{"id":2906,"date":"2025-11-18T17:42:20","date_gmt":"2025-11-18T17:42:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/?p=2906"},"modified":"2025-12-17T11:22:28","modified_gmt":"2025-12-17T03:22:28","slug":"321-stainless-steel-s32100-coil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/321-stainless-steel-s32100-coil\/","title":{"rendered":"321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"2906\" class=\"elementor elementor-2906\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f62011 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2f62011\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-086620e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"086620e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stainless Steel, Austenitic\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4641c6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4641c6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a844ffc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a844ffc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A titanium-stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with very good corrosion resistance.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f261523 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f261523\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/321-stainless-steel-s32100-coil\/\">Stainless steel 321<\/a> is the stabilized version of <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">stainless steel 304<\/a>. The 18\/8 blend of chromium and nickel is tempered with titanium to give type 321 protection from intergranular corrosion that can occur after heat treatment. It is protected from temperatures ranging from 800 to 1500\u00b0 F. The metal displays high strength and resistance to various forms of corrosions, including that from aqueous environments.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/321-stainless-steel-s32100-coil\/\">Type 321<\/a> finds application in heavy welding components, along with dynamic environments that are subject to changes.<\/p>\n<p>However, the addition of titanium limits the application of 321 in terms of working. The metal is not recommended for certain welding techniques as it is not consumable. Beyond this, stainless steel 321 has excellent forming characteristics, does not require annealing after being welded, and displays toughness in a range of temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>The metal shows strength even when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, it is often chosen over <a href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/metals\/stainless-steel\/commercial-stainless-steel-alloys\/304-stainless-steel-s30400\/\">Type 304<\/a> for its increased resistance to creep and rupture. Both metals may be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26a97ef e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"26a97ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8d2205 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f8d2205\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">TALK TO AN EXPERT<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-310405d elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-inline-start elementor-view-default elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"310405d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<span  class=\"elementor-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-far-file-pdf\" viewBox=\"0 0 384 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M369.9 97.9L286 14C277 5 264.8-.1 252.1-.1H48C21.5 0 0 21.5 0 48v416c0 26.5 21.5 48 48 48h288c26.5 0 48-21.5 48-48V131.9c0-12.7-5.1-25-14.1-34zM332.1 128H256V51.9l76.1 76.1zM48 464V48h160v104c0 13.3 10.7 24 24 24h104v288H48zm250.2-143.7c-12.2-12-47-8.7-64.4-6.5-17.2-10.5-28.7-25-36.8-46.3 3.9-16.1 10.1-40.6 5.4-56-4.2-26.2-37.8-23.6-42.6-5.9-4.4 16.1-.4 38.5 7 67.1-10 23.9-24.9 56-35.4 74.4-20 10.3-47 26.2-51 46.2-3.3 15.8 26 55.2 76.1-31.2 22.4-7.4 46.8-16.5 68.4-20.1 18.9 10.2 41 17 55.8 17 25.5 0 28-28.2 17.5-38.7zm-198.1 77.8c5.1-13.7 24.5-29.5 30.4-35-19 30.3-30.4 35.7-30.4 35zm81.6-190.6c7.4 0 6.7 32.1 1.8 40.8-4.4-13.9-4.3-40.8-1.8-40.8zm-24.4 136.6c9.7-16.9 18-37 24.7-54.7 8.3 15.1 18.9 27.2 30.1 35.5-20.8 4.3-38.9 13.1-54.8 19.2zm131.6-5s-5 6-37.3-7.8c35.1-2.6 40.9 5.4 37.3 7.8z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span  >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDOWNLOAD PDF\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55870b3 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"55870b3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c88f0f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c88f0f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Range\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0d85e72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"0d85e72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-126\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"126\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Bar Products                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Imperial Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Metric Sizes                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Bright Drawn H9                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\u20448\" -\u00a07\u20448\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        4mm - 25mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Smooth Turned H9\/H10                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1\" - 3\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        30mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Round Bar Peeled K12\/K16                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        3\u00a01\u20444\" - 6\"                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        -                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-126'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-22e1d7c elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"22e1d7c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-127\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"2\"\n           data-wpID=\"127\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sheet Size                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Finish                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thicknesses                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2500 x 1250                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        2B                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.5mm - 3.0mm                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-127'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac57fda elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac57fda\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-size: 8pt;\"><strong> PLEASE NOTE<\/strong><\/span><\/p><p>If you do not see what you are looking for, please contact your\u00a0<span style=\"color: #000080;\"><a style=\"color: #000080;\" href=\"https:\/\/zhss.org\/contact\/\">local service centre<\/a>\u00a0<\/span>with your specific requirements.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a5cfb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a5cfb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">321 Stainless Steel Related Specifications\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f9e942 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"3f9e942\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-182\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"3\"\n           data-rows=\"13\"\n           data-wpID=\"182\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        System \/ Standard                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Country \/ Region                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-FF1100 wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:33.333333333333%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Grade \/ Designation                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AISI                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        321                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UNS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        International                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        S32100                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN \/ W.Nr.                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1.4541                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        EN Name                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Europe                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        X6CrNiTi18-10                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A240                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        321 (plate, sheet, strip)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A182                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        F321 (forgings, flanges)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A213                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP321 (boiler \/ HX tubes)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        ASTM A312                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        USA                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        TP321 (seamless pipe)                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        GB                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        China                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        06Cr18Ni11Ti                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        JIS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Japan                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        SUS321                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        BS                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        UK                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        321S31                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        AFNOR                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        France                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"C13\"\n                    data-col-index=\"2\"\n                    data-row-index=\"12\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Z6CNT18-10                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-182'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-FF1100 { background-color: #FF1100 !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d9b5bb9 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"d9b5bb9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c94d37d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c94d37d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Properties\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20bb666 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"20bb666\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Chemical Composition <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3430\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e265dc e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0e265dc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b3a2853 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"b3a2853\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-128\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"12\"\n           data-wpID=\"128\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chemical Element                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        % Present                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Chromium (Cr)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        17.00 - 19.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nickel (Ni)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        9.00 - 12.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Molybdenum (Mo)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.75                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Copper (Cu)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.75                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Titanium (Ti)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.70                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Carbon (C)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B7\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"6\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.08                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Manganese (Mn)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B8\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"7\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 2.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Silicon (Si)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B9\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"8\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.25 - 1.00                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Phosphorous (P)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B10\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"9\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.04                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Sulphur (S)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B11\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"10\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.03                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Nitrogen (N)                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B12\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"11\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.00 - 0.10                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-128'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Mechanical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3431\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2218413 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2218413\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84dbde2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"84dbde2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-129\">321 Stainless Steel Bar<\/h3>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-129\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"129\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.2% Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        205 N\/mm2                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        40 %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Hardness Brinell                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        217 max HB                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-129'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2480370 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"2480370\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n    <h3 class=\"wpdt-c\"\n        id=\"wdt-table-title-130\">321 Stainless Steel Sheet<\/h3>\n    <p class=\"wpdt-c\"\n       id=\"wdt-table-description-130\">ASTM A240<\/p>\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-130\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"4\"\n           data-wpID=\"130\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Mechanical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Proof Stress                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        205 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Tensile Strength                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        515 Min MPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Elongation A50 mm                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        35 Min %                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-130'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> General Physical Properties <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-3432\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-136611c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"136611c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f01153 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"5f01153\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<div class=\"wpdt-c row wpDataTableContainerSimpleTable wpDataTables wpDataTablesWrapper\n\"\n    >\n        <table id=\"wpdtSimpleTable-131\"\n           style=\"border-collapse:collapse;\n                   border-spacing:0px;\"\n           class=\"wpdtSimpleTable wpDataTable\"\n           data-column=\"2\"\n           data-rows=\"6\"\n           data-wpID=\"131\"\n           data-responsive=\"0\"\n           data-has-header=\"0\">\n\n                    <tbody>        <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Physical Property                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell wpdt-bc-0D015E wpdt-tc-FFFFFF wpdt-bold remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B1\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"0\"\n                    style=\" width:50%;                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Value                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Density                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B2\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"1\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        8.09 g\/cm\u00b3                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Melting Point                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B3\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"2\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        1400-1427 \u00b0C                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Modulus of Elasticity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B4\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"3\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        193 GPa                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row odd remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Electrical Resistivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B5\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"4\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        0.074 x 10-6\u00a0\u03a9 .m                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                            <tr class=\"wpdt-cell-row even remove-borders \" >\n                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"A6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"0\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        Thermal Conductivity                    <\/td>\n                                                <td class=\"wpdt-cell  remove-borders \"\n                                            data-cell-id=\"B6\"\n                    data-col-index=\"1\"\n                    data-row-index=\"5\"\n                    style=\"                    padding:10px;\n                    \"\n                    >\n                                        16.1 W\/m.K                    <\/td>\n                                        <\/tr>\n                    <\/table>\n<\/div><style id='wpdt-custom-style-131'>\n\/* \u6574\u4e2a\u8868\u683c\u4e0a\u534a\u90e8\u5206\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c {\n    border-radius: 8px 8px 0 0;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n\n\/* \u4ec5\u8868\u5934\u5706\u89d2 *\/\n.wpdt-c thead th:first-child {\n    border-top-left-radius: 8px;\n}\n\n.wpdt-c thead th:last-child {\n    border-top-right-radius: 8px;\n}.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > tbody > tr > td{ border: none !important; }\n.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable > thead > tr > th{ border: none !important; }\n.wpdt-bc-0D015E { background-color: #0D015E !important;}\n.wpdt-tc-FFFFFF { color: #FFFFFF !important;}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n                    \/* th font color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable.bt[data-has-header='1'] td.wpdt-header-classes,\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable thead th,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th {\n        color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting:after,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_asc:after {\n        border-bottom-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable thead th.sorting_desc:after {\n        border-top-color: #000000 !important;\n    }\n\n        \n                    \/* even rows background color *\/\n    .wpdt-c.wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpdtSimpleTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.wpDataTable tr.even td,\n    .wpdt-c .wpDataTablesWrapper table.has-columns-hidden tr.row-detail > td {\n        background-color: #FDF6F6 !important;\n    }\n\n                                                                                    \n                <\/style>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e46ecd5 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e46ecd5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c6cfbe e-grid e-con-full e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4c6cfbe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0535875 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0535875\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f999b56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f999b56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"127\">Applications of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"433\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"204\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"210\" data-end=\"261\">excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion<\/strong> and <strong data-start=\"266\" data-end=\"300\">good high-temperature strength<\/strong>. Its stability in welded and heat-affected areas makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and high-temperature applications.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"435\" data-end=\"438\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"440\" data-end=\"491\"><strong data-start=\"444\" data-end=\"491\">1. High-Temperature Industrial Applications<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"666\">\n<li data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"544\">\n<p data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"544\"><strong data-start=\"494\" data-end=\"542\">Furnace parts, heat exchangers, and chimneys<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"545\" data-end=\"603\">\n<p data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"603\"><strong data-start=\"547\" data-end=\"601\">Boiler components, hot gas ducts, and superheaters<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"604\" data-end=\"666\">\n<p data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"666\">Components exposed to <strong data-start=\"628\" data-end=\"666\">temperatures up to ~900\u00b0C (1650\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"668\" data-end=\"671\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"673\" data-end=\"719\"><strong data-start=\"677\" data-end=\"719\">2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"950\">\n<li data-start=\"720\" data-end=\"789\">\n<p data-start=\"722\" data-end=\"789\">Tanks, piping, and valves handling <strong data-start=\"757\" data-end=\"787\">mildly corrosive chemicals<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"865\">\n<p data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"865\">Equipment operating under <strong data-start=\"818\" data-end=\"863\">oxidizing and high-temperature conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"866\" data-end=\"950\">\n<p data-start=\"868\" data-end=\"950\">Components requiring <strong data-start=\"889\" data-end=\"950\">welded assemblies with intergranular corrosion resistance<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"952\" data-end=\"955\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"957\" data-end=\"1005\"><strong data-start=\"961\" data-end=\"1005\">3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1132\">\n<li data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1053\">\n<p data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1053\">Exhaust systems and turbocharger components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1054\" data-end=\"1132\">\n<p data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1132\">High-temperature automotive components exposed to <strong data-start=\"1106\" data-end=\"1132\">oxidizing environments<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1134\" data-end=\"1137\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1139\" data-end=\"1184\"><strong data-start=\"1143\" data-end=\"1184\">4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1337\">\n<li data-start=\"1185\" data-end=\"1270\">\n<p data-start=\"1187\" data-end=\"1270\">Equipment requiring <strong data-start=\"1207\" data-end=\"1268\">resistance to corrosion during cleaning and sterilization<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1337\">\n<p data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1337\">Processing vessels exposed to <strong data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1337\">hot and corrosive environments<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1339\" data-end=\"1342\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1344\" data-end=\"1396\"><strong data-start=\"1348\" data-end=\"1396\">5. Architectural and Structural Applications<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1539\">\n<li data-start=\"1397\" data-end=\"1480\">\n<p data-start=\"1399\" data-end=\"1480\">Structures exposed to <strong data-start=\"1421\" data-end=\"1453\">moderately high temperatures<\/strong> and polluted atmospheres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1481\" data-end=\"1539\">\n<p data-start=\"1483\" data-end=\"1539\">Cladding, panels, and piping in <strong data-start=\"1515\" data-end=\"1539\">industrial buildings<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1541\" data-end=\"1544\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1594\"><strong data-start=\"1550\" data-end=\"1594\">6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1826\">\n<li data-start=\"1595\" data-end=\"1636\">\n<p data-start=\"1597\" data-end=\"1636\">More <strong data-start=\"1602\" data-end=\"1620\">heat-resistant<\/strong> than 304\/304L<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1637\" data-end=\"1763\">\n<p data-start=\"1639\" data-end=\"1763\">Offers <strong data-start=\"1646\" data-end=\"1710\">better weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion<\/strong> than standard 304 in high-temperature applications<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1764\" data-end=\"1826\">\n<p data-start=\"1766\" data-end=\"1826\">Titanium addition prevents <strong data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1826\">sensitization in welded areas<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"1831\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1848\"><strong data-start=\"1837\" data-end=\"1848\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1849\" data-end=\"2191\">321 stainless steel is widely used in <strong data-start=\"1887\" data-end=\"1957\">high-temperature, chemical, aerospace, and industrial applications<\/strong> due to its <strong data-start=\"1969\" data-end=\"2039\">excellent intergranular corrosion resistance and thermal stability<\/strong>. Its <strong data-start=\"2045\" data-end=\"2071\">titanium stabilization<\/strong> makes it particularly suitable for <strong data-start=\"2107\" data-end=\"2128\">welded components<\/strong> that require durability under heat and corrosive conditions.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b185669 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b185669\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19e3de2 elementor-hidden-desktop elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"19e3de2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c80eac elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2c80eac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"133\"><strong data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"133\">Characteristics of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"450\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"210\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> designed to <strong data-start=\"223\" data-end=\"257\">resist intergranular corrosion<\/strong> and maintain <strong data-start=\"271\" data-end=\"313\">high strength at elevated temperatures<\/strong>. The addition of titanium stabilizes the material, preventing chromium carbide precipitation during welding or high-temperature service.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"455\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"488\"><strong data-start=\"461\" data-end=\"488\">1. Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"777\">\n<li data-start=\"489\" data-end=\"594\">\n<p data-start=\"491\" data-end=\"594\">Excellent resistance to <strong data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"542\">oxidation and corrosion<\/strong> in <strong data-start=\"546\" data-end=\"591\">moderate to high-temperature environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"694\">\n<p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"694\">Titanium addition prevents <strong data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"641\">sensitization<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded areas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"695\" data-end=\"777\">\n<p data-start=\"697\" data-end=\"777\">Suitable for environments with <strong data-start=\"728\" data-end=\"776\">oxidizing chemicals and atmospheric exposure<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"779\" data-end=\"782\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"823\"><strong data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"823\">2. High-Temperature Performance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"824\" data-end=\"1038\">\n<li data-start=\"824\" data-end=\"898\">\n<p data-start=\"826\" data-end=\"898\">Retains <strong data-start=\"834\" data-end=\"895\">mechanical strength at temperatures up to ~900\u00b0C (1650\u00b0F)<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"899\" data-end=\"981\">\n<p data-start=\"901\" data-end=\"981\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"914\" data-end=\"953\">continuous high-temperature service<\/strong> in oxidizing atmospheres.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"982\" data-end=\"1038\">\n<p data-start=\"984\" data-end=\"1038\">Exhibits good <strong data-start=\"998\" data-end=\"1037\">creep and stress-rupture properties<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1043\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1077\"><strong data-start=\"1049\" data-end=\"1077\">3. Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1323\">\n<li data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1170\">\n<p data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1170\">Excellent <strong data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1136\">tensile strength, ductility, and toughness<\/strong>, even at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1171\" data-end=\"1263\">\n<p data-start=\"1173\" data-end=\"1263\">Work-hardens moderately during cold forming, allowing increased strength where required.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1264\" data-end=\"1323\">\n<p data-start=\"1266\" data-end=\"1323\">Maintains <strong data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1322\">dimensional stability in welded assemblies<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1325\" data-end=\"1328\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1330\" data-end=\"1368\"><strong data-start=\"1334\" data-end=\"1368\">4. Fabrication and Formability<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1369\" data-end=\"1687\">\n<li data-start=\"1369\" data-end=\"1494\">\n<p data-start=\"1371\" data-end=\"1494\">Can be <strong data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1393\">cold-worked<\/strong> (rolling, bending, deep drawing) and <strong data-start=\"1431\" data-end=\"1445\">hot-worked<\/strong> (forging, extrusion, hot rolling) efficiently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1495\" data-end=\"1615\">\n<p data-start=\"1497\" data-end=\"1615\">Titanium stabilization ensures <strong data-start=\"1528\" data-end=\"1579\">welded structures maintain corrosion resistance<\/strong> without post-weld heat treatment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1616\" data-end=\"1687\">\n<p data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"1687\">Low risk of intergranular corrosion in welded or heat-affected zones.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1689\" data-end=\"1692\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1716\"><strong data-start=\"1698\" data-end=\"1716\">5. Weldability<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1914\">\n<li data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1785\">\n<p data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1785\">Excellent weldability with <strong data-start=\"1746\" data-end=\"1782\">TIG, MIG, and resistance welding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1786\" data-end=\"1914\">\n<p data-start=\"1788\" data-end=\"1914\">Titanium prevents carbide formation during welding, eliminating the need for <strong data-start=\"1865\" data-end=\"1897\">post-weld solution annealing<\/strong> in most cases.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1916\" data-end=\"1919\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1921\" data-end=\"1971\"><strong data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"1971\">6. Applications Leveraging Characteristics<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"2250\">\n<li data-start=\"1972\" data-end=\"2041\">\n<p data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"2041\">High-temperature furnace components, heat exchangers, and boilers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2042\" data-end=\"2086\">\n<p data-start=\"2044\" data-end=\"2086\">Chemical processing equipment and piping<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2087\" data-end=\"2131\">\n<p data-start=\"2089\" data-end=\"2131\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2132\" data-end=\"2180\">\n<p data-start=\"2134\" data-end=\"2180\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2181\" data-end=\"2250\">\n<p data-start=\"2183\" data-end=\"2250\">Architectural structures exposed to heat and industrial atmospheres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2252\" data-end=\"2255\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2257\" data-end=\"2272\"><strong data-start=\"2261\" data-end=\"2272\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2273\" data-end=\"2631\">321 stainless steel is distinguished by <strong data-start=\"2313\" data-end=\"2420\">excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, titanium stabilization, and good weldability<\/strong>. Its properties make it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2455\" data-end=\"2525\">industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications<\/strong>, particularly where welded assemblies require <strong data-start=\"2572\" data-end=\"2628\">durability and resistance to intergranular corrosion<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e5225ef elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"e5225ef\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9f8ee6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f9f8ee6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Additional Information\n\n<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-adfcf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-accordion\" data-id=\"adfcf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;default_state&quot;:&quot;all_collapsed&quot;,&quot;max_items_expended&quot;:&quot;multiple&quot;,&quot;n_accordion_animation_duration&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;ms&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:400,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-accordion.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-accordion\" aria-label=\"Accordion. Open links with Enter or Space, close with Escape, and navigate with Arrow Keys\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"1\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Weldability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1820\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c7d90f e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"2c7d90f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3969ef7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3969ef7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"125\">Weldability of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"410\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"202\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"233\">excellent weldability<\/strong>, thanks to its low carbon content and titanium addition. The titanium prevents <strong data-start=\"313\" data-end=\"347\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion in welded areas.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"412\" data-end=\"415\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"417\" data-end=\"454\"><strong data-start=\"421\" data-end=\"454\">1. Suitable Welding Processes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"759\">\n<li data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"515\">\n<p data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"515\"><strong data-start=\"457\" data-end=\"472\">TIG (GTAW):<\/strong> Ideal for precise and thin-section welds<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"594\">\n<p data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"594\"><strong data-start=\"518\" data-end=\"533\">MIG (GMAW):<\/strong> Efficient for thicker sections and industrial applications<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"595\" data-end=\"680\">\n<p data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"680\"><strong data-start=\"597\" data-end=\"635\">SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding):<\/strong> Suitable for field welding and maintenance<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"759\">\n<p data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"759\"><strong data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"706\">Resistance Welding:<\/strong> Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"761\" data-end=\"764\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"766\" data-end=\"809\"><strong data-start=\"770\" data-end=\"809\">2. Low Carbon and Titanium Benefits<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"1073\">\n<li data-start=\"810\" data-end=\"913\">\n<p data-start=\"812\" data-end=\"913\">Titanium stabilizes the steel, <strong data-start=\"843\" data-end=\"884\">preventing chromium carbide formation<\/strong> in the heat-affected zone.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"914\" data-end=\"989\">\n<p data-start=\"916\" data-end=\"989\">Eliminates the need for <strong data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"972\">post-weld solution annealing<\/strong> in most cases.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"990\" data-end=\"1073\">\n<p data-start=\"992\" data-end=\"1073\">Ensures <strong data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1024\">corrosion resistance<\/strong> is maintained in welded and heat-affected areas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1075\" data-end=\"1078\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1080\" data-end=\"1122\"><strong data-start=\"1084\" data-end=\"1122\">3. Filler Material Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<li data-start=\"1123\" data-end=\"1251\">\n<p data-start=\"1125\" data-end=\"1251\">Use matching titanium-stabilized fillers, such as <strong data-start=\"1175\" data-end=\"1184\">ER321<\/strong>, for maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1252\" data-end=\"1383\">\n<p data-start=\"1254\" data-end=\"1383\">For dissimilar welds with austenitic stainless steel, ensure <strong data-start=\"1315\" data-end=\"1345\">compatible filler material<\/strong> is selected to prevent sensitization.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1385\" data-end=\"1388\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1390\" data-end=\"1434\"><strong data-start=\"1394\" data-end=\"1434\">4. Heat Input and Distortion Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1435\" data-end=\"1661\">\n<li data-start=\"1435\" data-end=\"1529\">\n<p data-start=\"1437\" data-end=\"1529\">Austenitic stainless steels have <strong data-start=\"1470\" data-end=\"1496\">high thermal expansion<\/strong>, which can lead to distortion.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1593\">\n<p data-start=\"1532\" data-end=\"1593\">Moderate heat input and proper sequencing minimize warping.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1594\" data-end=\"1661\">\n<p data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1661\">Intermittent tack welding can help maintain dimensional accuracy.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1663\" data-end=\"1666\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1668\" data-end=\"1714\"><strong data-start=\"1672\" data-end=\"1714\">5. Applications Leveraging Weldability<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1922\">\n<li data-start=\"1715\" data-end=\"1755\">\n<p data-start=\"1717\" data-end=\"1755\">Chemical and petrochemical equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1756\" data-end=\"1795\">\n<p data-start=\"1758\" data-end=\"1795\">High-temperature furnace components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1796\" data-end=\"1828\">\n<p data-start=\"1798\" data-end=\"1828\">Marine and coastal equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"1873\">\n<p data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"1873\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1874\" data-end=\"1922\">\n<p data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1922\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1924\" data-end=\"1927\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1929\" data-end=\"1944\"><strong data-start=\"1933\" data-end=\"1944\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1945\" data-end=\"2239\">321 stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"1974\" data-end=\"1999\">excellent weldability<\/strong> due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content. Welded joints maintain <strong data-start=\"2077\" data-end=\"2131\">high corrosion resistance and structural integrity<\/strong>, making 321 ideal for <strong data-start=\"2154\" data-end=\"2238\">industrial, chemical, high-temperature, marine, and food-processing applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1821\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"2\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1821\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Fabrication <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1821\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-312a624 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"312a624\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-904e593 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"904e593\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"125\">Fabrication of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"464\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"202\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"273\">excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability<\/strong>. Its low carbon content and titanium addition allow for <strong data-start=\"330\" data-end=\"397\">versatile fabrication using conventional metalworking processes<\/strong>, while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"466\" data-end=\"469\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"489\"><strong data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"489\">1. Forming<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"856\">\n<li data-start=\"490\" data-end=\"683\">\n<p data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"511\"><strong data-start=\"492\" data-end=\"509\">Cold Forming:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"683\">\n<li data-start=\"514\" data-end=\"574\">\n<p data-start=\"516\" data-end=\"574\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"529\" data-end=\"572\">bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"577\" data-end=\"683\">\n<p data-start=\"579\" data-end=\"683\">Work-hardens moderately; intermediate <strong data-start=\"617\" data-end=\"639\">solution annealing<\/strong> may be required for extensive deformation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"684\" data-end=\"856\">\n<p data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"704\"><strong data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"702\">Hot Forming:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"856\">\n<li data-start=\"707\" data-end=\"785\">\n<p data-start=\"709\" data-end=\"785\">Recommended for complex or thick sections at <strong data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"783\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"788\" data-end=\"856\">\n<p data-start=\"790\" data-end=\"856\">Ensures uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"858\" data-end=\"861\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"863\" data-end=\"894\"><strong data-start=\"867\" data-end=\"894\">2. Cutting and Shearing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"1034\">\n<li data-start=\"895\" data-end=\"967\">\n<p data-start=\"897\" data-end=\"967\">Can be cut using <strong data-start=\"914\" data-end=\"964\">laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"968\" data-end=\"1034\">\n<p data-start=\"970\" data-end=\"1034\">Sharp tools and correct feeds minimize surface work hardening.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1039\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1041\" data-end=\"1061\"><strong data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1061\">3. Machining<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1062\" data-end=\"1269\">\n<li data-start=\"1062\" data-end=\"1134\">\n<p data-start=\"1064\" data-end=\"1134\">Moderate difficulty due to <strong data-start=\"1091\" data-end=\"1132\">toughness and work-hardening tendency<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1135\" data-end=\"1192\">\n<p data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1192\"><strong data-start=\"1137\" data-end=\"1154\">Carbide tools<\/strong> preferred for high-speed operations<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1193\" data-end=\"1269\">\n<p data-start=\"1195\" data-end=\"1269\">Use <strong data-start=\"1199\" data-end=\"1225\">coolants or lubricants<\/strong> to reduce heat and improve surface finish<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1271\" data-end=\"1274\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1276\" data-end=\"1294\"><strong data-start=\"1280\" data-end=\"1294\">4. Welding<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1295\" data-end=\"1585\">\n<li data-start=\"1295\" data-end=\"1367\">\n<p data-start=\"1297\" data-end=\"1367\">Excellent weldability with <strong data-start=\"1324\" data-end=\"1365\">TIG, MIG, SMAW, or resistance welding<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1368\" data-end=\"1433\">\n<p data-start=\"1370\" data-end=\"1433\">Titanium prevents <strong data-start=\"1388\" data-end=\"1415\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded areas<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1434\" data-end=\"1526\">\n<p data-start=\"1436\" data-end=\"1526\">Filler material: <strong data-start=\"1453\" data-end=\"1462\">ER321<\/strong> recommended for matching composition and corrosion resistance<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1527\" data-end=\"1585\">\n<p data-start=\"1529\" data-end=\"1585\">Post-weld heat treatment is generally <strong data-start=\"1567\" data-end=\"1583\">not required<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1587\" data-end=\"1590\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1592\" data-end=\"1623\"><strong data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1623\">5. Cold and Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1840\">\n<li data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1741\">\n<p data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1741\"><strong data-start=\"1626\" data-end=\"1642\">Cold working<\/strong> increases strength through work hardening; solution annealing may be needed to restore ductility<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1742\" data-end=\"1840\">\n<p data-start=\"1744\" data-end=\"1840\"><strong data-start=\"1744\" data-end=\"1759\">Hot working<\/strong> produces uniform properties and is recommended for thick or complex components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1842\" data-end=\"1845\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1875\"><strong data-start=\"1851\" data-end=\"1875\">6. Surface Finishing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"2074\">\n<li data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1958\">\n<p data-start=\"1878\" data-end=\"1958\">Available in <strong data-start=\"1891\" data-end=\"1956\">2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished surfaces<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1959\" data-end=\"2074\">\n<p data-start=\"1961\" data-end=\"2074\">Cold working may require additional <strong data-start=\"1997\" data-end=\"2022\">polishing or pickling<\/strong> for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2076\" data-end=\"2079\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2081\" data-end=\"2127\"><strong data-start=\"2085\" data-end=\"2127\">7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"2128\" data-end=\"2393\">\n<li data-start=\"2128\" data-end=\"2177\">\n<p data-start=\"2130\" data-end=\"2177\">Chemical and petrochemical vessels and piping<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2178\" data-end=\"2228\">\n<p data-start=\"2180\" data-end=\"2228\">High-temperature furnace and boiler components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2229\" data-end=\"2273\">\n<p data-start=\"2231\" data-end=\"2273\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2274\" data-end=\"2322\">\n<p data-start=\"2276\" data-end=\"2322\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"2323\" data-end=\"2393\">\n<p data-start=\"2325\" data-end=\"2393\">Architectural structures exposed to heat or industrial atmospheres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2395\" data-end=\"2398\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2400\" data-end=\"2415\"><strong data-start=\"2404\" data-end=\"2415\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2416\" data-end=\"2752\">321 stainless steel is <strong data-start=\"2439\" data-end=\"2481\">highly versatile and easy to fabricate<\/strong>, offering excellent <strong data-start=\"2502\" data-end=\"2565\">cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties<\/strong>. Titanium stabilization ensures <strong data-start=\"2598\" data-end=\"2659\">corrosion resistance is maintained throughout fabrication<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2681\" data-end=\"2751\">industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1822\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"3\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1822\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Hot Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1822\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9fbdc3 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"b9fbdc3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f9430e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5f9430e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"84\" data-end=\"125\"><strong data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"125\">Hot Working of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"127\" data-end=\"448\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"152\" data-end=\"202\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"208\" data-end=\"237\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, making it suitable for <strong data-start=\"262\" data-end=\"331\">forging, rolling, extrusion, and forming at elevated temperatures<\/strong>. Hot working reduces work hardening and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"450\" data-end=\"453\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"455\" data-end=\"501\"><strong data-start=\"459\" data-end=\"501\">1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"703\">\n<li data-start=\"502\" data-end=\"550\">\n<p data-start=\"504\" data-end=\"550\">Typical range: <strong data-start=\"519\" data-end=\"548\">1010\u20131175\u00b0C (1850\u20132150\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"551\" data-end=\"623\">\n<p data-start=\"553\" data-end=\"623\">Exceeding this range may cause <strong data-start=\"584\" data-end=\"600\">grain growth<\/strong>, reducing toughness.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"624\" data-end=\"703\">\n<p data-start=\"626\" data-end=\"703\">Working below this range increases flow stress, raising the risk of cracking.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"705\" data-end=\"708\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"710\" data-end=\"751\"><strong data-start=\"714\" data-end=\"751\">2. Suitable Hot Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"1001\">\n<li data-start=\"752\" data-end=\"814\">\n<p data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"814\"><strong data-start=\"754\" data-end=\"770\">Hot Rolling:<\/strong> Sheets, plates, and structural components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"815\" data-end=\"873\">\n<p data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"873\"><strong data-start=\"817\" data-end=\"833\">Hot Forging:<\/strong> High-strength or complex-shaped parts<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"874\" data-end=\"922\">\n<p data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"922\"><strong data-start=\"876\" data-end=\"894\">Hot Extrusion:<\/strong> Rods, tubes, and profiles<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"923\" data-end=\"1001\">\n<p data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"1001\"><strong data-start=\"925\" data-end=\"950\">Hot Pressing\/Forming:<\/strong> Thick or large components difficult to cold-work<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1003\" data-end=\"1006\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1044\"><strong data-start=\"1012\" data-end=\"1044\">3. Advantages of Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1266\">\n<li data-start=\"1045\" data-end=\"1100\">\n<p data-start=\"1047\" data-end=\"1100\">Reduces <strong data-start=\"1055\" data-end=\"1073\">work hardening<\/strong> compared to cold working<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1101\" data-end=\"1141\">\n<p data-start=\"1103\" data-end=\"1141\">Enhances <strong data-start=\"1112\" data-end=\"1139\">ductility and toughness<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1142\" data-end=\"1208\">\n<p data-start=\"1144\" data-end=\"1208\">Produces <strong data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1180\">uniform grain structure<\/strong> and mechanical properties<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1209\" data-end=\"1266\">\n<p data-start=\"1211\" data-end=\"1266\">Allows fabrication of <strong data-start=\"1233\" data-end=\"1264\">large or complex components<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1268\" data-end=\"1271\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1273\" data-end=\"1311\"><strong data-start=\"1277\" data-end=\"1311\">4. Post-Hot Working Treatments<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1492\">\n<li data-start=\"1312\" data-end=\"1404\">\n<p data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1404\"><strong data-start=\"1314\" data-end=\"1336\">Solution annealing<\/strong> may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1492\">\n<p data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1492\"><strong data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1434\">Pickling or passivation<\/strong> enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1494\" data-end=\"1497\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1499\" data-end=\"1545\"><strong data-start=\"1503\" data-end=\"1545\">5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1723\">\n<li data-start=\"1546\" data-end=\"1581\">\n<p data-start=\"1548\" data-end=\"1581\">Industrial machinery components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1582\" data-end=\"1629\">\n<p data-start=\"1584\" data-end=\"1629\">High-temperature chemical process equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1630\" data-end=\"1663\">\n<p data-start=\"1632\" data-end=\"1663\">Furnace and boiler components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1664\" data-end=\"1723\">\n<p data-start=\"1666\" data-end=\"1723\">Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1725\" data-end=\"1728\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1730\" data-end=\"1745\"><strong data-start=\"1734\" data-end=\"1745\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1746\" data-end=\"2103\">321 stainless steel demonstrates <strong data-start=\"1779\" data-end=\"1808\">excellent hot workability<\/strong>, allowing it to be <strong data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"1872\">forged, rolled, or formed at 1010\u20131175\u00b0C<\/strong>. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2031\" data-end=\"2102\">industrial, chemical, high-temperature, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1823\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"4\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1823\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1823\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df8cb07 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"df8cb07\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1e4b713 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1e4b713\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"133\"><strong data-start=\"91\" data-end=\"133\">Heat Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"135\" data-end=\"434\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"160\" data-end=\"210\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> designed for <strong data-start=\"224\" data-end=\"257\">high-temperature applications<\/strong>. The addition of titanium prevents <strong data-start=\"293\" data-end=\"327\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, allowing the steel to maintain <strong data-start=\"360\" data-end=\"408\">corrosion resistance and mechanical strength<\/strong> at elevated temperatures.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"436\" data-end=\"439\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"441\" data-end=\"482\"><strong data-start=\"445\" data-end=\"482\">1. Continuous Service Temperature<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"729\">\n<li data-start=\"483\" data-end=\"569\">\n<p data-start=\"485\" data-end=\"569\">Suitable for continuous service in <strong data-start=\"520\" data-end=\"567\">oxidizing atmospheres up to ~870\u00b0C (1600\u00b0F)<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"570\" data-end=\"644\">\n<p data-start=\"572\" data-end=\"644\">Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in this range<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"645\" data-end=\"729\">\n<p data-start=\"647\" data-end=\"729\">Prolonged exposure above 870\u00b0C may cause slight scaling and reduction in toughness<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"731\" data-end=\"734\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"736\" data-end=\"768\"><strong data-start=\"740\" data-end=\"768\">2. Intermittent Exposure<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"934\">\n<li data-start=\"769\" data-end=\"872\">\n<p data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"872\">Can tolerate <strong data-start=\"784\" data-end=\"830\">intermittent heating up to ~925\u00b0C (1700\u00b0F)<\/strong> without significant surface degradation<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"873\" data-end=\"934\">\n<p data-start=\"875\" data-end=\"934\">Suitable for parts exposed to <strong data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"934\">occasional thermal cycles<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"936\" data-end=\"939\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"941\" data-end=\"972\"><strong data-start=\"945\" data-end=\"972\">3. Oxidation Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"973\" data-end=\"1222\">\n<li data-start=\"973\" data-end=\"1045\">\n<p data-start=\"975\" data-end=\"1045\">Forms a <strong data-start=\"983\" data-end=\"1018\">protective chromium oxide layer<\/strong> in oxidizing atmospheres<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1046\" data-end=\"1127\">\n<p data-start=\"1048\" data-end=\"1127\">Maintains corrosion resistance under <strong data-start=\"1085\" data-end=\"1125\">moderate high-temperature conditions<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1128\" data-end=\"1222\">\n<p data-start=\"1130\" data-end=\"1222\">Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1224\" data-end=\"1227\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1229\" data-end=\"1280\"><strong data-start=\"1233\" data-end=\"1280\">4. Thermal Effects on Mechanical Properties<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1528\">\n<li data-start=\"1281\" data-end=\"1357\">\n<p data-start=\"1283\" data-end=\"1357\">Retains <strong data-start=\"1291\" data-end=\"1325\">tensile strength and ductility<\/strong> at moderate high temperatures<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1358\" data-end=\"1447\">\n<p data-start=\"1360\" data-end=\"1447\">Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1448\" data-end=\"1528\">\n<p data-start=\"1450\" data-end=\"1528\">Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without solution annealing<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1530\" data-end=\"1533\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1585\"><strong data-start=\"1539\" data-end=\"1585\">5. Applications Related to Heat Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1773\">\n<li data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1619\">\n<p data-start=\"1588\" data-end=\"1619\">Furnace and boiler components<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1620\" data-end=\"1672\">\n<p data-start=\"1622\" data-end=\"1672\">Heat exchangers, hot gas ducts, and superheaters<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1673\" data-end=\"1730\">\n<p data-start=\"1675\" data-end=\"1730\">Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1731\" data-end=\"1773\">\n<p data-start=\"1733\" data-end=\"1773\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1775\" data-end=\"1778\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1828\"><strong data-start=\"1784\" data-end=\"1828\">6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"2039\">\n<li data-start=\"1829\" data-end=\"1924\">\n<p data-start=\"1831\" data-end=\"1924\">Heat resistance is slightly lower than <strong data-start=\"1870\" data-end=\"1893\">347 stainless steel<\/strong> but superior to 304 and 304L<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1925\" data-end=\"2039\">\n<p data-start=\"1927\" data-end=\"2039\">Preferred when <strong data-start=\"1942\" data-end=\"1982\">weldability and corrosion resistance<\/strong> are more critical than extreme high-temperature strength<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2041\" data-end=\"2044\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2046\" data-end=\"2061\"><strong data-start=\"2050\" data-end=\"2061\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2062\" data-end=\"2440\">321 stainless steel provides <strong data-start=\"2091\" data-end=\"2133\">excellent high-temperature performance<\/strong>, with continuous service up to ~870\u00b0C and intermittent exposure up to ~925\u00b0C. Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization, maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in <strong data-start=\"2321\" data-end=\"2365\">welded and high-temperature applications<\/strong>, making it ideal for <strong data-start=\"2387\" data-end=\"2439\">industrial, chemical, and aerospace environments<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1824\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"5\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1824\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Machinability <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1824\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68e23b5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"68e23b5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed6553 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed6553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"86\" data-end=\"129\"><strong data-start=\"89\" data-end=\"129\">Machinability of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"131\" data-end=\"471\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"156\" data-end=\"206\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that exhibits <strong data-start=\"221\" data-end=\"247\">moderate machinability<\/strong>. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require <strong data-start=\"326\" data-end=\"395\">special attention to tooling, cutting parameters, and lubrication<\/strong> during machining to achieve high-quality surfaces and efficient production.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"473\" data-end=\"476\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"478\" data-end=\"512\"><strong data-start=\"482\" data-end=\"512\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"731\">\n<li data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"577\">\n<p data-start=\"515\" data-end=\"577\">321 stainless steel <strong data-start=\"535\" data-end=\"559\">work-hardens quickly<\/strong> during cutting.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"578\" data-end=\"649\">\n<p data-start=\"580\" data-end=\"649\">Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"650\" data-end=\"731\">\n<p data-start=\"652\" data-end=\"731\">Continuous, smooth cutting is recommended to minimize localized work hardening.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"733\" data-end=\"736\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"738\" data-end=\"772\"><strong data-start=\"742\" data-end=\"772\">2. Tooling Recommendations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"1033\">\n<li data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"848\">\n<p data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"848\"><strong data-start=\"775\" data-end=\"792\">Carbide tools<\/strong> are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"849\" data-end=\"945\">\n<p data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"945\"><strong data-start=\"851\" data-end=\"883\">High-speed steel (HSS) tools<\/strong> can be used at lower speeds for light to medium operations.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"946\" data-end=\"1033\">\n<p data-start=\"948\" data-end=\"1033\">Tools with <strong data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"983\">positive rake angles<\/strong> reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1035\" data-end=\"1038\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1040\" data-end=\"1075\"><strong data-start=\"1044\" data-end=\"1075\">3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1296\">\n<li data-start=\"1076\" data-end=\"1137\">\n<p data-start=\"1078\" data-end=\"1137\">Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1138\" data-end=\"1227\">\n<p data-start=\"1140\" data-end=\"1227\">Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent local work hardening.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1228\" data-end=\"1296\">\n<p data-start=\"1230\" data-end=\"1296\">Avoid dwelling or stopping on the workpiece to prevent hard spots.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1298\" data-end=\"1301\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1303\" data-end=\"1337\"><strong data-start=\"1307\" data-end=\"1337\">4. Cooling and Lubrication<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1338\" data-end=\"1579\">\n<li data-start=\"1338\" data-end=\"1411\">\n<p data-start=\"1340\" data-end=\"1411\">Low thermal conductivity causes <strong data-start=\"1372\" data-end=\"1408\">heat buildup at the cutting zone<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1412\" data-end=\"1517\">\n<p data-start=\"1414\" data-end=\"1517\">Use <strong data-start=\"1418\" data-end=\"1453\">flood coolant or cutting fluids<\/strong> to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1518\" data-end=\"1579\">\n<p data-start=\"1520\" data-end=\"1579\">High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1584\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1586\" data-end=\"1611\"><strong data-start=\"1590\" data-end=\"1611\">5. Chip Formation<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1612\" data-end=\"1752\">\n<li data-start=\"1612\" data-end=\"1670\">\n<p data-start=\"1614\" data-end=\"1670\">Chips are <strong data-start=\"1624\" data-end=\"1667\">tough, stringy, and difficult to manage<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1671\" data-end=\"1752\">\n<p data-start=\"1673\" data-end=\"1752\">Use <strong data-start=\"1677\" data-end=\"1713\">chip breakers or special inserts<\/strong> to control chip flow during machining.