{"id":3743,"date":"2025-11-26T16:06:52","date_gmt":"2025-11-26T08:06:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=3743"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:14:58","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:14:58","slug":"2205-zanglamaydigan-polat-s32205","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/metals\/stainless-steel\/high-performance-stainless-steels\/2205-stainless-steel-s32205\/","title":{"rendered":"2205 zanglamaydigan po'lat (S32205)"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"3743\" class=\"elementor elementor-3743\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-921516e e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"921516e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4225e9b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4225e9b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Duplex\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e8b7eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e8b7eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2205 Stainless Steel (S32205)\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-99ab3ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"99ab3ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A duplex austenitic-ferritic chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32c0e24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32c0e24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<header id=\"overview\" class=\"header default\"><div class=\"introduction text\"><p>Duplex stainless steels are extremely corrosion resistant, work hardenable alloys. Their microstructures consist of a mixture of austenite and ferrite phases. As a result, duplex stainless steels display properties characteristic of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. This combination of properties can mean some compromise when compared with pure austenitic and pure ferritic grades.<\/p><p>Duplex stainless steels are in most cases, tougher than ferritic stainless steels. Strengths of duplex stainless steels can in some cases be double that for austenitic stainless steels.Whilst duplex stainless steels are considered resistant to stress corrosion cracking, they are not as resistant to this form of attack as ferritic stainless steels. However, the corrosion resistance of the least resistant duplex stainless steels is greater than that for the most commonly used grades of stainless steels, i.e. <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">304<\/a> and<a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/s31600-316-stainless-steel\/\"> 316.<\/a><\/p><p>Duplex steels are also magnetic, a property that can be used to easily differentiate them from common austenitic grades of stainless.<\/p><p>Property data given in this document is typical for bar products covered by EN standards. ASTM, EN or other standards may cover products sold. It is reasonable to expect specifications in these standards to be similar but not necessarily identical to those given in this datasheet.<\/p><\/div><\/header><main><section id=\"range\" class=\"content-block blowout themed grey\"><div class=\"text\">\u00a0<\/div><\/section><\/main>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f75670 e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f75670\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25ff447 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"25ff447\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1609203 elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"1609203\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9c83d9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"f9c83d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fa7b70 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6fa7b70\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c70c68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5c70c68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-167\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"2\"\n           data-wpID=\"167\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Product Form                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Imperial Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Metric Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Peeled K12                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        100mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-167'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E 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.wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8b21672 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8b21672\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-41da24a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"41da24a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">S32205 Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50742c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"50742c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-165\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"18\"\n           data-wpID=\"165\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-F71100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-F71100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-F71100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32205                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S31803                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4462                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ ISO Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe \/ ISO                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X2CrNiMoN22-5-3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2205 (UNS S32205\/S31803)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A276                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2205 (bars, S32205\/S31803)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A182                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        F51 (UNS S31803)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A182                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        F60 (UNS S32205)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A789\/A790                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32205 \/ S31803                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        022Cr22Ni5Mo3N                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S22053                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS G4303\/G4304                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS329J3L                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C14\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"13\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        318S13                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A15\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"14\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AFNOR                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B15\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"14\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        France                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C15\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"14\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Z3CND22-05Az                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A16\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"15\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GOST                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B16\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"15\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Russia                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C16\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"15\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        02Ch22N5M3 (02\u042522\u041d5\u0410\u041c3)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A17\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"16\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Trade name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B17\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"16\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C17\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"16\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SAF 2205                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A18\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"17\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Trade name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B18\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"17\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C18\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"17\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UR 45N \/ URANUS 45N                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-165'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-F71100 { background-color: #F71100 !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d8c765 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"1d8c765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e9d37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26e9d37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20cf1e3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"20cf1e3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3440\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-467fbc8 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"467fbc8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa1e8d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"aa1e8d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-168\">2205 Steel<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-168\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"11\"\n           data-wpID=\"168\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        21.00 - 23.