803 base metal.<\/p><\/li><li><p>A suitable <strong>ferrite\u2013austenite ratio<\/strong> in the weld metal after cooling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For dissimilar joints (e.g. duplex fitting to austenitic pipe):<\/p><ul><li><p>Over-alloyed austenitic fillers may be used, but weld metal must still meet <strong>strength and corrosion<\/strong> requirements of the system.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Heat Input, Interpass Temperature and Cooling<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Moderate heat input<\/strong> is critical:<\/p><ul><li><p>Too low \u2192 high ferrite content, reduced toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Too high \/ too slow cooling \u2192 increased risk of <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Follow a <strong>qualified heat-input window<\/strong> for duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Limit <strong>interpass temperature<\/strong> and avoid overheating thick multi-pass joints.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow welds to <strong>cool in still air<\/strong>; no quench required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Joint Design, Root Quality and Shielding<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Butt-weld fittings (elbows, tees, reducers, caps):<\/p><ul><li><p>Prepared with standard pipe bevels for full-penetration welds.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Require correct <strong>root gap, alignment and fit-up<\/strong> to avoid lack of fusion or excessive penetration.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Root quality and shielding:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use inert-gas <strong>back purging<\/strong> on pipe\u2013fitting joints to prevent heavy oxidation on the internal root.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good shielding on the face side prevents loss of chromium\/nitrogen and protects pitting resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Weld Properties and Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>With correct procedures, welds on S31803 fittings provide:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>High strength<\/strong>, typically comparable to or above austenitic stainless welds.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adequate <strong>toughness<\/strong> for pressure and structural service.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> close to that of the base metal in chloride environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor welding (wrong filler, excessive heat input, poor shielding) can lead to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Ferrite-rich or intermetallic-containing HAZ\/weld metal with <strong>low toughness<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Noticeably worse <strong>pitting\/crevice resistance<\/strong> at and near welds\u2014critical in seawater and chemical service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>7. Post-Weld Heat Treatment and Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Normally, <strong>no post-weld heat treatment (PWHT)<\/strong> is applied to 2205 duplex fittings; properties are controlled through welding parameters.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Standard carbon-steel stress-relief cycles are <strong>not suitable<\/strong> and may damage duplex properties.<\/p><\/li><li><p>After welding:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove <strong>slag, spatter, heat tint and oxide scale<\/strong> by grinding or mechanical cleaning.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use appropriate <strong>pickling and\/or passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean, chromium-rich passive film.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Smooth internal and external weld profiles are particularly important in <strong>flowing, chloride-containing service<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex stainless steel fittings have <strong>good weldability for butt-weld piping systems<\/strong>, provided you use duplex-appropriate filler metals, control heat input and interpass temperature, ensure high-quality root shielding and joint preparation, and thoroughly clean and passivate welds; with these measures, welds maintain the high strength, toughness and excellent chloride-corrosion resistance that make 2205 duplex fittings the preferred choice for demanding process and seawater piping.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"667c3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6d094b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6d094b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Fabrication of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>ASTM A815 S31803 fittings (2205 duplex elbows, tees, reducers, caps, etc.) are supplied in the <strong>solution-annealed and pickled<\/strong> condition. Fabrication mainly involves <strong>fit-up, machining of ends, welding into pipe spools, and surface finishing<\/strong>, all done with duplex-appropriate practices.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Fabrication Approach<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Fittings are delivered with:<\/p><ul><li><p>Correct <strong>wall thickness and bevels<\/strong> for butt welding.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Solution-annealed<\/strong> duplex microstructure and cleaned surfaces.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In normal shop\/field work, you will:<\/p><ul><li><p>Align and fit fittings to pipe and other components.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Make any necessary <strong>minor machining\/facing<\/strong> of weld ends.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Weld using <strong>duplex welding procedures<\/strong> and then clean\/passivate the weld area.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>No further bulk heat treatment is usually required after supply.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Forming and Cold Working of Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>ASTM A815 fittings are typically <strong>factory-formed<\/strong>; additional heavy forming on site is uncommon.<\/p><\/li><li><p>If any further cold work is applied (small adjustments, slight reshaping):<\/p><ul><li><p>Remember 2205 has <strong>higher yield strength and lower ductility<\/strong> than 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>moderate deformation only<\/strong>, with generous radii to avoid cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Heavy re-forming of finished fittings is not recommended; if unavoidable, it may require <strong>re-qualification or fresh solution annealing<\/strong> by the manufacturer.