321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil

الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ، أوستنيتي

A titanium-stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with very good corrosion resistance.

Stainless steel 321 is the stabilized version of stainless steel 304. The 18/8 blend of chromium and nickel is tempered with titanium to give type 321 protection from intergranular corrosion that can occur after heat treatment. It is protected from temperatures ranging from 800 to 1500° F. The metal displays high strength and resistance to various forms of corrosions, including that from aqueous environments.

Type 321 finds application in heavy welding components, along with dynamic environments that are subject to changes.

However, the addition of titanium limits the application of 321 in terms of working. The metal is not recommended for certain welding techniques as it is not consumable. Beyond this, stainless steel 321 has excellent forming characteristics, does not require annealing after being welded, and displays toughness in a range of temperatures.

The metal shows strength even when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, it is often chosen over Type 304 for its increased resistance to creep and rupture. Both metals may be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking.

تنزيل ملف PDF

النطاق

Bar Products	Imperial Sizes	Metric Sizes
Round Bar Bright Drawn H9	1⁄8" - 7⁄8"	4mm - 25mm
Round Bar Smooth Turned H9/H10	1" - 3"	30mm
Round Bar Peeled K12/K16	3 1⁄4" - 6"	-

Sheet Size	Finish	Thicknesses
2500 x 1250	2B	1.5mm - 3.0mm

يرجى الملاحظة

إذا لم تجد ما تبحث عنه، يُرجى الاتصال ب مركز الخدمة المحلي بمتطلباتك الخاصة.

321 Stainless Steel Related Specifications

النظام/المعيار	البلد/المنطقة	الدرجة/التعيين
AISI	الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية	321
UNS	الدولية	S32100
EN / W.Nr.W.	أوروبا	1.4541
اسم EN	أوروبا	X6CrNiTi18-10
ASTM A240	الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية	321 (plate, sheet, strip)
ASTM A182	الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية	F321 (forgings, flanges)
ASTM A213	الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية	TP321 (boiler / HX tubes)
ASTM A312	الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية	TP321 (seamless pipe)
GB	الصين	06Cr18Ni11Ti
JIS	اليابان	SUS321
ب	المملكة المتحدة	321S31
أفنور	فرنسا	Z6CNT18-10

الخصائص

التركيب الكيميائي

-                                        العنصر الكيميائي
+                                        % الحاضر
-                                        الكروم (Cr)
+.00 - 19.00
-                                        النيكل (ني)
+.00 - 12.00
-                                        Molybdenum (Mo)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Copper (Cu)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Titanium (Ti)
+.00 - 0.70
-                                        الكربون (C)
+.00 - 0.08
-                                        المنجنيز (Mn)
+.00 - 2.00
-                                        السيليكون (Si)
+.25 - 1.00
-                                        الفوسفور (P)
+.00 - 0.04
-                                        الكبريت (S)
+.00 - 0.03
-                                        Nitrogen (N)
+.00 - 0.10

الخواص الميكانيكية

321 Stainless Steel Bar

-                                        الممتلكات الميكانيكية
+                                        القيمة
-.2% Proof Stress
+N/mm2
-                                        الاستطالة A50 مم
+%
-                                        Hardness Brinell
+max HB

321 Stainless Steel Sheet

ASTM A240

-                                        الممتلكات الميكانيكية
+                                        القيمة
-                                        إجهاد الإثبات
+ميجا باسكال دقيقة 205
-                                        قوة الشد
+ميجا باسكال دقيقة 515
-                                        الاستطالة A50 مم
+Min %

الخصائص الفيزيائية العامة

-                                        الممتلكات المادية
+                                        القيمة
-                                        الكثافة
+.09 g/cm³
-                                        Melting Point
+-1427 °C
-                                        Modulus of Elasticity
+GPa
-                                        Electrical Resistivity
+.074 x 10-6 Ω .m
-                                        Thermal Conductivity
+.1 W/m.K

Applications of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and good high-temperature strength. Its stability in welded and heat-affected areas makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and high-temperature applications.

1. High-Temperature Industrial Applications

Furnace parts, heat exchangers, and chimneys
Boiler components, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Components exposed to temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F)

2. الصناعة الكيميائية والبتروكيماوية

Tanks, piping, and valves handling mildly corrosive chemicals
Equipment operating under oxidizing and high-temperature conditions
Components requiring welded assemblies with intergranular corrosion resistance

3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications

Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature automotive components exposed to oxidizing environments

4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing

Equipment requiring resistance to corrosion during cleaning and sterilization
Processing vessels exposed to hot and corrosive environments

5. Architectural and Structural Applications

Structures exposed to moderately high temperatures and polluted atmospheres
Cladding, panels, and piping in industrial buildings

6. مقارنة مع الرتب الأوستنيتية الأخرى

More heat-resistant than 304/304L
Offers better weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion than standard 304 in high-temperature applications
Titanium addition prevents sensitization in welded areas

الملخص

321 stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature, chemical, aerospace, and industrial applications due to its excellent intergranular corrosion resistance and thermal stability. إنه تثبيت التيتانيوم makes it particularly suitable for welded components that require durability under heat and corrosive conditions.