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.02                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4.50 - 6.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.10 - 0.22                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2.50 - 3.50                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Iron (Fe)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Balance                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-168'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3441\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93d978f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"93d978f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc21de elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1cc21de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-169\">Bar Up to 160mm Dia\/Thickness<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-169\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"5\"\n           data-wpID=\"169\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        450 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        650 to 880 MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        25 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        270 Max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-169'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3442\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2ba096 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a2ba096\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2d3481 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"d2d3481\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-170\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"170\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        7.805 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Expansion                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        13.7 x10-6\/K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        200 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        19.0 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.85 x10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-170'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed4c50a elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ed4c50a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-11f7abc e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"11f7abc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d097ae e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"8d097ae\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65ae170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65ae170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Applications of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) combines <strong>high yield strength (\u22482\u00d7 304\/316)<\/strong> with <strong>excellent resistance to pitting, crevice corrosion and chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, so it\u2019s widely used anywhere 304\/316 are \u201cnot quite enough\u201d in chlorides or where higher strength is needed.<\/p><h3><strong>1. Chemical and Petrochemical Process Equipment<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Process piping and manifolds handling chloride-containing or mildly acidic media<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reactors, columns, scrubbers and absorbers where 304\/316 risk pitting or SCC<\/p><\/li><li><p>Heat-exchanger shells, channels and tube sheets in chemical plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>Agitated vessels and mixers where corrosion-fatigue resistance is important<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>2. Oil &amp; Gas, Offshore and Subsea Applications<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Topside and subsea process piping, manifolds and riser components<\/p><\/li><li><p>Separation vessels, scrubbers and produced-water handling systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Pump bodies, shafts, valves and fittings exposed to chlorides, CO\u2082 and H\u2082S (within the grade\u2019s sour-service limits)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Structural parts and hardware on offshore platforms and FPSOs subject to seawater spray and cyclic loading<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>3. Pulp, Paper and Bleaching Systems<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Digesters, bleaching towers and washers in sulfate and sulfite pulping<\/p><\/li><li><p>White, green and black liquor handling equipment and piping<\/p><\/li><li><p>Evaporators, heat exchangers and condensers in aggressive pulp liquors<\/p><\/li><li><p>Components needing both high strength and strong resistance to stress-corrosion and corrosion-fatigue in hot alkaline \/ chloride environments<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>4. Desalination, Water and Wastewater Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>High-pressure piping and vessels in RO desalination plants (feed, brine and permeate lines)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Evaporator shells, brine heaters and flash chambers in thermal desalination units<\/p><\/li><li><p>Large water storage tanks, clarifiers and structural hardware in water and wastewater plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>Sluice gates, penstocks, pump housings and other hydraulic structures exposed to brackish or seawater<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>5. Marine, Structural and Bridge Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Shipbuilding structures, decks, ramps and cargo-handling hardware in splash and tidal zones<\/p><\/li><li><p>Cargo tanks and piping in chemical tankers for chlorides and mildly corrosive chemicals<\/p><\/li><li><p>Bridge components, pedestrian bridges and structural members exposed to marine atmosphere or de-icing salts<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reinforcing bars (stainless rebar) in coastal or chloride-contaminated concrete structures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>6. General Mechanical Components, Heat Exchangers and Fabrications<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>High-strength flanges, fittings, fasteners and shafts in corrosive industrial environments<\/p><\/li><li><p>Plate-and-frame or shell-and-tube heat exchangers in seawater or process-water service<\/p><\/li><li><p>Tank roofs, bottoms and stiffeners where 304\/316 lack strength or corrosion margin<\/p><\/li><li><p>Agitator shafts, couplings, supports and frames that need both strength and chloride resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel is widely used in <strong>chemical and petrochemical plant, oil &amp; gas (onshore\/offshore), pulp and paper, desalination and water treatment, marine structures, bridges and high-strength mechanical components<\/strong>, wherever designers need <strong>significantly higher strength than 304\/316 together with much better resistance to pitting, crevice attack and chloride stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, especially in seawater, brackish water and chloride-rich industrial environments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4dd8c14 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4dd8c14\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0d79cf elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d0d79cf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3733b64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3733b64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Characteristics of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) is a duplex (austenite + ferrite) grade that combines <strong>high strength<\/strong>, <strong>excellent resistance to localized corrosion in chlorides<\/strong>, and <strong>very good resistance to stress-corrosion cracking<\/strong>, making it one of the most widely used duplex alloys.<\/p><h3><strong>1. Duplex (Austenite + Ferrite) Microstructure<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Roughly <strong>50% ferrite \/ 50% austenite<\/strong> in the solution-annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex structure gives a balance of <strong>high strength, good toughness and strong SCC resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Microstructure is more stable than straight austenitic grades in warm chloride service, which helps prevent cracking and corrosion-fatigue.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>2. High Yield Strength and Structural Efficiency<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Yield strength is typically <strong>about twice that of 304L \/ 316L<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allows designers to use <strong>thinner walls and lighter sections<\/strong> for the same design load.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Particularly advantageous for <strong>tanks, pressure piping, structural members and marine hardware<\/strong> where both strength and corrosion resistance are critical.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>3. Excellent Resistance to Pitting and Crevice Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>High chromium and molybdenum plus nitrogen give a <strong>high pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN)<\/strong>, significantly higher than 304L and 316L.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very good resistance to <strong>pitting and crevice attack<\/strong> in seawater, brackish water and chloride-bearing process streams.