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Machining, End Preparation and Fit-Up<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Machining operations are usually limited to:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Facing<\/strong> ends to length.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adjusting <strong>bevel angle \/ land<\/strong> to match piping specs.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Light boring or profiling for alignment or flow profile.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Duplex machinability is <strong>more demanding than 304\/316<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>carbide tools<\/strong>, rigid setups and moderate speeds with adequate feed.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide <strong>plenty of coolant<\/strong> and chip breaking for tough duplex chips.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Fit-up:<\/p><ul><li><p>Ensure proper <strong>root gap, alignment and high-low control<\/strong> to avoid lack of fusion or excessive mismatch.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use clamps\/fixtures strong enough for the higher strength of 2205.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Welding Within Piping Spools<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Fittings are designed for <strong>butt welding<\/strong> into duplex or compatible piping systems.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Key points (in addition to the Weldability section):<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>qualified duplex WPS\/PQR<\/strong> for each joint type and thickness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Control <strong>heat input and interpass temperature<\/strong> within duplex limits.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use duplex or over-alloyed austenitic <strong>filler metals<\/strong> suitable for 2205.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Practical spool build sequence:<\/p><ul><li><p>Tack and check alignment \u2192 weld in controlled passes \u2192 inspect (NDE as required) \u2192 then finalize supports and external attachments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Surface Cleaning, Pickling and Passivation<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>To achieve full 2205 corrosion resistance, all fabricated areas must be <strong>properly cleaned<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove <strong>slag, spatter and heat tint<\/strong> from welds and HAZ by grinding or brushing.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Where appropriate, perform <strong>pickling (or high-quality mechanical cleaning) and passivation<\/strong> to rebuild a clean chromium-rich passive film.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Smooth internal surfaces and weld profiles are especially important in:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Seawater, brine and chemical service<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>High-velocity or crevice-sensitive areas (reducers, tees, elbows).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Distortion, Handling and Dimensional Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 has:<\/p><ul><li><p>Higher strength and stiffness than 304\/316 \u2192 good resistance to deformation, but<\/p><\/li><li><p>Still subject to <strong>weld shrinkage and distortion<\/strong> if poorly sequenced.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>balanced welding sequences<\/strong> and adequate fixturing to keep fittings aligned.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Check <strong>angle, face-to-face distance and squareness<\/strong> after welding, especially for elbows and reducers.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid excessive local cold straightening that could over-strain small regions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex fittings are fabricated mainly by <strong>accurate fit-up, limited machining of weld ends, duplex-controlled welding and thorough post-weld cleaning\/passivation<\/strong>. When you respect the higher strength and duplex-specific welding requirements, these fittings deliver reliable geometry, weld integrity and the high corrosion performance expected in demanding process and seawater piping systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b02c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8b02c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed5ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ed5ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Hot Working of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel used in ASTM A815 fittings can be hot worked (forging, hot forming of elbows\/tees\/reducers), but temperature control, reductions and cooling are critical to preserve a good duplex (ferrite + austenite) microstructure and full corrosion resistance.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Typical hot-working \/ forging range: <strong>about 950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Start deformation <strong>towards the upper end<\/strong> of this range for best plasticity.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid working <strong>below roughly 900\u00b0C<\/strong>, where ductility falls and cracking risk increases.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Exact temperatures and soaking times should follow the <strong>specific mill data<\/strong> for the product (plate, pipe, forging stock for fittings).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Heating and Forming Practice for Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Heat stock <strong>slowly and uniformly<\/strong> through the section before heavy deformation (elbows, tees, reducers, caps).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>substantial reductions per pass<\/strong> rather than light tapping to refine the grain structure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reheat when temperature falls near the lower working limit; do <strong>not<\/strong> continue working \u201ctoo cold\u201d.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid very long soaking at the top end of the range to limit grain growth, scaling and unnecessary surface damage.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Cooling After Hot Working and Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>After hot forming, allow parts to cool in <strong>still air<\/strong> to a safe handling temperature.