Characteristics of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم designed to resist intergranular corrosion and maintain high strength at elevated temperatures. The addition of titanium stabilizes the material, preventing chromium carbide precipitation during welding or high-temperature service.

1. Corrosion Resistance

مقاومة ممتازة لـ oxidation and corrosion in moderate to high-temperature environments.
Titanium addition prevents التحسيس, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded areas.
Suitable for environments with oxidizing chemicals and atmospheric exposure.

2. High-Temperature Performance

Retains mechanical strength at temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F).
Suitable for continuous high-temperature service in oxidizing atmospheres.
Exhibits good creep and stress-rupture properties.

3. الخواص الميكانيكية

Excellent tensile strength, ductility, and toughness, even at elevated temperatures.
Work-hardens moderately during cold forming, allowing increased strength where required.
Maintains dimensional stability in welded assemblies.

4. Fabrication and Formability

Can be cold-worked (rolling, bending, deep drawing) and hot-worked (forging, extrusion, hot rolling) efficiently.
Titanium stabilization ensures welded structures maintain corrosion resistance without post-weld heat treatment.
Low risk of intergranular corrosion in welded or heat-affected zones.

5. Weldability

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, and resistance welding.
Titanium prevents carbide formation during welding, eliminating the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.

6. Applications Leveraging Characteristics

High-temperature furnace components, heat exchangers, and boilers
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat and industrial atmospheres

الملخص

321 stainless steel is distinguished by excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, titanium stabilization, and good weldability. Its properties make it ideal for industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications, particularly where welded assemblies require durability and resistance to intergranular corrosion.

معلومات إضافية

قابلية اللحام

Weldability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع قابلية لحام ممتازة, thanks to its low carbon content and titanium addition. The titanium prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion in welded areas.

1. Suitable Welding Processes

TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise and thin-section welds
MIG (GMAW): Efficient for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding): Suitable for field welding and maintenance
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications

2. Low Carbon and Titanium Benefits

Titanium stabilizes the steel, preventing chromium carbide formation in the heat-affected zone.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
Ensures corrosion resistance is maintained in welded and heat-affected areas.

3. Filler Material Recommendations

Use matching titanium-stabilized fillers, such as ER321, for maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
For dissimilar welds with austenitic stainless steel, ensure compatible filler material is selected to prevent sensitization.

4. Heat Input and Distortion Control

يحتوي الفولاذ الأوستنيتي المقاوم للصدأ على التمدد الحراري العالي, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper sequencing minimize warping.
Intermittent tack welding can help maintain dimensional accuracy.

5. Applications Leveraging Weldability

المعدات الكيميائية والبتروكيماوية
High-temperature furnace components
Marine and coastal equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment

الملخص

321 stainless steel provides قابلية لحام ممتازة due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content. Welded joints maintain high corrosion resistance and structural integrity, making 321 ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, marine, and food-processing applications.

التصنيع

Fabrication of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Its low carbon content and titanium addition allow for versatile fabrication using conventional metalworking processes, while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

1. التشكيل

Cold Forming:
- Suitable for bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping
- Work-hardens moderately; intermediate التلدين بالمحلول may be required for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
- Recommended for complex or thick sections at 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت)
- Ensures uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening

2. التقطيع والقص

Can be cut using laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods.
Sharp tools and correct feeds minimize surface work hardening.

3. التصنيع الآلي

Moderate difficulty due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Carbide tools preferred for high-speed operations
الاستخدام coolants or lubricants to reduce heat and improve surface finish

4. اللحام

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, or resistance welding
Titanium prevents التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in welded areas
Filler material: ER321 recommended for matching composition and corrosion resistance
Post-weld heat treatment is generally غير مطلوب

5. Cold and Hot Working

Cold working increases strength through work hardening; solution annealing may be needed to restore ductility
Hot working produces uniform properties and is recommended for thick or complex components

6. Surface Finishing

Available in 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished surfaces
Cold working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications

7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication

Chemical and petrochemical vessels and piping
High-temperature furnace and boiler components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat or industrial atmospheres

الملخص

321 stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is maintained throughout fabrication, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications.

