Нержавеющая сталь, аустенитная
304L Stainless Steel (S30403)
Низкоуглеродистая хромоникелевая аустенитная нержавеющая сталь.
Stainless steel types 1.4301 and 1.4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
304L stainless steel это low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel. It is known for its excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and superior weldability, particularly in applications where post-weld corrosion resistance is critical.
Type 304L is the low carbon version of 304. It is used in heavy gauge components for improved weldability. Some products such as plate and pipe may be available as “dual certified” material that meets the criteria for both 304 and 304L.
Quarto Plate is hot rolled plate over 12mm thick that has not been coiled during production. CPP is continuously produced plate up to 12mm thick that has been coiled during rolling. Sheet is cold rolled.
СКАЧАТЬ PDF
Диапазон
| Bar & Tube | Имперские размеры | Метрические размеры |
| Круглый пруток | 3" - 16" | |
| Flat Bar | 20 x 10mm - 100 x 25mm | |
| Welded Ornamental Tube | 1⁄2" - 4" | 30mm - 50mm |
| Welded Tube | 1/"2 - 2" | 16mm - 50mm |
| Hygienic Tube | 3⁄4 " - 4" |
| Sheet/Plate | Размер листа | Толщины |
| Polished Sheet | 2000 x 1000 | 0.7mm - 3.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 3000 x 1500 | 1.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet (Circle) | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 1.5mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 2500 x 1250 | 4,0 мм - 6,0 мм |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 3000 x 1500 | 4,0 мм - 6,0 мм |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2000 x 1000 | 3.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2500 x 1250 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 3000 x 1500 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 1500 | 10.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 12.0mm |
| Quarto Plate ID Finish | 5" - 125" | |
| Polished sheet sizes are for mirror and super mirror finishes. | ||
| Polished Sheet options available: 240 Silicon, 240 Grit and various coating including Fiber Optic Laser for one or two sides. | ||
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304L Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Система / Стандарт | Страна / регион | Звание / Должность |
| АИСИ | США | 304Л |
| ООН | Международный | С30403 |
| RU / EN №. | Европа | 1.4307 |
| RU Имя | Европа | X2CrNi18-9 |
| АСТМ А240 | США | 304L (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ГОСТ А276 | США | 304L (bars, shapes) |
| АСТМ А213 | США | TP304L (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | США | TP304L (seamless pipe) |
| Великобритания | Китай | 022Х19Н10 |
| ДЖИС | Япония | SUS304L |
| АФНОР | Франция | Z2CN18-10 |
Свойства
Химический состав
1.4307 Steel
EN 10088-3 & EN 10088-2
| Химический элемент | % Настоящее |
| Углерод (C) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Хром (Cr) | 17.50 - 19.50 |
| Марганец (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Кремний (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Фосфор (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| Сера (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Никель (Ni) | 8.00 - 10.50 |
| Азот (N) | 0.00 - 0.11 |
| Железо (Fe) | Баланс |
Механические свойства
Bar & Section Up to 160mm Diameter/Thickness
EN 10088-3
| Механические свойства | Значение |
| Предел текучести | 175 Min MPa |
| Предел прочности | от 500 до 700 МПа |
| Удлинение A50 мм | 45 Min % |
| Твердость по Бринеллю | 215 Макс HB |
Sheet Up to 8mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| Механические свойства | Значение |
| Предел текучести | 220 Min MPa |
| Предел прочности | 520 to 700 MPa |
| Удлинение A50 мм | 45 Min % |
Plate From 8mm to 75mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| Механические свойства | Значение |
| Предел текучести | 200 МПа |
| Предел прочности | от 500 до 700 МПа |
| Удлинение A50 мм | 45 Min % |
Общие физические свойства
| Физическое свойство | Значение |
| Плотность | 8,0 г/см³ |
| Температура плавления | 1450 °C |
| Тепловое расширение | 17.2 x 10-6/K |
| Модуль упругости | 193 ГПа |
| Теплопроводность | 16.2 W/m.K |
| Электросопротивление | 0,72 x 10⁻⁶ Ом·м |
Applications of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel это low-carbon austenitic stainless steel известный своим excellent corrosion resistance, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content makes it ideal for welded components and equipment exposed to corrosive environments.
1. Химическая и нефтехимическая промышленность
Storage tanks and pressure vessels
Piping systems for acids and corrosive liquids
Heat exchangers and condensers
2. Food and Beverage Industry
Food processing equipment and containers
Brewing, dairy, and pharmaceutical machinery
Tanks, pipelines, and fittings requiring гигиенические поверхности
3. Architectural and Decorative Applications
Cladding and exterior panels
Handrails, trims, and decorative fixtures
Kitchen and household appliances
4. Medical and Pharmaceutical Equipment
Surgical instruments and medical devices
Sterile processing equipment
Laboratory benches and components
5. Industrial Applications
Pumps, valves, and fasteners in corrosive environments
Components in wastewater treatment systems
General manufacturing equipment exposed to moisture or mild chemicals
Резюме
304L stainless steel is widely used in applications requiring excellent corrosion resistance, high weldability, and good formability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion after welding делает его идеальным для chemical, food, pharmaceutical, architectural, and industrial applications.