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For duplex 2205 fittings, a <strong>full solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> after hot working is normally required to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a balanced <strong>ferrite\u2013austenite microstructure<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Recover <strong>toughness and pitting\/crevice\/SCC resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical route:<\/p><ul><li><p>Solution anneal in the specified high-temperature range for 2205<\/p><\/li><li><p>Hold for full through-heating<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapidly cool<\/strong> (usually water quench, or very fast air for thin sections)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Surface Scale, Machining Allowance and Cleaning<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>At hot-working temperatures, 2205 develops <strong>oxide scale<\/strong> and possible surface roughening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Leave enough <strong>machining\/grinding allowance<\/strong> on forgings or pre-forms to remove:<\/p><ul><li><p>Scale<\/p><\/li><li><p>Any decarburised or mechanically damaged surface layers<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>After solution annealing, surfaces should be:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Mechanically cleaned<\/strong> (grinding, brushing, blasting) and\/or<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Pickled and passivated<\/strong><br \/>to restore a clean, metallic, chromium-rich surface for best corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Effect on Microstructure and Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Correct hot working followed by solution annealing gives:<\/p><ul><li><p>A fine, balanced <strong>duplex (ferrite + austenite)<\/strong> structure<\/p><\/li><li><p>High yield strength with good toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excellent <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> typical of 2205 duplex<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor practice (working too cold, overheating, slow cooling through intermediate temperatures) can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Coarsen grains and reduce impact toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Promote <strong>intermetallic phase formation<\/strong> (e.g. sigma), severely degrading toughness and localized corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Dimensional Control, Distortion and Cracking<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Preform shapes for elbows, tees and reducers should have:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Smooth transitions and generous radii<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoidance of sharp corners and abrupt thickness changes<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>During hot working and cooling:<\/p><ul><li><p>Support components properly to limit bending and distortion<\/p><\/li><li><p>Inspect for <strong>laps, folds, surface cracks<\/strong> before committing to solution anneal and finish machining<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Final dimensions (angles, face-to-face, squareness) are usually brought into tolerance <strong>after heat treatment<\/strong> by machining or grinding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Hot working of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex fittings should be done in a controlled <strong>\u2248950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong> range with uniform heating, substantial reductions and timely reheating, followed by <strong>solution annealing and rapid cooling plus thorough surface cleaning<\/strong>; this preserves a fine duplex microstructure, high strength, good toughness and the excellent chloride-corrosion resistance required for demanding piping systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b3e46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87b3e46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc92608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc92608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Resistance of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel fittings to ASTM A815 are designed mainly for <strong>ambient to moderately elevated temperatures in corrosive, chloride-bearing piping systems<\/strong>, not for very high-temperature or creep-critical service.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Recommended Service Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Typically used from <strong>sub-zero temperatures up to about 250\u2013300\u00b0C<\/strong> in continuous service.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Within this range, fittings retain:<\/p><ul><li><p>High <strong>yield strength<\/strong> (well above 304L\/316L)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adequate <strong>toughness<\/strong> for pressure and structural piping duties<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excellent <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> in chlorides when surfaces and welds are properly finished<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Long-term service significantly above this range is generally <strong>not recommended<\/strong> for critical corrosive applications.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Strength and Toughness at Elevated Temperatures<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>As temperature increases:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Yield and tensile strength decrease<\/strong>, but remain higher than austenitic 304L\/316L at the same temperature.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Fatigue strength<\/strong> and impact toughness are reduced, as with all steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For typical process and utility piping temperatures, 2205 fittings provide:<\/p><ul><li><p>A favourable <strong>strength-to-weight ratio<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Reliable <strong>impact performance<\/strong> when produced and welded to specification<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Behaviour in Hot Chloride and Process Environments<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex 2205 is widely used where hot <strong>seawater, brackish water or chlorinated cooling water<\/strong> is present:<\/p><ul><li><p>Much better <strong>chloride stress-corrosion cracking resistance<\/strong> than 304\/316 at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Strong resistance to <strong>localized corrosion<\/strong> (pitting\/crevice) in many hot process waters and brines.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>This makes ASTM A815 S31803 fittings suitable for:<\/p><ul><li><p>Hot cooling-water circuits<\/p><\/li><li><p>Warm seawater systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Moderately elevated-temperature chemical piping where 316L is marginal<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Microstructural Stability and Intermetallic Phases<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Like other duplex steels, 2205 is sensitive to <strong>intermetallic phase formation<\/strong> (e.g. sigma phase) and <strong>475\u00b0C-type embrittlement<\/strong> if held too long in certain intermediate temperature ranges.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Extended exposure at elevated temperatures can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Reduce <strong>impact toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Lower <strong>pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For this reason, 2205 is <strong>not chosen<\/strong> for continuous high-temperature or creep-controlled service, and fabrication heat cycles (hot working, welding, any PWHT) must respect duplex temperature limits.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Design Considerations for Elevated-Temperature Piping<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Treat ASTM A815 S31803 fittings as <strong>high-strength, corrosion-resistant components for moderate temperatures<\/strong>, not as primary high-temperature alloys.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In design you should:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>temperature-dependent allowable stresses<\/strong> from the relevant piping\/pressure code.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Keep continuous operating temperatures <strong>within the qualified range<\/strong> for 2205 in the given code\/service.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid designs that create <strong>local heat traps<\/strong> or long-term exposure in intermetallic-forming bands.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Combine correct material selection with <strong>good weld procedures and post-weld cleaning<\/strong> to maintain corrosion performance at higher service temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex stainless steel fittings offer <strong>reliable strength and excellent corrosion resistance in chloride-bearing piping systems at low to moderately elevated temperatures (up to ~250\u2013300\u00b0C)<\/strong>, with far better chloride SCC and localized-corrosion performance than 304\/316; however, they are <strong>not intended for long-term, high-temperature or creep-critical service<\/strong>, where the risk of intermetallic phase formation and property degradation becomes unacceptable and more heat-resistant alloys are required.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efea2ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efea2ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f48683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f48683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Machinability of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel used in ASTM A815 fittings has <strong>moderate but demanding machinability<\/strong>: it is clearly more difficult to machine than 304\/316 due to higher strength and work hardening, but performs well with the right tooling, parameters and setups.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Machining Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex (ferrite + austenite) structure and high yield strength \u2192<br \/><strong>higher cutting forces and tool loads<\/strong> than 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Tends to <strong>work harden<\/strong> if tools rub instead of cut (too light feed, dull tools).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Produces <strong>tough, sometimes continuous chips<\/strong>, especially in turning and boring.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Overall machinability is similar to other duplex grades and more demanding than standard austenitics.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Preferred Condition for Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>ASTM A815 fittings are supplied <strong>solution-annealed and pickled<\/strong> \u2013 this is the best condition for machining.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Typical operations on fittings include:<\/p><ul><li><p>Facing and squaring weld ends<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adjusting bevel angles\/lands<\/p><\/li><li><p>Light boring or profiling for alignment and flow control<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Avoid heavy cold work on areas that will be finish machined, as this increases surface hardness and tool wear.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Tooling and Cutting Parameters<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Use <strong>carbide tooling<\/strong> designed for stainless \/ duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Setup recommendations:<\/p><ul><li><p>Rigid machine, fixturing and toolholders to minimise chatter.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Positive or mildly positive rake geometries to reduce cutting forces.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Cutting practice (conceptually):<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Moderate speeds<\/strong>, lower than for 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Adequate feed and depth of cut<\/strong> to cut beneath any work-hardened skin.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid \u201cskimming\u201d passes that only rub and harden the surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Coolant and Chip Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex steels generate significant heat in cutting:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>plenty of coolant\/emulsion<\/strong> directed into the cutting zone.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For internal machining\/boring, ensure coolant reaches the tool tip and chips are flushed.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Chips can be long and tough:<\/p><ul><li><p>Choose inserts with effective <strong>chip breakers<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adjust feed and depth of cut to encourage <strong>chip breaking<\/strong> and prevent bird-nesting.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good chip control improves tool life, surface finish and CNC reliability.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Drilling, Boring and Facing of Fitting Ends<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Drilling \/ Boring<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Use carbide or high-quality cobalt HSS tools.