العمل الساخن

Hot Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent hot workability, making it suitable for forging, rolling, extrusion, and forming at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance.

1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature

Typical range: 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت)
Exceeding this range may cause grain growth, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress, raising the risk of cracking.

2. Suitable Hot Working Processes

Hot Rolling: Sheets, plates, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work

3. Advantages of Hot Working

Reduces work hardening compared to cold working
Enhances ductility and toughness
Produces uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Allows fabrication of large or complex components

4. Post-Hot Working Treatments

Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Pickling or passivation enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working

5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working

Industrial machinery components
High-temperature chemical process equipment
Furnace and boiler components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping

الملخص

321 stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, and structural applications.

مقاومة الحرارة

Heat Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم designed for high-temperature applications. The addition of titanium prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, allowing the steel to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical strength عند درجات حرارة مرتفعة.

1. درجة حرارة الخدمة المستمرة

مناسبة للخدمة المستمرة في أجواء مؤكسدة حتى 870 درجة مئوية تقريبًا (1600 درجة فهرنهايت)
Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above 870°C may cause slight scaling and reduction in toughness

2. التعرض المتقطع

يمكن أن تتحمل intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant surface degradation
Suitable for parts exposed to occasional thermal cycles

3. مقاومة الأكسدة

تشكل طبقة أكسيد الكروم الواقية in oxidizing atmospheres
Maintains corrosion resistance under moderate high-temperature conditions
Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures

4. التأثيرات الحرارية على الخواص الميكانيكية

Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without solution annealing

5. التطبيقات المتعلقة بمقاومة الحرارة

Furnace and boiler components
Heat exchangers, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems

6. مقارنة مع الرتب الأوستنيتية الأخرى

Heat resistance is slightly lower than الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ 347 but superior to 304 and 304L
Preferred when weldability and corrosion resistance are more critical than extreme high-temperature strength

الملخص

321 stainless steel provides أداء ممتاز في درجات الحرارة العالية, with continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization, maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, and aerospace environments.

قابلية التصنيع

Machinability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم that exhibits قابلية تشغيل آلي معتدلة. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting parameters, and lubrication during machining to achieve high-quality surfaces and efficient production.

1. سلوك التصلب في العمل

321 stainless steel work-hardens quickly during cutting.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting is recommended to minimize localized work hardening.

2. توصيات الأدوات

Carbide tools are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for light to medium operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.

3. سرعات القطع والتغذية

Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent local work hardening.
Avoid dwelling or stopping on the workpiece to prevent hard spots.

4. التبريد والتشحيم

Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
الاستخدام flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.

5. تشكيل الرقاقة

Chips are tough, stringy, and difficult to manage.
الاستخدام chip breakers or special inserts to control chip flow during machining.

6. تشطيب السطح

Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes to achieve desired surface quality.

الملخص

321 stainless steel has قابلية تشغيل آلي معتدلة and requires careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and lubrication. When properly managed, high-quality surfaces and dimensional accuracy are achievable, making it suitable for chemical, aerospace, automotive, and high-temperature industrial applications.

مقاومة التآكل

Corrosion Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and good general corrosion resistance. The addition of titanium prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature environments.

1. مقاومة التآكل العامة

Resistant to oxidation and corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Suitable for industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure due to titanium stabilization.

2. مقاومة التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية

Titanium forms stable carbides, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Reduces the risk of التحسيس during welding or high-temperature service.
Ideal for welded assemblies without requiring post-weld heat treatment.

3. Chloride and Pitting Resistance

Provides moderate resistance to chloride-induced pitting compared with 304 stainless steel.
Less resistant than 316 or 317 grades but sufficient for most industrial and chemical applications.

4. التآكل في درجات الحرارة العالية

Resistant to oxidation and scaling at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~870°C, intermittent up to ~925°C).
أداء جيد في oxidizing atmospheres and moderate chemical environments.
Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.

5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance

Furnace components, boilers, and heat exchangers
المعدات الكيميائية والبتروكيماوية
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Welded industrial structures exposed to heat and atmospheric corrosion

الملخص

321 stainless steel offers excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, especially in welded or high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization ensures durability in chemical, industrial, aerospace, and high-temperature environments, making it a reliable choice where corrosion resistance is critical.

المعالجة الحرارية

Heat Treatment of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم, which is not hardened by heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, rather than to increase hardness.

1. Solution Annealing

الغرض:
- Restore ductility after cold working or forming
- Relieve residual stresses
- Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form in improper heating
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 1010-1120 درجة مئوية (1850-2050 درجة فهرنهايت)
التبريد: Rapid air or water quench to maintain fully austenitic structure
التأثير:
- