فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ، مارتنسيتي
420 Stainless Steel (S42000) Bar
A martensitic machining bar with machinability enhanced through the addition of sulphur.
As with most other free-machining stainless steels the improvement in machinability is achieved by addition of sulphur which forms manganese sulphide inclusions; this sulphur addition also lowers the corrosion resistance, weldability and formability to below that of its non-free machining equivalent Grade 410.
420 stainless steel is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in applications that require cutting edges, wear resistance, and the ability to be hardened.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
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420 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| النظام/المعيار | البلد/المنطقة | الدرجة/التعيين |
| AISI | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 420 |
| UNS | الدولية | S42000 |
| EN / W.Nr.W. | أوروبا | 1.4021 |
| اسم EN | أوروبا | X20Cr13 |
| ASTM A276 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | Type 420 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A314 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | Type 420 (forged/rolled bars) |
| ASTM A743 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | CA-40 (cast 420-type) |
| GB | الصين | 2Cr13 |
| JIS | اليابان | SUS420J1 / SUS420J2 |
| ب | المملكة المتحدة | 420S37 / 420S45 |
الخصائص
التركيب الكيميائي
1.4021 Steel
EN 10088-3
| العنصر الكيميائي | % الحاضر |
| الكربون (C) | 0.16 - 0.25 |
| الكروم (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| المنجنيز (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| السيليكون (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| الفوسفور (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| الكبريت (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| الحديد (Fe) | الرصيد |
الخواص الميكانيكية
Bar Up to 160mm Dia / Thickness
EN 10088-3
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 500 - 600 MPa |
| قوة الشد | 700 - 950 MPa |
| Elongation A | 12 - 13 % |
الخصائص الفيزيائية العامة
| الممتلكات المادية | القيمة |
| الكثافة | 7.75 g/cm³ |
| التمدد الحراري | 10.3 x 10-6/K |
| معامل المرونة | 200 جيجا باسكال |
| الموصلية الحرارية | 24.9 W/m.K |
| المقاومة الكهربائية | 0.55 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ excellent hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is widely used in applications requiring cutting performance, precision, and durability.
1. Cutting Tools and Blades
Knives, scissors, and surgical instruments
Razors and trimming tools
Industrial cutting and shaping tools
2. Mechanical and Industrial Components
Gears, shafts, and bushings
Bearings and valve components
Dies, molds, and wear-resistant parts
3. Automotive and Aerospace Applications
High-strength fasteners and pins
ينابيع ومكونات دقيقة
Components requiring wear resistance under stress
4. Household and Decorative Applications
Kitchen knives and utensils
Tools and hardware exposed to moderate wear and moisture
Decorative fittings requiring moderate corrosion resistance
الملخص
420 stainless steel combines high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, ، مما يجعله مثالياً لـ cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items. It is particularly suitable for applications requiring sharp edges, durability, and dimensional stability.
Characteristics of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ صلابة عالية، مقاومة تآكل ممتازة، ومقاومة معتدلة للتآكل. It is widely used in applications requiring cutting performance, durability, and dimensional stability.
1. Chemical Composition
Carbon: 0.15–0.40% – provides high hardness and wear resistance
Chromium: 12–14% – gives corrosion resistance and hardenability
Minor elements such as manganese, silicon, and nickel enhance mechanical properties
2. Hardness and Mechanical Properties
يمكن hardened to 50–55 HRC after heat treatment
ممتاز tensile strength and wear resistance
Moderate مَطْواعِيَّة وَصَلابَة, designed primarily for hard, wear-resistant applications
3. Corrosion Resistance
Moderate resistance to oxidation and mild corrosive environments
Better than carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316)
مناسب لـ kitchen tools, industrial components, and precision parts exposed to mild moisture or chemical exposure
4. Machinability and Fabrication
Machinable in الحالة الملدنة
يمكن polished to a bright finish for aesthetic or functional applications
Welding is possible but may reduce hardness in the heat-affected zone; post-weld heat treatment is recommended
5. التطبيقات
سكاكين ومقصات وأدوات قطع
Gears, shafts, bearings, and wear-resistant mechanical components
Springs, dies, molds, and precision engineering parts
Kitchen utensils and decorative hardware
الملخص
420 stainless steel is characterized by صلابة عالية، مقاومة تآكل ممتازة، ومقاومة معتدلة للتآكل. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items requiring durability and dimensional stability.
معلومات إضافية
التصنيع
Fabrication of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Fabrication requires careful handling due to its high carbon content and potential for hardening during processing.
1. التشكيل
التشكيل على الساخن
الأفضل أداءً في الحالة الملدنة.
Typical hot working temperature: 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F).
Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth and loss of toughness.
التشكيل على البارد
Possible in the annealed state.
Cold deformation increases strength through strain hardening, but excessive deformation can cause cracking.
Suitable for bending, stamping, and rolling thin sections.
2. تشغيل الآلات
Machining is easier in the annealed condition.
Hardened 420 is difficult to machine, requiring carbide tooling and proper cooling.
Use cutting fluids to reduce heat and maintain tool life.
3. اللحام
Welding is limited due to high carbon content.
Preheating and post-weld stress relief are recommended to prevent cracking.
الاستخدام matching or low-carbon filler materials for better corrosion resistance and strength.
4. Heat Treatment
Annealing is used before fabrication to soften the steel for forming or machining.
Hardening followed by tempering is applied after fabrication to achieve desired hardness and wear resistance.
5. Surface Treatment
Polishing or passivation can improve corrosion resistance and appearance.
Surface finishing is particularly important for cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision components.
6. Applications Benefiting from Fabrication
أدوات المائدة والسكاكين
Surgical instruments and medical tools
Industrial tooling and valve components
Precision mechanical parts requiring wear resistance
الملخص
420 stainless steel fabrication is typically performed in the الحالة الملدنة to allow hot or cold forming, machining, and limited welding. Post-fabrication heat treatment and surface finishing ensure optimal hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, making 420 ideal for cutting tools, surgical instruments, and precision mechanical components.
قابلية اللحام
Weldability of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Welding this steel requires care due to its high carbon content and tendency to harden, which can lead to cracking if not properly managed.
1. General Considerations
High carbon content increases the risk of cracking during welding.
Preferred welding in the annealed or soft condition to reduce brittleness.
Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are recommended to minimize residual stresses and prevent martensitic hardening.
2. Preheating
Preheat to 150–250°C (300–480°F) before welding.
Helps reduce thermal stress and the risk of cracking في المنطقة المتأثرة بالحرارة (HAZ).
3. طرق اللحام
TIG (GTAW) and MIG (GMAW) are commonly used for precision welds.
Stick welding (SMAW) is possible but requires skilled control.
الاستخدام low-hydrogen electrodes to reduce the risk of cracking.
4. Filler Materials
الاستخدام matching 420 filler metal for best corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Lower carbon or martensitic stainless fillers can be used to reduce cracking risk.
5. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Stress relief or tempering after welding is critical to restore toughness.
Avoid quenching immediately after welding unless specifically required.
Typical post-weld tempering: 150–250°C (300–480°F) for 1–2 hours.
6. Limitations
Welding in the hardened condition is not recommended.
Not suitable for applications requiring high corrosion resistance in welded joints without proper post-weld treatment.
Careful control of heat input is necessary to prevent distortion and cracking.
7. Applications
Welded components in cutlery and knives (annealed condition)
Light-duty industrial components
Mechanical parts requiring moderate corrosion resistance after welding
الملخص
420 stainless steel is weldable with caution, preferably in the الحالة الملدنة. Proper preheating, controlled welding, low-hydrogen filler, and post-weld tempering are essential to prevent cracking and ensure good mechanical properties. While weldability is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels, it can be effectively welded for cutlery, tools, and moderate-duty mechanical applications.
قابلية التصنيع
Machinability of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its machinability depends heavily on its heat treatment condition, with the annealed state being much easier to machine than the hardened state.
1. General Characteristics
Annealed condition:
Machinable with standard high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools.
يوفر good surface finish and dimensional control.
Hardened condition:
Machining is difficult due to high hardness (up to ~50 HRC).
يتطلب أدوات الكربيد, slow cutting speeds, and ample coolant.
Strain hardening: High-carbon content may cause work hardening during machining.
2. Recommended Cutting Parameters
Cutting Speed: Lower speeds compared to mild steels to prevent tool wear.
Feed Rate: Moderate, to balance surface finish and tool life.
Depth of Cut: Shallow cuts in hardened material to avoid excessive tool stress.
سائل تبريد Use water-soluble oil or cutting fluid to reduce heat and friction.
3. Tooling
Hardened 420: Best machined with carbide or ceramic tools.
Annealed 420: Can be machined with high-speed steel (HSS) tools.
Threading and tapping: Use slow speeds and sharp tooling to prevent galling.
٤. المزايا
يحقق good surface finish في الحالة الملدنة.
Allows precise machining of complex shapes قبل التصلب.
Hardened 420 retains shape and wear resistance after final machining and polishing.
5. القيود
High carbon content reduces machinability in hardened condition.
Excessive heat during machining may cause tool wear or surface discoloration.
Requires careful cooling and cutting control in hardened condition.