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Suitable for desalination, offshore, pulp &amp; paper liquors and many chemical process environments where 316L would be borderline.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>4. Very Good Resistance to Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex structure makes 2205 <strong>far less susceptible to chloride SCC<\/strong> than austenitic 304\/316, especially at elevated temperatures and under tensile stress.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Widely used in services where 304\/316 have a history of SCC failures (warm chlorinated waters, coastal structures, hot process waters).<\/p><\/li><li><p>This SCC resistance is a major reason for its popularity in <strong>oil &amp; gas, desalination, cooling-water and marine<\/strong> systems.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>5. Good General Corrosion and Erosion-Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Provides <strong>good resistance to uniform corrosion<\/strong> in many acids, alkalis and industrial environments at moderate concentrations and temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Performs well under <strong>flowing, turbulent and erosive conditions<\/strong>, such as pump casings, piping, and agitator components in corrosive media.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In many real-world applications it offers a clear corrosion margin over 316L, extending service life.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>6. Toughness and Low-Temperature Performance<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Toughness is <strong>lower than austenitic grades<\/strong> but still good for most structural and pressure applications.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maintains useful impact toughness down to quite low temperatures when correctly produced and fabricated.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Toughness can be reduced if intermetallic phases form (e.g. from over-heating or improper heat treatment), so temperature control in fabrication is important.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>7. Weldability with Duplex-Specific Procedures<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 is <strong>readily weldable<\/strong>, but welding must follow <strong>duplex-specific guidelines<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Controlled heat input and interpass temperature to maintain the ferrite\u2013austenite balance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex or over-alloyed austenitic filler metals to match or exceed base-metal corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct procedures yield welds with <strong>good toughness and corrosion resistance<\/strong> close to the parent metal; poor procedures can lead to intermetallics and property loss.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>8. Mechanical and Physical Property Balance<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Higher modulus and lower thermal expansion<\/strong> than 304\/316 improve dimensional stability in structural and temperature-cycling applications.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Magnetic<\/strong> in all conditions due to the ferrite phase (unlike annealed austenitics, which are essentially non-magnetic).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good fatigue and corrosion-fatigue performance in many aqueous and marine environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel combines a <strong>duplex microstructure, high yield strength, excellent pitting\/crevice resistance, very good resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking, decent toughness and good weldability (with proper procedures)<\/strong>, making it a workhorse material for demanding chloride-containing and high-load applications where 304\/316 are not strong or corrosion-resistant enough.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a3e020 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"7a3e020\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-398ba8e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"398ba8e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f273836 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"f273836\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2540\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af9c5ec e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"af9c5ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f22bda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f22bda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Weldability of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) has <strong>good weldability<\/strong>, but\u2014like all duplex grades\u2014<strong>welding must follow duplex-specific procedures<\/strong> to preserve the correct ferrite\u2013austenite balance and maintain toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><h3><strong>1. General Weldability Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 can be welded with all common stainless-steel welding processes.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Compared with 304\/316, it is <strong>less tolerant of poor procedures<\/strong> because:<\/p><ul><li><p>Too much ferrite \u2192 reduced toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Intermetallic phase formation (from too much heat \/ slow cooling) \u2192 embrittlement and pitting susceptibility.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>When heat input, filler metal and interpass temperature are controlled, welds can match the <strong>strength and corrosion resistance<\/strong> of the base metal very closely.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>2. Suitable Welding Processes<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Commonly used processes include:<\/p><ul><li><p>GTAW (TIG) \u2013 for root passes and thin sections, excellent control.<\/p><\/li><li><p>GMAW (MIG\/MAG) \u2013 for production welding of plate, piping and structural work.<\/p><\/li><li><p>SMAW (MMA) \u2013 for site and repair welding with duplex-coated electrodes.<\/p><\/li><li><p>FCAW \u2013 for higher deposition rates in fabrication shops using duplex flux-cored wire.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Autogenous welding (no filler) is <strong>generally not recommended<\/strong> except for very thin gauges, because filler composition is important to restore the desired phase balance and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>3. Filler Metal Selection<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Filler metals are typically <strong>duplex or slightly over-alloyed austenitic<\/strong> grades designed for 2205.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Requirements for filler:<\/p><ul><li><p>Achieve a weld metal <strong>pitting resistance<\/strong> at least equal to the base metal.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Produce an appropriate <strong>ferrite\u2013austenite balance<\/strong> in weld metal after cooling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Duplex fillers specifically rated for 2205 (or with slightly higher alloy content) are preferred for most services.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Over-alloyed austenitic fillers may be used for special joints where maximum weld toughness is required, but base-metal strength and service conditions must be considered.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>4. Heat Input, Interpass Temperature and Cooling<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Moderate heat input<\/strong> is essential:<\/p><ul><li><p>Too low \u2192 excessive ferrite, low toughness, poorer corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Too high \/ too slow cooling \u2192 risk of <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong>, especially in heat-affected zones.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical practice (conceptually):<\/p><ul><li><p>Use a <strong>controlled heat-input window<\/strong> recommended for duplex steels.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Limit <strong>interpass temperature<\/strong> (often in a relatively low range) to prevent overheating and phase imbalance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Allow welds to cool in <strong>still air<\/strong>; quenching is not used.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct control ensures weld metal and HAZ keep a <strong>balanced duplex microstructure<\/strong> with good mechanical and corrosion properties.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>5. Weld Microstructure, Properties and Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Properly welded 2205 joints show:<\/p><ul><li><p>Duplex weld metal and HAZ with a suitable ferrite\u2013austenite ratio.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>High strength<\/strong>, often close to or slightly above base metal, depending on filler and procedure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good <strong>impact toughness<\/strong>, including in the transverse direction for structural and pressure applications.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Corrosion resistance (pitting, crevice, SCC) comparable to the base metal in chloride-containing environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor welding practice can cause:<\/p><ul><li><p>Ferrite-rich welds with <strong>reduced toughness<\/strong> and lower resistance to localized corrosion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Formation of intermetallic phases \u2192 <strong>embrittlement and poor pitting resistance<\/strong>, especially in the HAZ.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>6. Joint Design, Preparation and Post-Weld Cleaning<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Joint design:<\/p><ul><li><p>Avoid excessive restraint and severe notch-like geometries at weld toes.