Characteristics of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel это low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel, предлагая excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and enhanced weldability. широко используется в приложениях, где post-weld corrosion resistance is important.
1. Химический состав
Low carbon content (≤0.03%) to minimize сенсибилизация во время сварки.
Содержит chromium (18–20%) и nickel (8–12%).
Trace elements enhance corrosion resistance and mechanical stability.
2. Коррозионная стойкость
Отличная устойчивость к oxidation, general corrosion, and mild acid attack.
Устойчив к intergranular corrosion after welding, unlike standard 304 stainless steel.
Подходит для food, chemical, and pharmaceutical environments.
3. Механические свойства
Хорошо tensile strength and yield strength.
Высоко пластичность и вязкость, even at low temperatures.
Maintains excellent properties over a wide range of temperatures.
4. Fabrication and Formability
Отлично cold working and forming characteristics.
Может быть welded easily with minimal risk of corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
Подходит для deep drawing, bending, and stamping.
5. Heat and Temperature Resistance
Хорошо работает в moderate heat applications.
Retains strength and corrosion resistance under normal service temperatures.
6. Применение
Food processing equipment and storage tanks
Chemical and pharmaceutical equipment
Architectural and decorative components
Piping, valves, and tanks requiring high weld integrity
Резюме
304L stainless steel is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content ensures post-weld corrosion protection, что делает его идеальным для chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
Дополнительная информация
Свариваемость
Weldability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel that offers отличная свариваемость. The reduced carbon content (<0.03%) minimizes the risk of сенсибилизация и межкристаллитная коррозия in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) after welding, making 304L ideal for welded assemblies in corrosive environments.
1. Compatible Welding Processes
ТИГ (ГТАВ): Ideal for precision welding of thin sections.
МИГ (GMAW): Common for thicker sections and high-productivity applications.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Suitable for field and maintenance welding.
Контактная сварка: Spot and seam welding are effective for sheet and thin components.
2. Carbon Content Benefits
The низкое содержание углерода reduces the likelihood of chromium carbide precipitation.
Prevents сенсибилизация in welded or heat-affected zones, maintaining corrosion resistance without the need for post-weld annealing.
3. Filler Material Selection
Matching filler metals such as ER308L are recommended to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Low-carbon fillers are preferred for thicker sections or critical applications.
4. Heat Input and Distortion
Austenitic stainless steels, including 304L, have высокий коэффициент теплового расширения, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper welding sequence help minimize warping and residual stresses.
Fixturing and tack welding can further reduce distortion during fabrication.
5. Post-Weld Treatment
Post-weld annealing is usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content.
Stress relief may be applied in critical applications where dimensional stability or high-temperature service is required.
6. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical and food processing equipment
Pressure vessels and piping systems
Architectural structures
Heat exchangers and tanks requiring welded assemblies
Резюме
304L stainless steel provides отличная свариваемость due to its low carbon content, enabling strong, corrosion-resistant welds without the need for extensive post-weld heat treatment. Proper filler selection, heat control, and welding technique ensure reliable performance in industrial, chemical, and architectural applications.
Изготовление
Fabrication of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance, weldability, and formability. It is highly versatile and can be fabricated using standard metalworking processes.
Формирование
Холодная формовка
304L has excellent cold formability, making it suitable for bending, rolling, stamping, and deep drawing.
Work hardening occurs during deformation, so промежуточный отжиг may be necessary for extensive forming.
Горячая формовка:
Hot working can be performed at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F) to shape thick or complex components.
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces the effects of work hardening.
2. Резка и рубка
Can be cut using shears, saws, laser cutting, or waterjet cutting.
Sharp tools and proper feeds are recommended to minimize наклеп and ensure smooth edges.
3. Механическая обработка
304L is moderately difficult to machine due to its toughness and tendency to work harden.
Carbide tooling is preferred for high-speed cutting.
Coolants and cutting fluids help control heat and extend tool life.
4. Сварка
304L exhibits отличная свариваемость thanks to its low carbon content.
Prevents chromium carbide precipitation and intergranular corrosion in welded areas.
Common processes: TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), SMAW, and resistance welding.
Filler metals such as ER308L are recommended for maintaining corrosion resistance.
5. Cold Working
Cold working increases strength via work hardening.
