Нержавеющая сталь, мартенситная
420 Stainless Steel (S42000) Bar
Марте́нситнo-обрaбaтывaющaя стaль с улучшенной обрaбaтывaeмостью зa счет добавления сeры.
As with most other free-machining stainless steels the improvement in machinability is achieved by addition of sulphur which forms manganese sulphide inclusions; this sulphur addition also lowers the corrosion resistance, weldability and formability to below that of its non-free machining equivalent Grade 410.
420 stainless steel is a high-carbon martensitic stainless steel known for its high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is commonly used in applications that require cutting edges, wear resistance, and the ability to be hardened.
Мартенситные нержавеющие стали оптимизированы для высокой твердости, а другие свойства в той или иной степени ухудшены. Изготовление должно осуществляться методами, учитывающими плохую свариваемость, и обычно также предусматривающими окончательную термическую обработку с закалкой и отпуском. Коррозионная стойкость ниже, чем у распространенных аустенитных марок, а диапазон рабочих температур ограничен потерей пластичности при отрицательных температурах и потере прочности из-за перегрева при повышенных температурах.
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420 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Система / Стандарт | Страна / регион | Звание / Должность |
| АИСИ | США | 420 |
| ООН | Международный | S42000 |
| RU / EN №. | Европа | 1.4021 |
| RU Имя | Европа | X20Cr13 |
| ГОСТ А276 | США | Type 420 (bars, shapes) |
| АСТМ А314 | США | Type 420 (forged/rolled bars) |
| ASTM A743 | США | CA-40 (cast 420-type) |
| Великобритания | Китай | 2Cr13 |
| ДЖИС | Япония | SUS420J1 / SUS420J2 |
| БС | Великобритания | 420S37 / 420S45 |
Свойства
Химический состав
1.4021 Steel
EN 10088-3
| Химический элемент | % Настоящее |
| Углерод (C) | 0.16 - 0.25 |
| Хром (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| Марганец (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| Кремний (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Фосфор (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Сера (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Железо (Fe) | Баланс |
Механические свойства
Стержень Диаметром до 160 мм / Толщина
EN 10088-3
| Механические свойства | Значение |
| Предел текучести | 500 - 600 MPa |
| Предел прочности | 700 - 950 MPa |
| Удлинение А | 12 - 13 % |
Общие физические свойства
| Физическое свойство | Значение |
| Плотность | 7,75 г/см³ |
| Тепловое расширение | 10.3 x 10-6/K |
| Модуль упругости | 200 ГПа |
| Теплопроводность | 24,9 Вт/(м·К) |
| Электросопротивление | 0.55 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим excellent hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. It is widely used in applications requiring cutting performance, precision, and durability.
1. Cutting Tools and Blades
Knives, scissors, and surgical instruments
Razors and trimming tools
Industrial cutting and shaping tools
2. Mechanical and Industrial Components
Gears, shafts, and bushings
Bearings and valve components
Dies, molds, and wear-resistant parts
3. Automotive and Aerospace Applications
High-strength fasteners and pins
Пружины и прецизионные компоненты
Components requiring wear resistance under stress
4. Household and Decorative Applications
Kitchen knives and utensils
Tools and hardware exposed to moderate wear and moisture
Decorative fittings requiring moderate corrosion resistance
Резюме
420 stainless steel combines high hardness, good wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, что делает его идеальным для cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items. It is particularly suitable for applications requiring sharp edges, durability, and dimensional stability.
Characteristics of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим высокая твердость, отличное сопротивление истиранию и умеренная коррозионная стойкость. It is widely used in applications requiring cutting performance, durability, and dimensional stability.
1. Химический состав
Carbon: 0.15–0.40% – provides high hardness and wear resistance
Chromium: 12–14% – gives corrosion resistance and hardenability
Minor elements such as manganese, silicon, and nickel enhance mechanical properties
2. Hardness and Mechanical Properties
Может быть hardened to 50–55 HRC after heat treatment
Отлично tensile strength and wear resistance
Умеренный пластичность и вязкость, designed primarily for hard, wear-resistant applications
3. Коррозионная стойкость
Умеренное сопротивление окислительная и слабокоррозионная среды
Better than carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316)
Подходит для kitchen tools, industrial components, and precision parts exposed to mild moisture or chemical exposure
4. Machinability and Fabrication
Machinable in отожженное состояние
Может быть polished to a bright finish for aesthetic or functional applications
Welding is possible but may reduce hardness in the heat-affected zone; post-weld heat treatment is recommended
5. Приложения
Ножи, ножницы и режущие инструменты
Gears, shafts, bearings, and wear-resistant mechanical components
Springs, dies, molds, and precision engineering parts
Kitchen utensils and decorative hardware
Резюме
420 stainless steel is characterized by высокая твердость, отличное сопротивление истиранию и умеренная коррозионная стойкость. Его сочетание свойств делает его идеальным для cutting tools, precision mechanical components, industrial parts, and household items requiring durability and dimensional stability.