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide good access for torch, wire and subsequent cleaning\/pickling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Preparation:<\/p><ul><li><p>Clean joint faces thoroughly (remove oil, paint, rust, zinc and other contaminants).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use proper <strong>back-gouging and backing gas<\/strong> on root passes (especially for pipe and tank welding) to avoid heavy oxidation on the root.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Post-weld:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove <strong>slag, spatter and heat tint<\/strong> by grinding or pickling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use proper <strong>pickling\/passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean, chromium-rich passive film and full corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>7. Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>In most applications, <strong>no PWHT is required<\/strong> for 2205 if welding is done correctly.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Standard post-weld tempering cycles used for carbon steel are <strong>not suitable<\/strong> and can harm duplex properties.<\/p><\/li><li><p>If a specification calls for any heat treatment, it must follow <strong>duplex-specific guidance<\/strong>, as inappropriate temperatures\/time can form intermetallic phases and drastically reduce toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel has good weldability but must be welded using <strong>duplex-focused procedures<\/strong>: controlled heat input and interpass temperature, correct duplex or over-alloyed austenitic fillers, proper joint design, good root shielding and thorough post-weld cleaning are all essential to maintain a balanced duplex microstructure, high strength, good toughness and the excellent localized-corrosion and SCC resistance that make 2205 so valuable in demanding chloride-containing and high-load applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2541\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-667c3e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"667c3e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6d094b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6d094b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Fabrication of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) is a high-strength, corrosion-resistant alloy that can be fabricated successfully using standard stainless-steel shop practices, as long as <strong>duplex-specific rules<\/strong> for forming, welding and heat input are followed.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Fabrication Approach<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Supplied mainly in the <strong>solution-annealed and pickled<\/strong> condition (plate, pipe, tube, bar).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Most <strong>forming, machining and welding<\/strong> should be done in this condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Yield strength \u2248 <strong>2\u00d7 304\/316<\/strong>, so:<\/p><ul><li><p>Higher forming and cutting forces<\/p><\/li><li><p>Potential for more spring-back in bending and rolling<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Fabrication planning should integrate:<\/p><ul><li><p>Forming sequence<\/p><\/li><li><p>Welding sequence and access<\/p><\/li><li><p>Final tolerances and distortion control<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Forming and Cold Working<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 has <strong>good formability<\/strong>, but lower ductility than austenitic 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Practical guidance:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>larger bend radii<\/strong> than for 304\/316 to avoid edge cracking.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply forming in <strong>gradual steps<\/strong> with good lubrication and smooth tooling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Expect increased <strong>spring-back<\/strong>; allow for it in tooling and angles.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For severe forming (deep drawing, tight radii in thicker plate):<\/p><ul><li><p>Use trial pieces to verify radii and spring-back.<\/p><\/li><li><p>If very heavy cold work is applied, consider <strong>solution annealing<\/strong> to restore toughness and corrosion resistance for critical service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Hot Working and Heat Treatment in the Route<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Hot working (forging, hot bending\/rolling) is similar to other duplex grades:<\/p><ul><li><p>Work in an appropriate high-temperature range with sufficient reductions.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid long holds at peak temperature to limit grain growth and intermetallic formation.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>After significant hot work, a <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> is typically used to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Re-establish a balanced duplex (ferrite + austenite) microstructure<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximise toughness and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Final components are generally used in the <strong>solution-annealed condition<\/strong>, with no further PWHT after proper welding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Machinability is <strong>moderate<\/strong>, more demanding than 304\/316 due to higher strength and work hardening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good practice:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>carbide tooling<\/strong> and rigid setups.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Run <strong>moderate speeds<\/strong> with adequate feed to avoid rubbing.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Provide <strong>plenty of coolant<\/strong> for heat and chip control.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Process route:<\/p><ul><li><p>Do <strong>rough machining<\/strong> before final welding\/straightening if possible.<\/p><\/li><li><p>After all welding and solution anneal (if used), finish with <strong>light machining or grinding<\/strong> to bring parts to final size and surface finish.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Welding Within the Fabrication Process<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 is <strong>readily weldable<\/strong>, but must follow duplex procedures:<\/p><ul><li><p>Controlled <strong>heat input<\/strong> and <strong>interpass temperature<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Duplex or over-alloyed austenitic fillers<\/strong> to match or exceed base-metal corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Proper backing gas and shielding for root quality in pipe and tank welding.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Normal route:<\/p><ul><li><p>Form and fit in the solution-annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Weld with qualified duplex WPS\/PQR.<\/p><\/li><li><p>No PWHT in most cases; focus on <strong>thorough post-weld cleaning<\/strong> instead.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Cleaning, Pickling and Passivation<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>To achieve full corrosion performance, 2205 surfaces and welds must be <strong>properly cleaned<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Remove slag, spatter and heat tint by grinding, brushing or blasting.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply <strong>pickling<\/strong> (or suitable mechanical cleaning) and <strong>passivation<\/strong> as required.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Aim for smooth, defect-free surfaces, especially in chloride or crevice-sensitive service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Clean, well-finished surfaces significantly improve <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> in service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>7. Distortion, Residual Stresses and Dimensional Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Higher strength and lower thermal expansion than austenitics give <strong>good dimensional stability<\/strong>, but:<\/p><ul><li><p>Welding still introduces residual stresses.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Cold work (forming, straightening) can store significant strain.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Practical controls:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>balanced welding sequences<\/strong> and adequate fixturing.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid excessive local cold straightening in highly stressed or corrosive regions.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For critical parts, plan:<br \/><strong>Form \u2192 Weld \u2192 Straighten (light) \u2192 Finish machine \/ grind<\/strong><br \/>to lock in dimensions after major distortion sources.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel is straightforward to fabricate when treated as a <strong>high-strength duplex alloy<\/strong>: do most forming and machining in the solution-annealed condition, use duplex-specific welding procedures, and always finish with proper cleaning, pickling\/passivation and light final machining or grinding to deliver a balanced duplex microstructure, high strength, excellent corrosion resistance and reliable dimensional accuracy in demanding service.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2542\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b02c3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c8b02c3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7ed5ec0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7ed5ec0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Hot Working of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, 1.4462) can be hot worked successfully, but temperature control and cooling are critical to preserve a good ferrite\u2013austenite balance and avoid intermetallic phases.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Typical hot-working \/ forging range: <strong>about 950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Start deformation toward the <strong>upper end of the range<\/strong> for best plasticity.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Finish hot working <strong>above ~900\u00b0C<\/strong> to reduce the risk of cracking as ductility drops at lower temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Always follow the <strong>specific mill datasheet<\/strong> for the product you are using (plate, bar, forging stock).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Heating and Forging Practice<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Heat material <strong>slowly and uniformly<\/strong> through the full section before heavy deformation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use <strong>substantial reductions per pass<\/strong> rather than light tapping to refine grains and avoid banding.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reheat when the workpiece temperature approaches the <strong>lower limit<\/strong> of the working range.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid <strong>overheating or long soaking<\/strong> at the maximum temperature to limit grain growth and excessive scaling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Cooling and Subsequent Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>After hot working, cool components in <strong>still air or controlled conditions<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For heavily hot-worked sections, perform a full <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> to restore optimum properties:<\/p><ul><li><p>Heat to the recommended solution-annealing range for 2205 (per supplier spec).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Soak for full through-heating.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapidly cool<\/strong> (usually water quench or very fast air) to lock in the correct duplex microstructure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Avoid <strong>very slow cooling through the 600\u20131,000\u00b0C region<\/strong>, which can promote intermetallic phase formation and embrittlement.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Surface Scale, Machining Allowance and Cleaning<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>At hot-working temperatures, 2205 will form <strong>oxide scale<\/strong> and some surface roughness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Leave adequate <strong>machining or grinding allowance<\/strong> to remove scale and any decarburised \/ damaged surface layer.<\/p><\/li><li><p>After hot working and any solution anneal, use <strong>pickling and\/or mechanical cleaning plus passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean, metallic, chromium-rich surface for best corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Effect on Microstructure and Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Correct hot working in the proper temperature range followed by solution annealing produces a <strong>fine, balanced ferrite\u2013austenite structure<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Benefits include:<\/p><ul><li><p>Good <strong>toughness and ductility<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>High and consistent <strong>yield strength<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Excellent <strong>pitting, crevice and SCC resistance<\/strong> in service<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Poor control (working too cold, overheating, slow cooling) can cause:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Coarse grains<\/strong> and reduced toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Formation of <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong>, which seriously degrade impact toughness and localized-corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Design, Distortion and Cracking Control<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Design preforms and forgings with <strong>smooth transitions, generous radii and uniform section thickness<\/strong> to reduce internal stresses.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid sharp corners, heavy local reductions and abrupt thickness changes that can cause cracking during forging or cooling.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For long shafts, rings or complex shapes, ensure proper <strong>support and handling<\/strong> during hot working and cooling to minimise bending and distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Inspect forgings for <strong>laps, folds and surface cracks<\/strong> before committing to final heat treatment and machining.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Hot working of 2205 stainless steel should be carried out in the <strong>950\u20131,150\u00b0C<\/strong> range with uniform heating, substantial reductions and controlled air cooling, followed where necessary by <strong>solution annealing and rapid cooling<\/strong>; careful control of temperature, deformation, cooling and surface cleanup is essential to maintain a fine, balanced duplex microstructure and to achieve the high strength, toughness and excellent corrosion resistance expected from 2205 in demanding chloride-containing and high-load applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2543\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87b3e46 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"87b3e46\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc92608 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc92608\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Resistance of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) is designed mainly for <strong>ambient to moderately elevated temperature service in corrosive, chloride-bearing environments<\/strong>. It keeps its strength and corrosion resistance well at moderate temperatures, but it is <strong>not a high-temperature \/ creep-resistant alloy<\/strong>.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. Recommended Service Temperature Range<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 is typically used from <strong>sub-zero temperatures up to about 250\u2013300\u00b0C<\/strong> in continuous service.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Within this range it maintains:<\/p><ul><li><p>High yield strength (still well above 304L\/316L at the same temperature)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good toughness and corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For <strong>long-term exposure above this range<\/strong>, especially in corrosive service, duplex steels can suffer:<\/p><ul><li><p>Loss of toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduced pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><li><p>Formation of embrittling intermetallic phases<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Strength and Toughness at Elevated Temperatures<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>As temperature increases, 2205 behaves like other steels:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Yield and tensile strength decrease<\/strong>, but remain higher than 304L\/316L at the same temperature.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Fatigue strength<\/strong> drops with temperature and cyclic loading.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In the recommended range it offers:<\/p><ul><li><p>Very good <strong>strength-to-weight ratio<\/strong> for tanks, piping and structural members<\/p><\/li><li><p>Adequate <strong>impact toughness<\/strong> for most pressure and structural services<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>At temperatures held for long periods in the mid to high range, toughness can decline sharply if the microstructure is damaged by precipitates.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Hot Chloride Environments and SCC Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>A key advantage of 2205 is its <strong>excellent resistance to chloride stress-corrosion cracking (SCC)<\/strong> compared with 304\/316, especially at elevated temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In <strong>warm seawater, brackish waters and hot process waters<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>304\/316 can crack under tensile stress and chlorides<\/p><\/li><li><p>2205 usually remains resistant within its normal temperature and stress limits<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>This makes 2205 especially valuable in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Desalination plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>Cooling-water and heat-exchanger systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Offshore and marine piping and structural components<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Oxidation and Scaling Resistance<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Chromium content gives 2205 <strong>good oxidation resistance<\/strong> in air and flue-gas-type atmospheres at moderate temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>It will tolerate <strong>short-term excursions to much higher temperatures<\/strong> (for example during fabrication, heat-up\/slow-down cycles, or cleaning operations), but:<\/p><ul><li><p>Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in service are not guaranteed for continuous operation at those higher temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>For sustained high-temperature, dry-gas or furnace service, <strong>dedicated heat-resistant austenitic or nickel alloys<\/strong> are normally preferred.