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1754\" data-end=\"1757\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1784\"><strong data-start=\"1763\" data-end=\"1784\">6. Surface Finish<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1785\" data-end=\"1944\">\n<li data-start=\"1785\" data-end=\"1853\">\n<p data-start=\"1787\" data-end=\"1853\">Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1854\" data-end=\"1944\">\n<p data-start=\"1856\" data-end=\"1944\">Work-hardened areas may require <strong data-start=\"1888\" data-end=\"1908\">finishing passes<\/strong> to achieve desired surface quality.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1946\" data-end=\"1949\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1951\" data-end=\"1966\"><strong data-start=\"1955\" data-end=\"1966\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1967\" data-end=\"2287\">321 stainless steel has <strong data-start=\"1991\" data-end=\"2017\">moderate machinability<\/strong> and requires <strong data-start=\"2031\" data-end=\"2094\">careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and lubrication<\/strong>. When properly managed, high-quality surfaces and dimensional accuracy are achievable, making it suitable for <strong data-start=\"2205\" data-end=\"2286\">chemical, aerospace, automotive, and high-temperature industrial applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1825\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"6\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1825\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Corrosion Resistance <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1825\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6284c9c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"6284c9c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33e5317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"33e5317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"93\" data-end=\"143\"><strong data-start=\"96\" data-end=\"143\">Corrosion Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"145\" data-end=\"464\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"170\" data-end=\"220\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> with <strong data-start=\"226\" data-end=\"277\">excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion<\/strong> and good general corrosion resistance. The addition of titanium prevents <strong data-start=\"351\" data-end=\"385\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature environments.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"466\" data-end=\"469\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"471\" data-end=\"510\"><strong data-start=\"475\" data-end=\"510\">1. General Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"785\">\n<li data-start=\"511\" data-end=\"605\">\n<p data-start=\"513\" data-end=\"605\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"526\" data-end=\"553\">oxidation and corrosion<\/strong> in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"606\" data-end=\"682\">\n<p data-start=\"608\" data-end=\"682\">Suitable for <strong data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"679\">industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"683\" data-end=\"785\">\n<p data-start=\"685\" data-end=\"785\">Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure due to titanium stabilization.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"787\" data-end=\"790\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"792\" data-end=\"837\"><strong data-start=\"796\" data-end=\"837\">2. Intergranular Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"838\" data-end=\"1103\">\n<li data-start=\"838\" data-end=\"939\">\n<p data-start=\"840\" data-end=\"939\">Titanium forms <strong data-start=\"855\" data-end=\"874\">stable carbides<\/strong>, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"940\" data-end=\"1025\">\n<p data-start=\"942\" data-end=\"1025\">Reduces the risk of <strong data-start=\"962\" data-end=\"979\">sensitization<\/strong> during welding or high-temperature service.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1026\" data-end=\"1103\">\n<p data-start=\"1028\" data-end=\"1103\">Ideal for <strong data-start=\"1038\" data-end=\"1059\">welded assemblies<\/strong> without requiring post-weld heat treatment.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1105\" data-end=\"1108\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1110\" data-end=\"1152\"><strong data-start=\"1114\" data-end=\"1152\">3. Chloride and Pitting Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1360\">\n<li data-start=\"1153\" data-end=\"1252\">\n<p data-start=\"1155\" data-end=\"1252\">Provides <strong data-start=\"1164\" data-end=\"1187\">moderate resistance<\/strong> to chloride-induced pitting compared with 304 stainless steel.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1253\" data-end=\"1360\">\n<p data-start=\"1255\" data-end=\"1360\">Less resistant than 316 or 317 grades but sufficient for most <strong data-start=\"1317\" data-end=\"1357\">industrial and chemical applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1362\" data-end=\"1365\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1367\" data-end=\"1404\"><strong data-start=\"1371\" data-end=\"1404\">4. High-Temperature Corrosion<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1717\">\n<li data-start=\"1405\" data-end=\"1534\">\n<p data-start=\"1407\" data-end=\"1534\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1420\" data-end=\"1445\">oxidation and scaling<\/strong> at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~870\u00b0C, intermittent up to ~925\u00b0C).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1535\" data-end=\"1617\">\n<p data-start=\"1537\" data-end=\"1617\">Performs well in <strong data-start=\"1554\" data-end=\"1579\">oxidizing atmospheres<\/strong> and moderate chemical environments.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1618\" data-end=\"1717\">\n<p data-start=\"1620\" data-end=\"1717\">Not recommended for <strong data-start=\"1640\" data-end=\"1690\">strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments<\/strong> at very high temperatures.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1719\" data-end=\"1722\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1724\" data-end=\"1779\"><strong data-start=\"1728\" data-end=\"1779\">5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"2040\">\n<li data-start=\"1780\" data-end=\"1832\">\n<p data-start=\"1782\" data-end=\"1832\">Furnace components, boilers, and heat exchangers<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1833\" data-end=\"1873\">\n<p data-start=\"1835\" data-end=\"1873\">Chemical and petrochemical equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1874\" data-end=\"1918\">\n<p data-start=\"1876\" data-end=\"1918\">Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1919\" data-end=\"1967\">\n<p data-start=\"1921\" data-end=\"1967\">Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1968\" data-end=\"2040\">\n<p data-start=\"1970\" data-end=\"2040\">Welded industrial structures exposed to heat and atmospheric corrosion<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"2042\" data-end=\"2045\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"2047\" data-end=\"2062\"><strong data-start=\"2051\" data-end=\"2062\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2063\" data-end=\"2397\">321 stainless steel offers <strong data-start=\"2090\" data-end=\"2150\">excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance<\/strong>, especially in <strong data-start=\"2166\" data-end=\"2209\">welded or high-temperature applications<\/strong>. Titanium stabilization ensures durability in <strong data-start=\"2256\" data-end=\"2326\">chemical, industrial, aerospace, and high-temperature environments<\/strong>, making it a reliable choice where corrosion resistance is critical.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1826\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"7\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1826\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Heat Treatment <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1826\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ed7bb9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"9ed7bb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f197bcb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f197bcb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"87\" data-end=\"131\"><strong data-start=\"90\" data-end=\"131\">Heat Treatment of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"133\" data-end=\"400\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"158\" data-end=\"208\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong>, which is <strong data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"253\">not hardened by heat treatment<\/strong>. Heat treatment is primarily used to <strong data-start=\"291\" data-end=\"365\">relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance<\/strong>, rather than to increase hardness.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"402\" data-end=\"405\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"407\" data-end=\"436\"><strong data-start=\"411\" data-end=\"436\">1. Solution Annealing<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"898\">\n<li data-start=\"437\" data-end=\"620\">\n<p data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"453\"><strong data-start=\"439\" data-end=\"451\">Purpose:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"620\">\n<li data-start=\"456\" data-end=\"507\">\n<p data-start=\"458\" data-end=\"507\">Restore ductility after cold working or forming<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"510\" data-end=\"539\">\n<p data-start=\"512\" data-end=\"539\">Relieve residual stresses<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"542\" data-end=\"620\">\n<p data-start=\"544\" data-end=\"620\">Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form in improper heating<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"621\" data-end=\"673\">\n<p data-start=\"623\" data-end=\"673\"><strong data-start=\"623\" data-end=\"645\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 1010\u20131120\u00b0C (1850\u20132050\u00b0F)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"674\" data-end=\"755\">\n<p data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"755\"><strong data-start=\"676\" data-end=\"688\">Cooling:<\/strong> Rapid air or water quench to maintain fully austenitic structure<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"756\" data-end=\"898\">\n<p data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"771\"><strong data-start=\"758\" data-end=\"769\">Effect:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"898\">\n<li data-start=\"774\" data-end=\"833\">\n<p data-start=\"776\" data-end=\"833\">Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"836\" data-end=\"898\">\n<p data-start=\"838\" data-end=\"898\">Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"900\" data-end=\"903\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"905\" data-end=\"929\"><strong data-start=\"909\" data-end=\"929\">2. Stress Relief<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"930\" data-end=\"1189\">\n<li data-start=\"930\" data-end=\"1005\">\n<p data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"1005\"><strong data-start=\"932\" data-end=\"944\">Purpose:<\/strong> Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1006\" data-end=\"1055\">\n<p data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1055\"><strong data-start=\"1008\" data-end=\"1030\">Temperature Range:<\/strong> 450\u2013650\u00b0C (840\u20131200\u00b0F)<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1056\" data-end=\"1189\">\n<p data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1189\"><strong data-start=\"1058\" data-end=\"1069\">Effect:<\/strong> Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1191\" data-end=\"1194\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1196\" data-end=\"1243\"><strong data-start=\"1200\" data-end=\"1243\">3. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1244\" data-end=\"1409\">\n<li data-start=\"1244\" data-end=\"1303\">\n<p data-start=\"1246\" data-end=\"1303\">Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1304\" data-end=\"1409\">\n<p data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1409\"><strong data-start=\"1306\" data-end=\"1341\">Intermediate solution annealing<\/strong> may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1411\" data-end=\"1414\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1416\" data-end=\"1451\"><strong data-start=\"1420\" data-end=\"1451\">4. Post-Weld Heat Treatment<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1642\">\n<li data-start=\"1452\" data-end=\"1535\">\n<p data-start=\"1454\" data-end=\"1535\">Generally <strong data-start=\"1464\" data-end=\"1480\">not required<\/strong> due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1536\" data-end=\"1642\">\n<p data-start=\"1538\" data-end=\"1642\">Stress relief annealing may be applied for <strong data-start=\"1581\" data-end=\"1642\">dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1644\" data-end=\"1647\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1649\" data-end=\"1671\"><strong data-start=\"1653\" data-end=\"1671\">5. Limitations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1672\" data-end=\"1821\">\n<li data-start=\"1672\" data-end=\"1735\">\n<p data-start=\"1674\" data-end=\"1735\">Heat treatment does <strong data-start=\"1694\" data-end=\"1733\">not significantly increase hardness<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1736\" data-end=\"1821\">\n<p data-start=\"1738\" data-end=\"1821\">Prolonged exposure above ~500\u00b0C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1823\" data-end=\"1826\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1828\" data-end=\"1843\"><strong data-start=\"1832\" data-end=\"1843\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"1844\" data-end=\"2145\">Heat treatment of 321 stainless steel is mainly for <strong data-start=\"1896\" data-end=\"1974\">stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance<\/strong>. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 321 ideal for <strong data-start=\"2086\" data-end=\"2144\">welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<details id=\"e-n-accordion-item-1827\" class=\"e-n-accordion-item\" >\n\t\t\t\t<summary class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title\" data-accordion-index=\"8\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"e-n-accordion-item-1827\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-header'><div class=\"e-n-accordion-item-title-text\"> Cold Working <\/div><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class='e-n-accordion-item-title-icon'>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-opened' ><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-minus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h384c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t\t<span class='e-closed'><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-plus\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M416 208H272V64c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32h-32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v144H32c-17.67 0-32 14.33-32 32v32c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h144v144c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h32c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V304h144c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32v-32c0-17.67-14.33-32-32-32z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/summary>\n\t\t\t\t<div data-particle_enable=\"false\" data-particle-mobile-disabled=\"false\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"e-n-accordion-item-1827\" class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0bfd22c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0bfd22c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8ba646 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8ba646\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2 data-start=\"85\" data-end=\"127\"><strong data-start=\"88\" data-end=\"127\">Cold Working of 321 Stainless Steel<\/strong><\/h2>\n<p data-start=\"129\" data-end=\"388\">321 stainless steel is a <strong data-start=\"154\" data-end=\"204\">titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel<\/strong> that exhibits <strong data-start=\"219\" data-end=\"256\">excellent cold-working properties<\/strong>. Cold working increases <strong data-start=\"281\" data-end=\"306\">strength and hardness<\/strong> through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.<\/p>\n<hr data-start=\"390\" data-end=\"393\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"395\" data-end=\"429\"><strong data-start=\"399\" data-end=\"429\">1. Work-Hardening Behavior<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"679\">\n<li data-start=\"430\" data-end=\"506\">\n<p data-start=\"432\" data-end=\"506\">321 stainless steel <strong data-start=\"452\" data-end=\"479\">work-hardens moderately<\/strong> during cold deformation.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"507\" data-end=\"595\">\n<p data-start=\"509\" data-end=\"595\">Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"596\" data-end=\"679\">\n<p data-start=\"598\" data-end=\"679\">Excessive cold working may require <strong data-start=\"633\" data-end=\"655\">solution annealing<\/strong> to restore formability.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"681\" data-end=\"684\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"686\" data-end=\"726\"><strong data-start=\"690\" data-end=\"726\">2. Common Cold Working Processes<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"952\">\n<li data-start=\"727\" data-end=\"770\">\n<p data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"770\"><strong data-start=\"729\" data-end=\"741\">Rolling:<\/strong> Sheets, strips, and plates<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"771\" data-end=\"810\">\n<p data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"810\"><strong data-start=\"773\" data-end=\"785\">Drawing:<\/strong> Tubes, rods, and wires<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"811\" data-end=\"882\">\n<p data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"882\"><strong data-start=\"813\" data-end=\"837\">Bending and Forming:<\/strong> Structural components, brackets, and clips<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"883\" data-end=\"952\">\n<p data-start=\"885\" data-end=\"952\"><strong data-start=\"885\" data-end=\"915\">Stamping and Deep Drawing:<\/strong> Industrial and food-processing parts<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"954\" data-end=\"957\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"959\" data-end=\"999\"><strong data-start=\"963\" data-end=\"999\">3. Mechanical Properties Control<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1192\">\n<li data-start=\"1000\" data-end=\"1089\">\n<p data-start=\"1002\" data-end=\"1089\">Cold working allows adjustment of <strong data-start=\"1036\" data-end=\"1086\">tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1090\" data-end=\"1192\">\n<p data-start=\"1092\" data-end=\"1192\">Extensive cold work may require <strong data-start=\"1124\" data-end=\"1146\">solution annealing<\/strong> to restore ductility for further fabrication.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1194\" data-end=\"1197\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1199\" data-end=\"1240\"><strong data-start=\"1203\" data-end=\"1240\">4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1440\">\n<li data-start=\"1241\" data-end=\"1362\">\n<p data-start=\"1243\" data-end=\"1362\">Titanium stabilization prevents <strong data-start=\"1275\" data-end=\"1309\">chromium carbide precipitation<\/strong>, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1363\" data-end=\"1440\">\n<p data-start=\"1365\" data-end=\"1440\">Resistant to <strong data-start=\"1378\" data-end=\"1405\">intergranular corrosion<\/strong> in welded or heavily worked areas.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1442\" data-end=\"1445\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1447\" data-end=\"1485\"><strong data-start=\"1451\" data-end=\"1485\">5. Post-Forming Considerations<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1707\">\n<li data-start=\"1486\" data-end=\"1595\">\n<p data-start=\"1488\" data-end=\"1595\">Solution annealing can relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1596\" data-end=\"1707\">\n<p data-start=\"1598\" data-end=\"1707\">Cold working may slightly induce <strong data-start=\"1631\" data-end=\"1644\">magnetism<\/strong> due to minor martensitic transformation, typically negligible.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1709\" data-end=\"1712\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1714\" data-end=\"1758\"><strong data-start=\"1718\" data-end=\"1758\">6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work<\/strong><\/h3>\n<ul data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1978\">\n<li data-start=\"1759\" data-end=\"1792\">\n<p data-start=\"1761\" data-end=\"1792\">Springs, clips, and fasteners<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1793\" data-end=\"1844\">\n<p data-start=\"1795\" data-end=\"1844\">Structural components requiring higher strength<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1845\" data-end=\"1914\">\n<p data-start=\"1847\" data-end=\"1914\">Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li data-start=\"1915\" data-end=\"1978\">\n<p data-start=\"1917\" data-end=\"1978\">Formed components requiring corrosion resistance and strength<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr data-start=\"1980\" data-end=\"1983\" \/>\n<h3 data-start=\"1985\" data-end=\"2000\"><strong data-start=\"1989\" data-end=\"2000\">Summary<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p data-start=\"2001\" data-end=\"2348\">321 stainless steel exhibits <strong data-start=\"2030\" data-end=\"2072\">excellent cold-working characteristics<\/strong>, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for <strong data-start=\"2269\" data-end=\"2347\">industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/details>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Stainless Steel, Austenitic 321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil A titanium-stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with very good corrosion resistance. Stainless steel 321 is the stabilized version of stainless steel 304. The 18\/8 blend of chromium and nickel is tempered with titanium to give type 321 protection from intergranular corrosion that can occur after heat treatment. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2907,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[16],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2906","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-commercial-stainless-steel-alloys"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2906","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2906"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2906\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2907"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2906"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2906"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/zhss.org\/vi\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2906"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}