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply steady feed; avoid dwelling at the bottom of holes or bores.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For deeper bores, use peck cycles for chip evacuation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p><strong>Facing \/ Bevel Adjustment<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Use rigid tooling and controlled feed to maintain <strong>square, flat faces<\/strong> and accurate bevel angles.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For weld prep, maintain consistent land thickness and surface finish to support good weld quality.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Finish and Dimensional Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>With appropriate parameters, 2205 fittings can achieve <strong>smooth, weld-ready faces and bores<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For dimensional control:<\/p><ul><li><p>Check <strong>angle, face-to-face length and squareness<\/strong> after machining, especially on elbows and reducers.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid local overheating in heavy cuts or grinding, which can introduce residual stress and slight distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use multiple controlled passes rather than one very heavy cut on thin-walled fittings.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex fittings have <strong>demanding but manageable machinability<\/strong>: treat them as a high-strength duplex alloy\u2014machine in the solution-annealed condition using rigid setups, duplex-rated carbide tools, moderate speeds with solid feeds, abundant coolant and good chip-breaking strategies\u2014to obtain accurate dimensions, clean weld-prep surfaces and reliable tool life in production of high-performance piping systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed5927 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ed5927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c5c0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c5c0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Corrosion Resistance of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel fittings to ASTM A815 offer <strong>significantly better corrosion resistance than 304L\/316L<\/strong>, especially in <strong>chloride-bearing environments<\/strong>, while also resisting chloride stress-corrosion cracking far better than austenitic grades.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Very good resistance to <strong>uniform (general) corrosion<\/strong> in many industrial, marine and process environments.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Clearly superior to 304L\/316L in most <strong>chloride-containing waters and process streams<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Well suited for long-life service in <strong>seawater, brackish water, chlorinated cooling water and many chemical plant environments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion in Chloride Media<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Higher <strong>Cr, Mo and N<\/strong> contents give 2205 a <strong>much higher pitting resistance<\/strong> than 304L\/316L.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provides strong resistance to:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Pitting corrosion<\/strong> in seawater and brine<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Crevice corrosion<\/strong> under gaskets, deposits and lap joints (assuming sensible design)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Commonly selected where 316L is at or beyond its limit for localized attack in hot or high-chloride service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex structure (ferrite + austenite) gives <strong>excellent resistance to chloride SCC<\/strong>, far better than austenitic 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In hot, aerated chlorides (warm seawater, cooling water, process brines):<\/p><ul><li><p>304\/316 can crack under tensile stress.<\/p><\/li><li><p>2205 fittings typically remain sound within their normal temperature and stress limits.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>This SCC resistance is a key reason 2205 fittings are widely used in <strong>offshore, desalination and cooling-water systems<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Performance in Chemical and Process Environments<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Good resistance in many <strong>mild to moderately aggressive acids, alkalis and salt solutions<\/strong>, especially where chlorides are present.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Frequently used in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Pulp and paper liquors (white, green, black liquors)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Many refinery, petrochemical and chemical-process streams containing chlorides<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For extremely strong acids or highly reducing environments, more highly alloyed stainless or nickel alloys may still be required; 2205 is optimised for <strong>chloride-dominated<\/strong> conditions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Welds, Heat-Affected Zones and Fabrication Effects<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>With <strong>proper duplex welding procedures<\/strong> (controlled heat input, correct filler, limited interpass temperature), welds and HAZ can have corrosion resistance <strong>close to the base metal<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Poor practice (overheating, wrong filler, inadequate shielding) can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Increase ferrite or form <strong>intermetallic phases<\/strong> (e.g. sigma) in welds\/HAZ.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Significantly reduce <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> around welds.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For critical seawater or chemical service, qualified WPS\/PQR and good QC are essential to maintain full corrosion performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Finish, Cleaning and Design Considerations<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>As with all stainless steels, the actual corrosion resistance depends strongly on <strong>surface condition<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove weld scale, heat tint, slag and contamination by grinding or blasting.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use appropriate <strong>pickling and\/or passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean, chromium-rich passive film.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Smooth, well-finished internal surfaces reduce pitting, fouling and crevice attack.