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Microstructural Stability and Intermetallic Phases<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex steels, including 2205, can form <strong>intermetallic phases (e.g. sigma phase)<\/strong> and experience <strong>475\u00b0C-type embrittlement<\/strong> if held too long in intermediate\/high temperature ranges.<\/p><\/li><li><p>These phases:<\/p><ul><li><p>Severely reduce <strong>impact toughness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Impair <strong>pitting and crevice-corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Can make the steel more sensitive to cracking under load<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Because of this, continuous long-term service at <strong>intermediate to high temperatures<\/strong> is limited; fabrication heat treatments and welding procedures are carefully controlled to minimise time in these temperature bands.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Design Considerations for Elevated-Temperature Service<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Treat 2205 as a <strong>high-strength, corrosion-resistant structural alloy for moderate temperatures<\/strong>, not as a creep-resistant high-temperature material.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In design you should:<\/p><ul><li><p>Keep <strong>continuous operating temperatures<\/strong> within the recommended band (typically \u2264250\u2013300\u00b0C).<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use appropriate <strong>allowable stresses<\/strong> that reflect the loss of strength with temperature.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid designs that create <strong>local heat traps<\/strong> or long exposures in intermetallic-forming temperature regimes.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Combine correct material choice with good surface finish, weld procedures and inspection intervals in hot, chloride-bearing environments.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel offers <strong>reliable heat resistance for structural and process equipment operating at moderate temperatures<\/strong>, retaining much higher strength than 304\/316 and excellent resistance to chloride SCC in warm, corrosive environments; however, it is <strong>not intended for long-term, high-temperature or creep-critical service<\/strong>, where prolonged exposure can promote intermetallic phases and property loss, and more highly alloyed heat-resistant stainless or nickel alloys should be selected instead.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2544\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-efea2ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"efea2ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f48683 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f48683\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Machinability of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, 1.4462) has <strong>moderate machinability<\/strong>: clearly more demanding than 304\/316 because of its higher strength and work hardening, but perfectly workable with the right tooling, parameters and setup<\/p><p>l:<\/p><ul><li><p>Use <strong>rigid fixturing<\/strong> and minimise vibration.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Where possible, remove material <strong>symmetrically<\/strong> from both sides of plates\/rings to reduce distortion.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid overheating during heavy cuts or grinding to prevent local tempering or residual tensile stresses.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel has <strong>moderate but manageable machinability<\/strong>: it machines well in the solution-annealed condition when you use rigid setups, duplex-appropriate carbide tooling, moderate speeds with adequate feed, plenty of coolant and effective chip breaking, followed by light finishing cuts or grinding to deliver accurate dimensions and high-quality surfaces on high-strength, corrosion-resistant components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2545\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed5927 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ed5927\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87c5c0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87c5c0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Corrosion Resistance of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) offers <strong>much better corrosion resistance than 304\/316<\/strong>, especially in chlorides, thanks to its high Cr + Mo + N content and duplex (ferrite + austenite) microstructure.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Corrosion Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Very good resistance to <strong>uniform \/ general corrosion<\/strong> in many industrial, marine and process environments.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Clearly superior to <strong>304L<\/strong> and generally better than <strong>316L<\/strong> in most chloride-bearing waters.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Widely used where 316L is at the limit for pitting, crevice attack or stress-corrosion cracking.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion in Chloride Media<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>High chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen give 2205 a <strong>high pitting resistance<\/strong> (PREN) compared with 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excellent resistance to <strong>pitting and crevice corrosion<\/strong> in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Seawater and brackish water<\/p><\/li><li><p>Chloride-containing cooling and process waters<\/p><\/li><li><p>Many chloride-bearing chemical streams<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Still needs good design: avoid tight crevices, stagnant pockets and deposits, which can become attack sites for any stainless steel.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Chloride Stress-Corrosion Cracking (SCC)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>A major advantage of 2205 is its <strong>very high resistance to chloride SCC<\/strong> compared with austenitic 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>In warm chlorinated waters, seawater and hot process waters where 304\/316 can crack under stress, 2205 typically remains sound within its normal temperature\/stress limits.<\/p><\/li><li><p>This SCC resistance is one of the key reasons 2205 is widely used in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Desalination plants<\/p><\/li><li><p>Cooling-water and heat-exchanger systems<\/p><\/li><li><p>Offshore and marine piping and structures<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Behaviour in Chemical and Process Environments<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Good resistance to many <strong>acids, alkalis and salt solutions<\/strong> at moderate concentrations and temperatures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Performs well in:<\/p><ul><li><p>Pulp and paper liquors (white, green, black liquors)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Many refinery and petrochemical environments<\/p><\/li><li><p>CO\u2082 \/ chloride-containing oil &amp; gas service (within the grade\u2019s limits)<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For <strong>very strong acids, highly reducing media or extremely aggressive brines<\/strong>, more highly alloyed stainless steels or nickel alloys may still be required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Welds, Heat-Affected Zones and Intermetallic Phases<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>With proper duplex welding procedures (controlled heat input, suitable filler, correct interpass temperature), welds can have <strong>corrosion resistance close to the base metal<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Poor welding practice can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Produce <strong>ferrite-rich welds<\/strong> with lower toughness and pitting resistance.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Form <strong>sigma or other intermetallic phases<\/strong> in welds\/HAZ if overheated or held too long at intermediate temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>These phases drastically reduce both <strong>impact toughness<\/strong> and <strong>localized corrosion resistance<\/strong>, so duplex-specific WPS\/PQR and good quality control are essential.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Surface Finish, Cleaning and Design Effects<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>As with all stainless steels, corrosion performance is strongly influenced by <strong>surface condition<\/strong>:<\/p><ul><li><p>Smooth, ground or brushed surfaces resist pitting and fouling better than rough, damaged or heavily heat-tinted surfaces.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Weld scale, heat tint, slag, spatter and iron contamination must be removed by <strong>pickling or mechanical cleaning + passivation<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Good design further improves resistance:<\/p><ul><li><p>Avoid crevices, lap joints and dirt traps.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ensure good drainage and ease of cleaning.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use compatible fasteners to minimise galvanic effects in wet service.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel provides <strong>excellent corrosion resistance in chloride-containing and industrial environments<\/strong>, with far better pitting\/crevice resistance and much higher chloride SCC resistance than 304\/316, provided it is correctly welded, properly cleaned and sensibly designed; this makes it a first-choice material for demanding seawater, brackish-water, pulp &amp; paper, chemical, oil &amp; gas and marine-structural applications.