Дополнительная информация
Изготовление
Fabrication of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Fabrication requires careful handling due to its high carbon content and potential for hardening during processing.
Формирование
Горячая обработка:
Лучше всего выполнено в отожженное состояние.
Typical hot working temperature: 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F).
Avoid overheating to prevent grain growth and loss of toughness.
Холодная обработка:
Possible in the annealed state.
Cold deformation increases strength through strain hardening, but excessive deformation can cause cracking.
Suitable for bending, stamping, and rolling thin sections.
2. Механическая обработка
Machining is easier in the annealed condition.
Hardened 420 is difficult to machine, requiring carbide tooling and proper cooling.
Use cutting fluids to reduce heat and maintain tool life.
3. Сварка
Welding is limited due to high carbon content.
Preheating and post-weld stress relief are recommended to prevent cracking.
Использовать matching or low-carbon filler materials for better corrosion resistance and strength.
4. Термическая обработка
Annealing is used before fabrication to soften the steel for forming or machining.
Hardening followed by tempering is applied after fabrication to achieve desired hardness and wear resistance.
5. Surface Treatment
Polishing or passivation can improve corrosion resistance and appearance.
Surface finishing is particularly important for cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision components.
6. Applications Benefiting from Fabrication
Столовые приборы и ножи
Surgical instruments and medical tools
Industrial tooling and valve components
Precision mechanical parts requiring wear resistance
Резюме
420 stainless steel fabrication is typically performed in the отожженное состояние to allow hot or cold forming, machining, and limited welding. Post-fabrication heat treatment and surface finishing ensure optimal hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, making 420 ideal for cutting tools, surgical instruments, and precision mechanical components.
Свариваемость
Weldability of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Welding this steel requires care due to its high carbon content and tendency to harden, which can lead to cracking if not properly managed.
1. General Considerations
High carbon content increases the risk of cracking during welding.
Preferred welding in the annealed or soft condition to reduce brittleness.
Preheating and post-weld heat treatment are recommended to minimize residual stresses and prevent martensitic hardening.
2. Preheating
Preheat to 150–250°C (300–480°F) before welding.
Helps reduce thermal stress and the risk of cracking in the heat-affected zone (HAZ).
3. Методы сварки
TIG (GTAW) and MIG (GMAW) are commonly used for precision welds.
Stick welding (SMAW) is possible but requires skilled control.
Использовать low-hydrogen electrodes to reduce the risk of cracking.
4. Filler Materials
Использовать matching 420 filler metal for best corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Lower carbon or martensitic stainless fillers can be used to reduce cracking risk.
5. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Stress relief or tempering after welding is critical to restore toughness.
Avoid quenching immediately after welding unless specifically required.
Typical post-weld tempering: 150–250°C (300–480°F) for 1–2 hours.
6. Limitations
Welding in the hardened condition is not recommended.
Не подходит для применений, требующих high corrosion resistance in welded joints without proper post-weld treatment.
Careful control of heat input is necessary to prevent distortion and cracking.
7. Applications
Welded components in cutlery and knives (annealed condition)
Light-duty industrial components
Mechanical parts requiring moderate corrosion resistance after welding
Резюме
420 stainless steel is weldable with caution, preferably in the отожженное состояние. Надлежащее preheating, controlled welding, low-hydrogen filler, and post-weld tempering are essential to prevent cracking and ensure good mechanical properties. While weldability is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels, it can be effectively welded for cutlery, tools, and moderate-duty mechanical applications.
Обрабатываемость
Machinability of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its machinability depends heavily on its heat treatment condition, with the annealed state being much easier to machine than the hardened state.
1. General Characteristics
Annealed condition:
Machinable with standard high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools.
Provides good surface finish and dimensional control.
Hardened condition:
Machining is difficult due to high hardness (up to ~50 HRC).
Требуется carbide tooling, slow cutting speeds, and ample coolant.
Strain hardening: High-carbon content may cause work hardening during machining.
2. Recommended Cutting Parameters
Cutting Speed: Lower speeds compared to mild steels to prevent tool wear.
Feed Rate: Moderate, to balance surface finish and tool life.
Depth of Cut: Shallow cuts in hardened material to avoid excessive tool stress.
Охлаждающая жидкость: Use water-soluble oil or cutting fluid to reduce heat and friction.
3. Tooling
Hardened 420: Best machined with carbide or ceramic tools.
Annealed 420: Может быть обработан с помощью high-speed steel (HSS) tools.
Threading and tapping: Use slow speeds and sharp tooling to prevent galling.
4. Преимущества
Достигает good surface finish в отожженном состоянии.
Allows precise machining of complex shapes до закалки.