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good design further improves performance:<\/p><ul><li><p>Minimise <strong>crevices, dead legs and dirt traps<\/strong> in piping layouts.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ensure proper drainage and clean-out possibilities.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid unfavourable <strong>galvanic couples<\/strong> in wet service where possible.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex stainless steel fittings provide <strong>excellent pitting and crevice corrosion resistance and markedly superior chloride SCC resistance<\/strong> compared with 304L\/316L, especially in seawater, brines and chloride-bearing process streams; when fittings and welds are fabricated with duplex-appropriate procedures and properly cleaned\/passivated, they deliver long, reliable corrosion performance in demanding industrial and marine piping systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c866eba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c866eba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63b0d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d63b0d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Treatment of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel fittings to ASTM A815 are <strong>not hardenable by quenching like martensitic steels<\/strong>. Heat treatment is mainly used to obtain or restore the correct duplex (ferrite + austenite) microstructure and to protect toughness and corrosion resistance by avoiding harmful intermetallic phases.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Heat-Treatment Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Strength comes from <strong>composition + duplex structure<\/strong>, not from martensite formation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Main practical treatments:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Solution annealing<\/strong> (the key treatment)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very limited, carefully controlled <strong>stress relief<\/strong> (rarely required)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Prolonged exposure in certain mid-temperature ranges can form <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong>, causing embrittlement and loss of corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Solution Annealing (Primary Heat Treatment)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Purpose<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a balanced <strong>ferrite\u2013austenite microstructure<\/strong> after hot working or heavy cold work.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Dissolve unwanted precipitates and recover <strong>toughness + localized corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p><strong>Typical practice (conceptual)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Heat into a high-temperature <strong>solution-annealing range<\/strong> specified for 2205.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Hold long enough for full through-heating of the section.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapidly cool<\/strong> \u2013 typically water quench (or very fast air for thinner sections).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct solution annealing + rapid cooling gives:<\/p><ul><li><p>Fine, balanced duplex structure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>High yield strength with good impact toughness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximum <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> for 2205.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Stress Relief and PWHT for Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>For ASTM A815 S31803 fittings, <strong>post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) is normally not applied<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Residual stresses are usually managed by:<\/p><ul><li><p>Proper <strong>weld sequencing and fixturing<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Good <strong>fit-up and distortion control<\/strong>, rather than by heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Conventional carbon-steel stress-relief cycles (long holds in intermediate temperature ranges) are <strong>not suitable<\/strong>; they can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Promote intermetallic phase formation<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduce toughness and localized corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>If a code or client demands stress relief, it must follow <strong>duplex-specific guidance<\/strong> and be strictly time\/temperature controlled.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Effect of Incorrect Heat Exposure<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Overheating, slow cooling or long holds in the <strong>600\u20131 000\u00b0C<\/strong> region can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Form <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong> in base metal or HAZ<\/p><\/li><li><p>Sharply reduce <strong>impact toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Lower <strong>pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance<\/strong>, especially in seawater and chloride service<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Multiple uncontrolled heat cycles do <strong>not<\/strong> increase strength and only risk <strong>property degradation<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Practical Heat-Treatment Route for Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Mill\/manufacturer:<\/p><ul><li><p>Hot work \/ form elbows, tees, reducers, caps \u2192 <strong>solution anneal + rapid cool<\/strong> \u2192 pickle\/clean \u2192 supply as <strong>solution-annealed fittings<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Fabricator \/ end user:<\/p><ul><li><p>Perform machining, fit-up and welding using <strong>duplex-qualified procedures<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>No further bulk heat treatment; just:<\/p><ul><li><p>Proper welding parameters<\/p><\/li><li><p>Thorough <strong>post-weld cleaning, pickling and passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean passive surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>For UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 duplex fittings, heat treatment is centred on <strong>high-temperature solution annealing followed by rapid cooling<\/strong> performed by the manufacturer to produce a fine, balanced duplex microstructure with high strength and excellent corrosion resistance; in service and fabrication, additional PWHT is normally avoided, and time at intermetallic-forming temperatures must be limited to prevent embrittlement and loss of pitting\/crevice and SCC resistance.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e1fde8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e1fde8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e70772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e70772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Cold Working of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803<\/strong><\/h2><p>UNS S31803 (2205) duplex stainless steel has <strong>higher strength and lower ductility than 304\/316<\/strong>, but still offers <strong>reasonable cold formability<\/strong>. For ASTM A815 fittings, cold work is usually limited to minor adjustments; heavy re-forming should be avoided unless the fitting is re-heat treated by the manufacturer.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Cold Workability<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex (ferrite + austenite) structure \u2192<br \/><strong>Higher yield strength<\/strong> and forming loads than austenitic 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ductility is lower than 300-series, but adequate for <strong>moderate bends and shape adjustments<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Not suitable for very severe deep drawing or tight-radius bending on finished fittings without special precautions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Typical Cold Work on ASTM A815 Fittings<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>In normal fabrication, cold work is usually limited to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Small <strong>end corrections<\/strong> (slight facing, alignment tweaks).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very minor <strong>angle adjustments<\/strong> on elbows or reducers.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Light <strong>straightening<\/strong> or fit-up corrections.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Fittings are already factory-formed and solution-annealed;<br \/><strong>heavy re-forming on site is not recommended<\/strong> and can invalidate material certification.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Forming Practice and Limits<\/strong><\/h3><p>If any cold forming of fittings is unavoidable:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>generous radii<\/strong> and smooth transitions; avoid sharp corners and severe local bends.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply deformation in <strong>gradual, controlled steps<\/strong>, not one heavy blow.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>smooth, well-lubricated tooling<\/strong> to reduce friction and galling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Monitor for signs of <strong>surface cracking<\/strong>, especially on the outside of bends and at welds.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Work Hardening and Residual Stresses<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 <strong>work hardens<\/strong> under cold deformation:<\/p><ul><li><p>Local strength and hardness increase.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ductility decreases in heavily strained zones.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Heavy cold work introduces <strong>high residual stresses<\/strong>, which can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Increase risk of distortion during welding.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Affect fatigue and corrosion-fatigue behaviour in service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For critical service (seawater, hot chlorides), <strong>severe local strain<\/strong> in highly loaded regions should be avoided.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Interaction with Welding and Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Cold-worked regions:<\/p><ul><li><p>Are more prone to <strong>distortion<\/strong> when welded because of stored strain energy.<\/p><\/li><li><p>May be harder to machine due to increased surface hardness.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Practical fabrication route for precise spools:<br \/><strong>Fit and (if needed) lightly adjust \u2192 Weld using duplex procedures \u2192 Light straighten \u2192 Finish machine \/ dress weld ends.<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. When Solution Annealing May Be Needed<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>If a fitting has been subjected to <strong>substantial cold re-forming<\/strong> (beyond minor adjustments):<\/p><ul><li><p>A full <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> would be needed to restore:<\/p><ul><li><p>Balanced duplex microstructure<\/p><\/li><li><p>Full toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximum pitting\/crevice\/SCC resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In practice, such heat treatment is normally done <strong>only by the manufacturer<\/strong>, not in the field; heavily re-formed fittings are often rejected and replaced instead.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Cold working of UNS S31803 (2205) \/ ASTM A815 S31803 fittings should be treated as <strong>limited, corrective forming on a high-strength duplex alloy<\/strong>: use only modest deformation with generous radii and good lubrication, avoid severe local strain in critical areas, recognise that heavy cold work raises hardness and residual stress, and rely on new or re-solution-annealed fittings rather than heavily re-forming standard solution-annealed products for demanding corrosive piping service.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Duplex ASTM A815 (S31803\/S32205) A duplex stainless steel with a microstructure of 50:50 austenite and ferrite. ASTM A815 \/ UNS S31803 refers to duplex stainless steel pipe fittings made from grade S31803 (2205) \u2013 a ferritic\u2013austenitic (duplex) stainless steel with about 22% Cr, 5\u20136% Ni, 3% Mo and nitrogen, offering high strength and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3930,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3928","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-performance-stainless-steels"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3928","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3928"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3928\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3930"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3928"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3928"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/tr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3928"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}