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2546\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c866eba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c866eba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d63b0d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d63b0d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Treatment of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, EN 1.4462) <strong>cannot be hardened by quenching like martensitic steels<\/strong>. Heat treatment is mainly used to obtain or restore the correct duplex microstructure, toughness and corrosion resistance, especially after heavy forming or hot working.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Heat-Treatment Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Microstructure in the proper condition is roughly <strong>50% ferrite \/ 50% austenite<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Strength comes from <strong>composition + duplex structure + any cold work<\/strong>, not from martensitic hardening or precipitation hardening.<\/p><\/li><li><p>The key treatment in practice is:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Solution annealing<\/strong> with rapid cooling.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Long holds in intermediate temperature ranges can form <strong>embrittling intermetallic phases (e.g. sigma)<\/strong> and must be avoided.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Solution Annealing (Softening \/ Resetting the Structure)<\/strong><\/h3><p><strong>Purpose<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a <strong>balanced duplex microstructure<\/strong> after hot working or heavy cold work.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Dissolve harmful precipitates and recover <strong>toughness and corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Typical practice (exact values depend on mill spec)<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Heat into the <strong>solution-annealing range (\u2248 1020\u20131100\u00b0C)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Hold long enough for full through-heating of the section.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapidly cool<\/strong> (usually water quench, or very fast air for thin sections).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Result<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><p>Fine, balanced ferrite\u2013austenite structure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>High yield strength for a stainless steel, with good toughness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximum available pitting, crevice and SCC resistance for 2205.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Stress Relief and Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Duplex steels, including 2205, <strong>normally do not require PWHT<\/strong> after welding if correct welding procedures are used.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Conventional low-temperature \u201ctempering\u201d treatments (like for carbon steels) are <strong>not suitable<\/strong>; dwelling duplex steels in the wrong mid-temperature ranges can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Promote <strong>475\u00b0C embrittlement<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Encourage <strong>sigma \/ intermetallic phase<\/strong> formation<\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduce toughness and localized corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>If a code insists on some stress relief:<\/p><ul><li><p>It must be at a <strong>carefully controlled low temperature and short time<\/strong>, and<\/p><\/li><li><p>Follow specific duplex guidance from the steelmaker or standard.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><p>For most pressure, piping and structural applications in 2205, the preferred route is:<\/p><ul><li><p>Fabricate (form + weld) in the <strong>solution-annealed condition<\/strong>,<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use duplex-correct welding procedures,<\/p><\/li><li><p>Rely on <strong>thorough cleaning \/ pickling \/ passivation<\/strong>, not PWHT, to achieve final performance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p><strong>Correct solution annealing + rapid cooling<\/strong> gives:<\/p><ul><li><p>Fine, balanced duplex structure<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good toughness (including transverse)<\/p><\/li><li><p>High and consistent yield strength<\/p><\/li><li><p>Excellent pitting\/crevice resistance and SCC resistance for this grade<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p><strong>Incorrect heat treatment<\/strong> (overheating, slow cooling, repeated mid-temperature exposure) can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Produce <strong>coarse grains<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Form sigma or other intermetallic phases<\/p><\/li><li><p>Severely reduce impact toughness and localized corrosion resistance<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>2205 does <strong>not<\/strong> gain further strength from additional quench or temper steps; repeated uncontrolled heat cycles will generally <strong>damage<\/strong> properties rather than improve them.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Practical Heat-Treatment Guidelines for Fabricators<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Treat 2205 as a <strong>duplex stainless<\/strong>, not as carbon steel or martensitic stainless:<\/p><ul><li><p>No quench-hardening or high-temperature tempering cycles.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid long holds in the <strong>300\u20131000\u00b0C<\/strong> region unless following a qualified duplex procedure.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>Typical route:<\/p><ul><li><p>Mill supply in solution-annealed condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Form, machine and weld<\/strong> using duplex-specific procedures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Apply <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> only when:<\/p><ul><li><p>Heavy hot work or very severe cold work has been done, and<\/p><\/li><li><p>Top-level toughness and corrosion resistance are required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Always finish with <strong>proper pickling \/ mechanical cleaning + passivation<\/strong> to remove heat tint and contamination and restore a clean passive surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Heat treatment of 2205 stainless steel is centred on <strong>solution annealing at high temperature followed by rapid cooling<\/strong> to restore a fine, balanced duplex microstructure, toughness and corrosion resistance after heavy hot or cold work; routine welded and formed fabrications are normally used in the as-welded, solution-annealed condition with no PWHT, provided duplex-appropriate welding and thorough post-weld cleaning are correctly applied.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-2547\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e1fde8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"5e1fde8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e70772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e70772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><strong>Heat Treatment of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel (UNS S32205 \/ S31803, 1.4462) is a <strong>duplex (ferrite + austenite) alloy<\/strong> that is <em>not<\/em> hardened by quenching like martensitic steels. Heat treatment is mainly used to obtain the correct duplex microstructure, restore toughness and corrosion resistance after hot\/heavy cold work, and avoid harmful intermetallic phases.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Heat-Treatment Behaviour<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Strength comes from <strong>composition + duplex structure + any cold work<\/strong>, not from martensite formation.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Main practical treatments are:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Solution annealing<\/strong> (the key treatment)<\/p><\/li><li><p>Very limited, carefully controlled <strong>stress relief<\/strong> (usually avoided unless required by a code).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Prolonged exposure in certain temperature ranges can form <strong>sigma and other intermetallic phases<\/strong>, which must be avoided.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Solution Annealing (Softening \/ Microstructure Reset)<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Purpose:<\/p><ul><li><p>Restore a <strong>balanced ferrite\u2013austenite microstructure<\/strong> after heavy hot or cold work.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Dissolve any unwanted precipitates and recover <strong>toughness + corrosion resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Typical practice (exact values follow mill\/spec):<\/p><ul><li><p>Heat to a solution-annealing range around <strong>\u2248 1020\u20131100\u00b0C<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Hold long enough for full through-heating of the section.<\/p><\/li><li><p><strong>Rapidly cool<\/strong>, usually water quench (or very fast air for thin products).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Correct solution annealing + rapid cooling gives:<\/p><ul><li><p>Fine, balanced duplex structure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>High yield strength with good toughness.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Maximum pitting, crevice and SCC resistance for 2205.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Stress Relief and PWHT<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Conventional low-temperature stress-relief cycles used for carbon steels are <strong>not suitable<\/strong> for 2205 if they involve long holds in the mid-temperature range.