Hardened 420 retains shape and wear resistance after final machining and polishing.
5. Ограничения
High carbon content reduces machinability in hardened condition.
Excessive heat during machining may cause tool wear or surface discoloration.
Requires careful cooling and cutting control in hardened condition.
6. Applications Benefiting from Machining
Столовые приборы и ножи
Хирургические инструменты
Precision components such as valve parts and industrial tools
Резюме
420 stainless steel is moderately machinable in the annealed condition и difficult to machine when hardened. Надлежащее tool selection, cutting speeds, feed rates, and coolant use are essential to achieve accurate dimensions, good surface finish, and tool longevity, что делает его идеальным для cutlery, surgical instruments, and precision industrial components.
Устойчивость к коррозии
Corrosion Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим good hardness and wear resistance. Its corrosion resistance is умеренный, higher than ordinary carbon steels but lower than austenitic stainless steels such as 304 or 316.
1. General Corrosion Properties
Provides moderate resistance to atmospheric corrosion and mild oxidizing environments.
Susceptible to pitting and rusting in chloride-rich or marine environments.
Polished surfaces improve corrosion resistance by reducing surface roughness.
2. Factors Affecting Corrosion Resistance
Carbon content: Higher carbon improves hardness but slightly reduces corrosion resistance.
Surface finish: Smooth, polished, or passivated surfaces significantly improve resistance.
Heat treatment: Hardened 420 may be more prone to corrosion due to microstructural changes.
Environment: Best suited for dry or mildly corrosive environments; avoid prolonged exposure to saltwater or acidic conditions.
3. Enhancing Corrosion Resistance
Polishing: Reduces surface roughness, minimizing sites for corrosion initiation.
Passivation: Treatment with nitric or citric acid forms a protective oxide layer.
Proper maintenance: Regular cleaning prevents accumulation of corrosive agents.
4. Применение, выигрывающее от коррозионной стойкости
Столовые приборы, ножи и хирургические инструменты в low-corrosion environments
Industrial tools and precision components exposed to mild conditions
Valve components and fittings in non-marine environments
5. Ограничения
Не подходит для marine or highly acidic environments без защитных покрытий.
Prolonged exposure to moisture can lead to rust and pitting.
Welding without proper care may reduce corrosion resistance в зоне термического влияния.
Резюме
420 stainless steel offers умеренная коррозионная стойкость, подходящий для cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools в mild environments. Its corrosion resistance can be enhanced through polishing, passivation, and careful maintenance, but it is not recommended for prolonged exposure to aggressive or marine environments.
Холодная обработка
Cold Working of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим good hardness, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance. Cold working is a key process for shaping and strengthening this steel, but it must be performed with care due to its high carbon content and work-hardening tendency.
1. General Characteristics
Холодная обработка увеличивает прочность и твердость через strain hardening.
Excessive cold working can lead to треск, especially in hardened or heat-treated conditions.
Подходит для bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing in the annealed state.
2. Recommended Practices
Perform cold working in the отожженное состояние to reduce brittleness.
Использовать постепенная деформация rather than aggressive forming to prevent fractures.
Lubrication during forming helps reduce surface defects and tool wear.
Промежуточный отжиг may be necessary for extensive deformation to restore ductility.
3. Effects of Cold Working
Increased hardness and strength proportional to the amount of deformation.
Reduced ductility as work hardening progresses.
Enhanced surface finish and dimensional precision in certain forming processes.
4. Applications Benefiting from Cold Working
Cutlery and knives (pre-hardening shaping)
Хирургические инструменты
Springs and small mechanical components
Precision tools and industrial fittings
5. Ограничения
Hardened or overworked 420 is difficult to form and prone to cracking.
Requires careful регулирование температуры and potential промежуточный отжиг for large deformations.
Cold working alone cannot achieve final maximum hardness—post-working термообработка is usually required.
Резюме
Cold working of 420 stainless steel is most effective in the annealed condition, allowing shaping through bending, rolling, stamping, and drawing. It increases strength and hardness but reduces ductility, so careful control of deformation and intermediate annealing is essential. After cold working, термообработка is typically applied to achieve final hardness and wear resistance, making it ideal for cutlery, surgical instruments, springs, and precision mechanical components.
Термообработка
Heat Treatment of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим высокая твердость, износостойкость и умеренная коррозионная стойкость. Heat treatment is essential to achieve optimal hardness, strength, and dimensional stability.
Отжиг
Цель: Softens the steel for forming, machining, or cold working.
Процесс:
Нагреть до 800–900°C (1470–1650°F).
Hold at temperature to allow uniform microstructure.
Slow cooling in the furnace or in still air.
Результат: Steel becomes soft, ductile, and machinable.
2. Закалка
Цель: Increases hardness and wear resistance.
Процесс:
Нагреть до 980–1050°C (1800–1920°F) until fully austenitized.
Закалить в air, oil, or water depending on section size.
Результат: Martensitic structure is formed, producing high hardness (~50 HRC).
3. Закалка
Цель: Relieves stresses and improves toughness while maintaining hardness.
Процесс:
Heat quenched steel to 150–250°C (300–480°F).
Hold for 1–2 hours, then air cool.
Эффект Reduces brittleness, enhances wear resistance, and stabilizes the martensitic structure.
4. Effects of Heat Treatment
Annealed 420: Soft, ductile, suitable for forming and machining.
Hardened 420: High hardness and wear resistance, suitable for cutting tools and knives.
Tempered 420: Balanced hardness and toughness, less prone to cracking during service.
5. Applications of Heat-Treated 420 Stainless Steel
Столовые приборы и ножи
Хирургические инструменты
Industrial tools and precision components
Wear-resistant parts
6. Limitations
Excessive tempering may reduce hardness and wear resistance.
Overheating during quenching can cause distortion or cracking.
Heat-treated 420 should be handled carefully to maintain dimensional accuracy.
Резюме
The heat treatment of 420 stainless steel involves annealing, hardening, and tempering для достижения желаемого сочетания hardness, wear resistance, and toughness. Proper control of temperatures and times is critical, making it suitable for cutlery, surgical instruments, industrial tools, and precision wear-resistant components.
Теплостойкость
Heat Resistance of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим высокая твердость, износостойкость и умеренная коррозионная стойкость. Its heat resistance is limited compared to austenitic stainless steels such as 304 or 316.
1. General Properties
выдерживать intermittent exposure to temperatures up to 315°C (600°F) without significant loss of mechanical properties.
Continuous exposure to high temperatures may lead to oxidation, scaling, and loss of hardness.
Сохраняет moderate mechanical strength at moderately elevated temperatures but is not suitable for high-temperature service.
2. Effects of High Temperature
Loss of hardness: Martensitic structure may soften if exposed to high heat.
Oxidation and scaling: Occurs at elevated temperatures, particularly in air or oxidizing atmospheres.
Dimensional changes: Extended exposure to heat can cause minor distortion.
3. Practical Considerations
Best used in ambient to moderately elevated temperatures.
Не рекомендуется для continuous service above 315°C (600°F).
Может быть heat treated to optimize hardness and wear resistance, but high service temperatures will reduce hardness over time.
4. Приложения
Cutlery and knives (not exposed to extreme heat)
Surgical instruments and tools
Industrial tooling where high wear resistance is more critical than heat resistance
5. Резюме
420 stainless steel has ограниченное термостойкость, подходящий для приложения с умеренной температурой. It is ideal for cutting tools, knives, surgical instruments, and industrial components where hardness, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are important, but it is not recommended for high-temperature or continuous heat applications.
Горячая обработка
Hot Working of 420 Stainless Steel
420 stainless steel это высокоуглеродистая мартенситно-нержавеющая сталь известный своим высокая твердость, износостойкость и умеренная коррозионная стойкость. Hot working is an important process to shape the steel before it is hardened, as it improves ductility and reduces the risk of cracking.
1. General Guidelines
Hot working should be performed in the отожженное состояние to prevent cracking.
Typical hot working temperature: 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F).
Avoid overheating, which can cause рост зерна, reducing toughness.
2. Common Hot Working Processes
Hot rolling: Used to form sheets, plates, and bars.
Hot forging: Shapes parts such as blades, tools, and industrial components.
Hot extrusion: Produces complex profiles and precision components.
3. Преимущества горячей обработки
Уменьшает strength and hardness temporarily, allowing easier forming.
Minimizes the risk of cracking or brittleness.
Promotes homogeneous microstructure throughout the workpiece.
4. Post-Hot Working Considerations
Отжиг May be necessary after hot working to relieve stresses.
Machining: Typically easier after hot working in the annealed condition.
Heat treatment: Hardening and tempering applied afterward to achieve final твердость и износостойкость.
5. Ограничения
High-carbon content limits hot working compared to lower-carbon martensitic steels.
Требуется тщательный контроль температуры to avoid surface oxidation or scaling.
Not suitable for shaping in the полностью закаленное состояние.
6. Applications Benefiting from Hot Working
Industrial knives and blades
Хирургические инструменты
Wear-resistant tooling and components
Precision mechanical parts before final hardening
Резюме
Hot working of 420 stainless steel is performed in the отожженное состояние при температурах 900–1050°C (1650–1920°F). It allows shaping through rolling, forging, or extrusion, reduces brittleness, and produces a homogeneous microstructure. After hot working, annealing, machining, and final heat treatment are applied to achieve the desired hardness, wear resistance, and mechanical properties for applications such as cutlery, surgical instruments, and industrial tools.
