Thép không gỉ, loại Martensitic
410 Stainless Steel (S41000) Bar
A general purpose martensitic stainless steel containing 11.5% chromium for good atmospheric corrosion resistance.
Grade 410 (1.4006) is a hardenable martensitic stainless steel available in bar form only.
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It is part of the 400 series of stainless steels and is widely used in applications that require strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion protection.
The corrosion resistance of grade 410 steels can be further enhanced by a series of processes such as hardening, tempering and polishing. Quenching and tempering can harden grade 410 steels. They are generally used for applications involving mild corrosion, heat resistance and high strength.
Martensitic stainless steels are fabricated using techniques that require final heat treatment. These grades are less resistant to corrosion when compared to that of austenitic grades. Their operating temperatures are often affected by their loss of strength at high temperatures, due to over-tempering and loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures.
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410 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Hệ thống / Tiêu chuẩn | Quốc gia / Khu vực | Cấp bậc / Chức danh |
| AISI | Hoa Kỳ | 410 |
| UNS | Quốc tế | S41000 |
| EN / Số hiệu. | Châu Âu | 1.4006 |
| Tên (tiếng Anh) | Châu Âu | X12Cr13 |
| ASTM A240 | Hoa Kỳ | 410 (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | Hoa Kỳ | 410 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A314 | Hoa Kỳ | 410 (forged bars for piping) |
| ASTM A743 | Hoa Kỳ | CA-15 (cast 410-type) |
| ASTM A182 | Hoa Kỳ | F6a (410-type forging) |
| Anh | Trung Quốc | 12Cr13 / 1Cr13 |
| JIS | Nhật Bản | SUS410 |
| BS | Vương quốc Anh | 410S21 |
Thuộc tính
Thành phần hóa học
1.4006 Steel
EN 10088-3
| Nguyên tố hóa học | Quà tặng % |
| Cacbon (C) | 0.08 - 0.15 |
| Crom (Cr) | 11.50 - 13.50 |
| Silic (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Mangan (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| Phốt pho (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Lưu huỳnh (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Niken (Ni) | 0.00 - 0.75 |
| Sắt (Fe) | Cân bằng |
Tính chất cơ học
Bar Up to 160mm Dia or Thickness
EN 10088-3
| Tính chất cơ học | Giá trị |
| Áp suất giới hạn | 450 Min MPa |
| Độ bền kéo | 650 - 850 MPa |
| Elongation A | 15 Min % |
Các tính chất vật lý chung
| Tính chất vật lý | Giá trị |
| Mật độ | 7.75 g/cm³ |
| Sự giãn nở nhiệt | 9.9 x 10-6/K |
| Hệ số đàn hồi | 300 GPa |
| Độ dẫn nhiệt | 24.9 W/m.K |
| Điện trở suất | 0.57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its heat-treatable nature makes it suitable for components that require hardness, durability, and moderate corrosion protection.
1. Industrial Applications
Valves and pumps: Components subjected to mechanical wear and moderate corrosive environments.
Industrial machinery parts: Shafts, fasteners, and gears requiring strength and wear resistance.
Cutlery and blades: Knives, scissors, and other tools where hardness is essential.
2. Automotive Applications
Engine components: Shafts, spindles, and fasteners.
Transmission parts: Components requiring wear resistance and strength.
3. General Applications
Architectural hardware: Handles, hinges, and decorative elements.
Household appliances: Components exposed to mild corrosion and mechanical stress.
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel is widely used in industrial, automotive, and household applications where a combination of strength, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance is required. Its martensitic structure allows heat treatment to optimize hardness and durability for various applications.
Characteristics of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It is widely used in applications where hardness and durability are important.
1. Mechanical Properties
High strength and hardness: Can be heat treated to achieve desired mechanical properties.
Good wear resistance: Suitable for components subjected to friction and mechanical stress.
2. Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Khả năng chống chịu ở mức trung bình đối với oxidation and corrosion in mildly corrosive environments.
Less corrosion-resistant than austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.
3. Fabrication
Can be machined and formed, but work hardens rapidly.
Heat treatment improves hardness and strength but is necessary for certain mechanical applications.
4. Magnetic Properties
Các hiện vật ferromagnetism due to its martensitic structure.
5. Ứng dụng
Dụng cụ ăn và dao
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel is a thép không gỉ martensit offering strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance. Nó heat-treatable and wear-resistant properties make it suitable for cutlery, automotive, industrial, and mechanical applications.
Thông tin bổ sung
Sản xuất
Fabrication of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its properties allow it to be fabricated into a variety of components using standard forming, machining, and joining techniques.
1. Tạo hình
Gia công nguội:
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled, but work hardens quickly.
Intermediate annealing is recommended for extensive deformation to restore ductility.
Gia công nóng:
Recommended temperature range: 980–1120°C (1800–2050°F).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex parts.
2. Gia công
Machinable with high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools.
Cutting fluids are recommended to reduce heat and tool wear.
Sharp tooling and controlled speeds improve surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
3. Hàn
Weldable using conventional methods such as TIG, MIG, or SMAW.
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) and post-weld tempering are recommended for thicker sections.
Filler metals matching 410 or compatible martensitic stainless steels are preferred.
4. Xử lý nhiệt
Có thể annealed, hardened, and tempered to optimize strength, hardness, and ductility.
Stress relief after machining or welding improves dimensional stability.
5. Applications Related to Fabrication
Cutlery, knives, and kitchen tools
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel is highly fabricable, with good cold and hot working properties, machinability, weldability, and heat-treatable characteristics. Proper fabrication techniques allow the production of durable, high-strength, and wear-resistant components suitable for industrial, automotive, and household applications.
Khả năng hàn
Weldability of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Welding 410 requires care due to its martensitic structure and carbon content, which can increase the risk of cracking and reduce corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone.
1. Các phương pháp hàn phù hợp
TIG (GTAW): Provides precise, high-quality welds.
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for faster production.
SMAW (Stick Welding): Common for general fabrication.
2. Những lưu ý khi hàn
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) is recommended for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Post-weld tempering helps restore ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance.
Filler metals should match the 410 grade or a compatible martensitic stainless steel to maintain properties.
3. Limitations
High carbon content increases risk of intergranular cracking and reduced corrosion resistance in the weld zone.
Not recommended for environments with high chloride exposure unless post-weld treatment is applied.
4. Applications Related to Weldability
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring welded assemblies
Shafts, fasteners, and industrial machinery components
Automotive parts exposed to mild corrosion and stress
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel is có thể hàn, but its martensitic structure and carbon content necessitate controlled preheating, proper filler selection, and post-weld tempering. Following these precautions ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welds suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
Khả năng gia công
Machinability of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its machinability is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels but can be improved with proper tooling and techniques.
1. Key Machining Characteristics
Moderate machinability: Easier to machine than many other martensitic stainless steels.
Có thể đạt được good surface finish and dimensional accuracy with appropriate tools and conditions.
Work hardens moderately, requiring attention to cutting speed and feed rate.
2. Khuyến nghị về dụng cụ
High-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools are recommended for efficient machining.
Sử dụng cutting fluids to reduce heat, improve tool life, and maintain surface quality.
Sharp tools and proper speeds help minimize quá trình làm cứng.
3. Machining Considerations
Phù hợp với tiện, phay, khoan và tạo ren.
Controlled speeds and feeds are essential to avoid excessive tool wear or surface hardening.
Post-machining stress relief or tempering may be applied for high-strength or high-wear applications.
4. Applications Related to Machinability
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components requiring precise tolerances
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Dụng cụ ăn và dao
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel has khả năng gia công ở mức trung bình, allowing effective tiện, phay, khoan và tạo ren with proper tooling and conditions. Combined with its strength, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, it is suitable for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Corrosion Resistance of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit cùng với khả năng chống ăn mòn ở mức trung bình. It is suitable for environments where mechanical strength and wear resistance are important, but it is not intended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich conditions.
1. Khả năng chống ăn mòn nói chung
Chống lại oxidation and mild corrosion in air, water, and mildly corrosive atmospheres.
Performance is lower than austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316).
Corrosion resistance can be enhanced by proper surface finishing, passivation, or coating.
2. Stress Corrosion and Chloride Sensitivity
Khả năng chống chịu ở mức trung bình đối với stress corrosion cracking.
Dễ bị sự ăn mòn dạng lỗ rỗ và ăn mòn khe hở trong môi trường có chứa clorua.
3. Effects of Heat Treatment and Welding
Heat treatment, such as tempering, can improve mechanical properties while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance.
Welding may reduce corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone if post-weld tempering or passivation is not applied.
4. Applications Related to Corrosion Resistance
Cutlery and knives exposed to mild moisture
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components in moderately corrosive environments
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel provides khả năng chống ăn mòn ở mức trung bình, phù hợp với mildly corrosive environments. When combined with its strength, wear resistance, and heat-treatable properties, it is ideal for industrial, automotive, and household components that do not face aggressive corrosion conditions.
Gia công nguội
Cold Working of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit cùng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It can be cold worked to form components, but care must be taken due to its work-hardening tendency.
1. Cold Working Processes
Uốn và tạo hình: Can be bent into shapes for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Cuộn: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and bars.
Drawing and Stamping: Allows creation of precision parts and complex shapes.
Punching and Shearing: Components requiring precise cutting can be fabricated efficiently.
2. Tăng cường sức bền
410 stainless steel work hardens moderately during cold working.
Excessive deformation may require gia nhiệt trung gian to restore ductility.
Quá trình gia công nguội làm tăng độ bền và độ cứng while reducing ductility.
3. Các yếu tố cần lưu ý trong quá trình gia công
Sử dụng sự biến dạng dần dần to prevent cracking or distortion.
Đúng tooling and lubrication ensure smooth forming and minimize surface defects.
Cold-worked components may benefit from stress-relief heat treatment before service, especially in high-stress applications.
4. Các ứng dụng liên quan đến gia công nguội
Dụng cụ ăn và dao
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel exhibits good cold working properties, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, stamping, and punching. Cold working improves độ bền và độ cứng but may require stress relief or intermediate annealing for extensive deformation. This makes 410 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Xử lý nhiệt
Heat Treatment of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit cùng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Heat treatment is used to optimize hardness, strength, ductility, and toughness for industrial, automotive, and household applications.
1. Ủ
Mục đích: Relieve internal stresses and restore ductility after cold working or machining.
Phạm vi nhiệt độ: 800–850°C (1475–1560°F)
Làm mát: Slow furnace cooling for maximum softness and ductility.
2. Hardening (Quenching)
Mục đích: Increase hardness and tensile strength for wear-resistant applications.
Phạm vi nhiệt độ: 980–1050°C (1800–1920°F)
Làm mát: Rapid quenching in oil or air, depending on thickness and desired properties.
3. Làm nguội
Mục đích: Reduce brittleness after hardening and improve toughness.
Phạm vi nhiệt độ: 150–370°C (300–700°F)
Adjusts the balance of hardness, strength, and ductility for service requirements.
4. Giảm căng thẳng
Applied to machined or welded parts để giảm thiểu ứng suất dư.
Typically done at 425–650°C (800–1200°F) for moderate durations.
5. Các ứng dụng liên quan đến xử lý nhiệt
Dụng cụ ăn và dao
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel can be annealed, hardened, tempered, and stress-relieved to achieve the desired combination of hardness, strength, and ductility. Proper heat treatment ensures durable, wear-resistant, and dimensionally stable components suitable for industrial, automotive, and household applications.
Khả năng chịu nhiệt
Heat Resistance of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit cùng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Khả năng chịu nhiệt của nó là vừa phải, khiến nó trở nên phù hợp cho intermittent or mild high-temperature applications, but it is not designed for prolonged exposure to extreme heat.
1. Nhiệt độ hoạt động liên tục
Phù hợp với hoạt động liên tục ở nhiệt độ lên đến khoảng 425°C (800°F).
Retains moderate strength and hardness at elevated temperatures.
2. Tiếp xúc gián đoạn
Có thể chịu đựng được short-term exposure up to 760°C (1400°F).
Prolonged exposure above recommended temperatures can result in loss of hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance.
3. Khả năng chống oxy hóa
Forms a thin chromium oxide layer that provides limited protection against oxidation.
Không phù hợp với high-temperature, aggressive oxidizing environments.
4. Applications Related to Heat Resistance
Cutlery and knives exposed to heat
Industrial components with moderate thermal exposure
Automotive parts such as engine and transmission components
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly elevated temperature conditions
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel provides khả năng chịu nhiệt ở mức trung bình, phù hợp với applications with intermittent or mild elevated temperatures. Combined with its strength, wear resistance, and heat-treatable properties, it is ideal for industrial, automotive, and household components that do not require prolonged exposure to high heat.
Gia công nóng
Hot Working of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ martensit nổi tiếng với high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Hot working allows shaping and forming of components while minimizing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. Nhiệt độ làm việc nóng khuyến nghị
Optimal temperature range: 980–1120°C (1800–2050°F)
Working above this range may cause sự phát triển của hạt, reducing mechanical properties.
Working below this range can increase the risk of cracking due to the martensitic structure.
2. Các quy trình gia công nóng
Rèn: Suitable for shafts, gears, and thick components.
Cán nóng: Used for producing sheets, strips, and bars.
Đùn: Allows shaping of rods, bars, and complex profiles.
Hot Forming and Pressing: Enables production of large or intricate parts with minimal work hardening.
3. Ưu điểm của gia công nóng
Giảm quá trình làm cứng so với gia công nguội.
Cải thiện độ dẻo và độ bền, facilitating easier shaping.
Produces components with uniform mechanical properties.
4. Post-Hot Working Treatment
Ủ có thể được áp dụng để giảm ứng suất dư và phục hồi độ dẻo.
Ngâm axit hoặc xử lý thụ động can enhance surface corrosion resistance if scale forms during hot working.
5. Các ứng dụng liên quan đến gia công nóng
Các bộ phận của máy móc công nghiệp
Automotive parts requiring forging or extrusion
Shafts, gears, and precision components that require uniform mechanical properties
Tóm tắt
410 stainless steel exhibits good hot working properties, allowing forging, rolling, extrusion, and hot forming at 980–1120°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties, making 410 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision components.