Extensive deformation reduces ductility, so Примерка раствору may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication.
6. Отделка поверхности
Can be supplied in various finishes, including 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished.
Cold working may require additional finishing to achieve desired surface aesthetics or corrosion resistance.
7. Приложения, использующие производство
Chemical and food processing equipment
Pressure vessels, piping systems, and tanks
Architectural panels and structural components
Heat exchangers and welded assemblies
Резюме
304L stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Its low carbon content ensures corrosion resistance is maintained during welding and forming, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, architectural, and food processing applications.
Горячая обработка
Hot Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel с отличным hot workability, allowing it to be formed, rolled, or forged at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and improves ductility, toughness, and uniformity in mechanical properties.
1. Рекомендуемая температура горячей обработки
Типичный диапазон: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Working above this range may cause рост зерна, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking.
2. Подходящие процессы горячей обработки
Горячая прокатка: For sheets, plates, strips, and structural components
Горячая ковка: For high-strength or complex-shaped parts
Горячее прессование: For rods, tubes, and profiles
Горячее прессование/формование: For thick or large components that are difficult to cold-work
3. Преимущества горячей обработки
Reduces the effects of наклеп по сравнению с холодной обработкой
Улучшает пластичность и вязкость
Производит uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Обеспечивает изготовление Крупные, толстые или сложные компоненты
4. Обработка после горячей деформации
Отжиг may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility.
Травление или пассивация enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working.
5. Приложения, использующие горячую обработку
Structural components in industrial machinery
Automotive and aerospace parts
Pressure vessels and piping
Large sheets, plates, or complex forms requiring elevated-temperature shaping
Резюме
304L stainless steel demonstrates отличная горячая обрабатываемость, allowing rolling, forging, extrusion, and forming at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, structural, and high-performance applications.
Теплостойкость
Heat Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with good high-temperature properties, suitable for service in moderately elevated temperatures. Its low carbon content minimizes сенсибилизация and maintains corrosion resistance during prolonged heat exposure.
1. Температура непрерывной эксплуатации
Подходит для непрерывной работы в oxidizing atmospheres up to ~870°C (1600°F).
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above this range may lead to oxidation scaling and reduced mechanical properties.
2. Прерывистое воздействие
Terrell intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant degradation.
Useful for components subjected to occasional thermal cycles.
3. Технологичность при окислении
Формы защитный слой оксида хрома in oxidizing atmospheres.
Prevents scaling and surface deterioration in moderate temperature service.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.
4. Тепловые эффекты на механические свойства
Maintains good предел прочности и пластичность up to moderate temperatures.
Prolonged exposure to high heat may reduce work-hardening effects in cold-worked material.
Grain growth can occur if improperly annealed at elevated temperatures.
5. Применение, связанное с жаростойкостью
Heat exchangers and furnace components
Tanks and piping exposed to moderate high temperatures
Food and chemical processing equipment requiring heat exposure
Welded assemblies operating at elevated temperatures
6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades
Heat resistance is slightly lower than 321 or 347 stainless steels for long-term high-temperature service.
304L is chosen for applications emphasizing corrosion resistance and weldability rather than extreme high-temperature strength.
Резюме
304L stainless steel provides good heat resistance, suitable for continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Its low carbon content preserves corrosion resistance and prevents sensitization, making it ideal for welded assemblies and moderately high-temperature industrial applications.
Обрабатываемость
Machinability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel это moderately difficult to machine. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require careful selection of tooling, cutting parameters, and cooling methods to achieve efficient machining and good surface finish.
1. Работа с наклепом
304L exhibits наклеп during cutting, especially when using slow feed rates or worn tooling.
Закаленные поверхности увеличивают силы резания и ускоряют износ инструмента.
Continuous and smooth cutting helps minimize work-hardening.
2. Рекомендации по инструментарию
Carbide tooling is preferred for high-speed and high-volume machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower cutting speeds.
Инструменты с положительные углы наклона reduce cutting forces and heat generation.
3. Скорости резания и подачи
Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Use moderate to heavy feeds to maintain continuous chip flow and prevent local work-hardening.
4. Охлаждение и смазка
Аустенитные нержавеющие стали имеют low thermal conductivity, causing heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Flood coolant, cutting oils, or high-pressure lubricants help reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
5. Образование стружки
Chips are usually tough and stringy, which can be difficult to remove.
Use chip breakers or specially designed inserts to manage chip evacuation effectively.
6. Обработка поверхности
Good surface finishes are achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and effective cooling.
Avoid dwelling or pauses on the workpiece, as these can create hardened spots and reduce finish quality.
Резюме
304L stainless steel has умеренная обрабатываемость, требующий sharp tools, controlled cutting parameters, and proper cooling to counteract work-hardening and achieve high-quality finished components. Its low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in welded and machined parts, making it suitable for industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
Устойчивость к коррозии
Corrosion Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel известный своим превосходная коррозионная стойкость in a wide range of environments. Its low carbon content minimizes осаждение карбида хрома during welding, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected areas.
1. Общая коррозионная стойкость
Сопротивляется окисление и общая коррозия in atmospheric, industrial, and mildly corrosive environments.
Хорошо работает в food, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications where hygiene and corrosion resistance are critical.
2. Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion
Low carbon (<0.03%) prevents осаждение карбида хрома во время сварки.
Protects against сенсибилизация in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and welded areas.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most applications.
3. Resistance to Chlorides
Moderately resistant to chloride-induced pitting and crevice corrosion, though less resistant than Mo-bearing grades like 316.
Suitable for freshwater, mild saltwater, and general chemical exposure, but not for highly concentrated chloride solutions.
4. Высокотемпературная коррозия
Continuous service up to ~870°C (1600°F) in oxidizing atmospheres.
Intermittent service up to ~925°C (1700°F).
Low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in high-temperature welding applications.
5. Применение, использующее стойкость к коррозии
Pressure vessels, tanks, and piping in chemical and food-processing industries
Architectural structures and cladding exposed to weather
Heat exchangers and boilers
Welded assemblies in corrosive environments
6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades
Better resistance to intergranular corrosion than 304 due to low carbon content.
Slightly lower chloride resistance than 316 или 317 stainless steels.
Preferred for welded assemblies and environments where corrosion resistance and weldability are both critical.
Резюме
304L stainless steel provides превосходная стойкость к общей и межкристаллитной коррозии, particularly in welded structures, thanks to its low carbon content. It is suitable for a broad range of industrial, chemical, food-processing, and architectural applications, combining durability, hygiene, and reliability in corrosive environments.
Термообработка
Heat Treatment of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel это not hardened by heat treatment. Instead, heat treatment is used primarily to restore ductility, relieve residual stresses, and maintain corrosion resistance, particularly after cold working or welding.
1. Отжиг на растворение
Цель:
Restore ductility after cold working
Снять остаточные напряжения
Dissolve any chromium carbides formed during improper heating
Диапазон температур: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Охлаждение: Rapid air or water quenching to maintain a fully austenitic structure
Эффект
Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
Maintains corrosion resistance due to low carbon content
2. Снятие стресса
Цель: Снижение остаточных напряжений от формования, гибки или сварки
Диапазон температур: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Эффект Minimizes distortion and reduces the risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility.
Intermediate solution annealing may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication steps.
4. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content (<0.03%).
Stress relief annealing may be applied in critical high-temperature or dimension-sensitive applications.
5. Ограничения
Термическая обработка не значительно увеличить твердость; 304L relies on cold working for strengthening.
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above ~500°C may slightly reduce cold work strengthening effects.
Резюме
Heat treatment of 304L stainless steel is primarily for снятие напряжений, восстановление пластичности и поддержание коррозионной стойкости. Solution annealing and controlled stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 304L ideal for welded, cold-worked, and moderately high-temperature applications.
Холодная обработка
Cold Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel с отличным cold-working characteristics. Холодная обработка увеличивает прочность и твердость through work hardening, while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. Работа с наклепом
304Л work-hardens during cold deformation, increasing tensile and yield strength.
Excessive cold working reduces ductility, so intermediate annealing may be required for extensive forming.
2. Типовые рабочие процессы при простуде
Катание: For sheets, strips, and plates
Рисунок: For wires, tubes, and rods
Гибка и формовка For clips, brackets, and structural components
Штамповка и глубокая вытяжка: For intricate parts or industrial components
3. Mechanical Properties Control
Холодная обработка позволяет регулировать предел прочности, предел текучести и твердость.
Extensive cold working may necessitate Примерка раствору to restore ductility before further processing.
4. Влияние на коррозионную стойкость
304L’s low carbon content prevents осаждение карбида хрома, maintaining corrosion resistance even after significant cold work.
Unlike standard 304, 304L is highly resistant to межкристаллитная коррозия в сварных или сильно обработанных местах.
5. Послеформинговые соображения
Solution annealing may be applied for stress relief and restoring formability if multiple cold-forming steps are required.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, but this is typically negligible.
6. Приложения, использующие холодную обработку
Пружины, зажимы и крепления
Конструкционные элементы, требующие повышенной прочности
Tubes, rods, and wire for chemical and food processing
Components requiring formability combined with corrosion resistance
Резюме
304L stainless steel exhibits отличные свойства для холодной обработки, allowing increased strength through work hardening while maintaining corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, and structural applications.