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Duplex steels can suffer:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>475\u00b0C embrittlement<\/strong> and<\/p><\/li><li><p>Formation of <strong>intermetallic phases<\/strong><br \/>if exposed too long to intermediate temperatures.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>In most pressure\/structural applications:<\/p><ul><li><p>2205 is used <strong>without post-weld heat treatment (no PWHT)<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Residual stresses are managed by <strong>good welding sequence and design<\/strong>, not by high-temperature PWHT.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>If a code or customer demands stress relief, it must follow <strong>duplex-specific guidance<\/strong> from the steelmaker or standard.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Effect of Heat Treatment on Properties<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Correct solution annealing + rapid cooling:<\/p><ul><li><p>Restores <strong>toughness<\/strong> and uniform duplex structure.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ensures <strong>high localized-corrosion resistance<\/strong> (pitting\/crevice\/SCC).<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Overheating, long soaking or slow cooling in the 600\u20131,000\u00b0C range can:<\/p><ul><li><p>Form <strong>sigma phase and other intermetallics<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Sharply reduce <strong>impact toughness<\/strong> and <strong>pitting resistance<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Multiple uncontrolled heat cycles will not increase strength and may <strong>damage properties<\/strong>; 2205 does not respond to \u201cquench hardening\u201d like martensitic steels.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Practical Route in Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3><p>Typical production route for critical components:<\/p><ul><li><p>Mill supply in <strong>solution-annealed<\/strong> condition.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Forming \/ machining \/ welding using duplex-appropriate procedures.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Solution anneal only if:<\/p><ul><li><p>Very heavy hot work or cold work has been done, or<\/p><\/li><li><p>Code or service conditions demand full restoration of top-level toughness and corrosion resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Finish with proper <strong>pickling \/ mechanical cleaning + passivation<\/strong> to restore a clean passive surface.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>Heat treatment of 2205 stainless steel is built around <strong>solution annealing at high temperature followed by rapid cooling<\/strong> to obtain a fine, balanced duplex microstructure with high toughness and excellent corrosion resistance; routine stress relief or quench-hardening cycles are not used, and prolonged exposure in intermetallic-forming temperature ranges must be avoided to prevent embrittlement and loss of corrosion performance.<\/p><hr \/><h2><strong>Cold Working of 2205 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2><p>2205 duplex stainless steel has <strong>higher strength and lower ductility than 304\/316<\/strong>, but still offers <strong>good cold formability<\/strong> for sensible bend radii and moderate forming operations when correct tooling and procedures are used.<\/p><hr \/><h3><strong>1. General Cold Workability<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Yield strength \u2248 <strong>2\u00d7 304\/316<\/strong>, so forming loads are significantly higher.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Ductility is lower than austenitic grades, but adequate for:<\/p><ul><li><p>Rolling and bending of plate and sheet<\/p><\/li><li><p>Forming channels, profiles, tanks, shells<\/p><\/li><li><p>Moderate flanging and edge forming<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Not ideal for very severe deep drawing or tight-radius bending on thick sections without special precautions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>2. Bending, Rolling and Forming Practice<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Use <strong>larger minimum bend radii<\/strong> than for 304\/316 to avoid edge cracking.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Form in <strong>gradual steps<\/strong> rather than one severe hit, especially on thicker plate.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Use:<\/p><ul><li><p>Smooth, well-finished tooling<\/p><\/li><li><p>Good lubrication to reduce friction and galling<\/p><\/li><li><p>Proper alignment and support to avoid local over-strain<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Expect more <strong>spring-back<\/strong> than with austenitic steels and compensate in tooling and angles.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>3. Work Hardening and Residual Stresses<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>2205 <strong>work hardens<\/strong> during deformation, though generally less aggressively than 304\/316.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Heavy local cold work leads to:<\/p><ul><li><p>Higher local <strong>strength and hardness<\/strong><\/p><\/li><li><p>Reduced <strong>ductility and toughness<\/strong> in those zones<\/p><\/li><li><p>Significant <strong>residual stresses<\/strong>, influencing:<\/p><ul><li><p>Distortion during\/after welding<\/p><\/li><li><p>Fatigue and corrosion-fatigue behaviour<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For critical components, avoid very high local strains in highly stressed or corrosive regions unless you plan corrective heat treatment.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>4. Heavy Cold Work and Optional Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>For normal forming (typical bends, rolling, shaping of tanks and piping):<\/p><ul><li><p>Final solution annealing is often <strong>not required<\/strong>, provided forming strains are moderate and welding is done correctly.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For <strong>severe cold work<\/strong>, e.g.:<\/p><ul><li><p>Very tight-radius bends on thick plate<\/p><\/li><li><p>Large-area high-strain stretching or deep drawing<\/p><\/li><li><p>Heavy cold reductions in thickness or diameter<br \/>a <strong>solution anneal + rapid cooling<\/strong> is advisable to:<\/p><\/li><li><p>Restore full toughness<\/p><\/li><li><p>Rebalance the ferrite\u2013austenite structure<\/p><\/li><li><p>Recover the best pitting \/ crevice \/ SCC resistance.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>5. Interaction with Welding and Machining<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Cold-worked zones:<\/p><ul><li><p>Can distort more when welded because of residual stress.<\/p><\/li><li><p>May respond slightly differently in the HAZ than lightly worked base metal.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>Practical sequence for high-accuracy parts:<\/p><ul><li><p><strong>Form \u2192 Weld (with duplex procedures) \u2192 Light straighten if needed \u2192 Finish machine \/ grind.<\/strong><\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>This route balances formability, weldability and final dimensional accuracy.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>6. Design Recommendations for Cold-Worked 2205 Components<\/strong><\/h3><ul><li><p>Assume <strong>high forming forces<\/strong> and ensure presses\/rolls are sized accordingly.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Avoid:<\/p><ul><li><p>Sharp corners and very tight radii in highly loaded or chloride-exposed areas.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Severe local thinning (necking) in critical regions.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><li><p>For demanding structural, pressure or seawater service:<\/p><ul><li><p>Keep cold strain <strong>moderate and well distributed<\/strong>.<\/p><\/li><li><p>Consider solution annealing after extreme forming if top-level toughness and corrosion resistance are required.<\/p><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><hr \/><h3><strong>Summary<\/strong><\/h3><p>2205 duplex stainless steel can be cold worked successfully when treated as a <strong>high-strength duplex alloy<\/strong>: use larger bend radii, higher forming loads, good lubrication and gradual forming, keep cold strains moderate for most applications, and apply solution annealing after very heavy cold work if maximum toughness and corrosion resistance are needed for critical service in aggressive or highly stressed environments.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Duplex 2205 Stainless Steel (S32205) A duplex austenitic-ferritic chromium-nickel-molybdenum stainless steel. Duplex stainless steels are extremely corrosion resistant, work hardenable alloys. Their microstructures consist of a mixture of austenite and ferrite phases. As a result, duplex stainless steels display properties characteristic of both austenitic and ferritic stainless steels. This combination of properties can [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3373,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[18],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3743","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-high-performance-stainless-steels"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3743","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3743"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3743\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3743"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3743"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/uz\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3743"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}