6. Applications Benefiting from Machining
أدوات المائدة والسكاكين
أدوات جراحية
Precision components such as valve parts and industrial tools
الملخص
420 stainless steel is moderately machinable in the annealed condition و difficult to machine when hardened. Proper tool selection, cutting speeds, feed rates, and coolant use are essential to achieve accurate dimensions, good surface finish, and tool longevity, ، مما يجعله مثالياً لـ cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision industrial components.
مقاومة التآكل
Corrosion Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ good hardness and wear resistance. Its corrosion resistance is معتدل, higher than ordinary carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels such as 304 or 316.
1. General Corrosion Properties
يوفر مقاومة معتدلة to atmospheric corrosion and mild oxidizing environments.
Susceptible to pitting and rusting in chloride-rich or marine environments.
Polished surfaces improve corrosion resistance by reducing surface roughness.
2. Factors Affecting Corrosion Resistance
Carbon content: Higher carbon improves hardness but slightly reduces corrosion resistance.
Surface finish: Smooth, polished, or passivated surfaces significantly improve resistance.
Heat treatment: Hardened 420 may be more prone to corrosion due to microstructural changes.
Environment: Best suited for dry or mildly corrosive environments; avoid prolonged exposure to saltwater or acidic conditions.
3. Enhancing Corrosion Resistance
Polishing: Reduces surface roughness, minimizing sites for corrosion initiation.
Passivation: Treatment with nitric or citric acid forms a protective oxide layer.
Proper maintenance: Regular cleaning prevents accumulation of corrosive agents.
٤. تطبيقات تستفيد من مقاومة التآكل
أدوات المائدة، السكاكين، والأدوات الجراحية في low-corrosion environments
Industrial tools and precision components exposed to mild conditions
Valve components and fittings in non-marine environments
5. القيود
غير مناسب لـ marine or highly acidic environments without protective coatings.
Prolonged exposure to moisture can lead to rust and pitting.
Welding without proper care may reduce corrosion resistance في المنطقة المتأثرة بالحرارة.
الملخص
420 stainless steel offers مقاومة معتدلة للتآكل, ، مناسب ل cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools في mild environments. Its corrosion resistance can be enhanced through polishing, passivation, and careful maintenance, ، لكنه not recommended for prolonged exposure to aggressive or marine environments.
العمل البارد
Cold Working of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Cold working is a key process for shaping and strengthening this steel, but it must be performed with care due to its high carbon content and work-hardening tendency.
1. General Characteristics
Cold working increases القوة والصلابة through strain hardening.
Excessive cold working can lead to cracking, especially in hardened or heat-treated conditions.
مناسب لـ bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing in the annealed state.
2. Recommended Practices
Perform cold working in the الحالة الملدنة to reduce brittleness.
الاستخدام gradual deformation rather than aggressive forming to prevent fractures.
Lubrication during forming helps reduce surface defects and tool wear.
Intermediate التلدين may be necessary for extensive deformation to restore ductility.
3. Effects of Cold Working
Increased hardness and strength proportional to the amount of deformation.
Reduced ductility as work hardening progresses.
Enhanced surface finish and dimensional precision in certain forming processes.
4. Applications Benefiting from Cold Working
Cutlery and knives (pre-hardening shaping)
أدوات جراحية
Springs and small mechanical components
Precision tools and industrial fittings
5. القيود
Hardened or overworked 420 is difficult to form and prone to cracking.
Requires careful temperature control and potential التلدين الوسيط for large deformations.
Cold working alone cannot achieve final maximum hardness—post-working المعالجة الحرارية is usually required.
الملخص
Cold working of 420 stainless steel is most effective in the annealed condition, allowing shaping through bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing. It increases strength and hardness but reduces ductility, so careful control of deformation and intermediate annealing is essential. After cold working, المعالجة الحرارية is typically applied to achieve final hardness and wear resistance, making it ideal for cutlery, surgical instruments, springs, and precision mechanical components.
المعالجة الحرارية
Heat Treatment of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ صلابة عالية، مقاومة للتآكل، ومقاومة معتدلة للتآكل. Heat treatment is essential to achieve optimal hardness, strength, and dimensional stability.
التلدين
الغرض: Softens the steel for forming, machining, or cold working.
إجراء
تسخين إلى 800–900°C (1470–1650°F).
Hold at temperature to allow uniform microstructure.
Slow cooling in the furnace or in still air.
نتيجة: Steel becomes soft, ductile, and machinable.
2. Hardening (Quenching)
الغرض: Increases hardness and wear resistance.
إجراء
تسخين إلى 980–1050°C (1800–1920°F) until fully austenitized.
يُطفئ في air, oil, or water depending on section size.
نتيجة: Martensitic structure is formed, producing high hardness (~50 HRC).
3. التقسية
الغرض: Relieves stresses and improves toughness while maintaining hardness.
إجراء
Heat quenched steel to 150–250°C (300–480°F).
Hold for 1–2 hours, then air cool.
التأثير: Reduces brittleness, enhances wear resistance, and stabilizes the martensitic structure.
4. Effects of Heat Treatment
Annealed 420: Soft, ductile, suitable for forming and machining.
Hardened 420: High hardness and wear resistance, suitable for cutting tools and knives.
Tempered 420: Balanced hardness and toughness, less prone to cracking during service.
5. Applications of Heat-Treated 420 Stainless Steel
أدوات المائدة والسكاكين
أدوات جراحية
Industrial tools and precision components
Wear-resistant parts
6. Limitations
Excessive tempering may reduce hardness and wear resistance.
Overheating during quenching can cause distortion or cracking.
Heat-treated 420 should be handled carefully to maintain dimensional accuracy.
الملخص
The heat treatment of 420 stainless steel involves annealing, hardening, and tempering to achieve the desired combination of hardness, wear resistance, and toughness. Proper control of temperatures and times is critical, making it suitable for cutlery, surgical instruments, industrial tools, and precision wear-resistant components.
مقاومة الحرارة
Heat Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ صلابة عالية، مقاومة للتآكل، ومقاومة معتدلة للتآكل. Its heat resistance is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels such as 304 or 316.
1. General Properties
يمكن أن تتحمل intermittent exposure to temperatures up to 315°C (600°F) without significant loss of mechanical properties.
Continuous exposure to high temperatures may lead to oxidation, scaling, and loss of hardness.
يحافظ moderate mechanical strength at moderately elevated temperatures but is not suitable for high-temperature service.
2. Effects of High Temperature
Loss of hardness: Martensitic structure may soften if exposed to high heat.
Oxidation and scaling: Occurs at elevated temperatures, particularly in air or oxidizing atmospheres.
Dimensional changes: Extended exposure to heat can cause minor distortion.
3. Practical Considerations
Best used in ambient to moderately elevated temperatures.
غير مستحسن ل continuous service above 315°C (600°F).
يمكن heat treated to optimize hardness and wear resistance, but high service temperatures will reduce hardness over time.
4. تطبيقات
Cutlery and knives (not exposed to extreme heat)
Surgical instruments and tools
Industrial tooling where high wear resistance is more critical than heat resistance
5. Summary
420 stainless steel has مقاومة محدودة للحرارة, ، مناسب ل تطبيقات ذات درجات حرارة معتدلة. It is ideal for cutting tools, knives, surgical instruments, and industrial components where hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are important, but it is not recommended for high-temperature or continuous heat applications.
العمل الساخن
Hot Working of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel هو فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ مارتنسيتي عالي الكربون معروف بـ صلابة عالية، مقاومة للتآكل، ومقاومة معتدلة للتآكل. Hot working is an important process to shape the steel before it is hardened, as it improves ductility and reduces the risk of cracking.
1. General Guidelines
Hot working should be performed in the الحالة الملدنة to prevent cracking.
Typical hot working temperature: 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F).
Avoid overheating, which can cause نمو الحبيبات, ، وتقليل الصلابة.
2. Common Hot Working Processes
Hot rolling: Used to form sheets, plates, and bars.
Hot forging: Shapes parts such as blades, tools, and industrial components.
Hot extrusion: Produces complex profiles and precision components.
٣. مزايا التشكيل على الساخن
يخفض strength and hardness temporarily, allowing easier forming.
Minimizes the risk of cracking or brittleness.
Promotes homogeneous microstructure throughout the workpiece.
4. Post-Hot Working Considerations
Annealing: May be necessary after hot working to relieve stresses.
Machining: Typically easier after hot working in the annealed condition.
Heat treatment: Hardening and tempering applied afterward to achieve final الصلابة ومقاومة التآكل.
5. القيود
High-carbon content limits hot working compared to lower-carbon martensitic steels.
يتطلب careful temperature control to avoid surface oxidation or scaling.
Not suitable for shaping in the حالة التصلب الكامل.
6. Applications Benefiting from Hot Working
Industrial knives and blades
أدوات جراحية
Wear-resistant tooling and components
Precision mechanical parts before final hardening
الملخص
Hot working of 420 stainless steel is performed in the الحالة الملدنة عند درجات حرارة 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F). It allows shaping through rolling, forging, or extrusion, reduces brittleness, and produces a homogeneous microstructure. After hot working, annealing, machining, and final heat treatment are applied to achieve the desired hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical properties for applications such as cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools.
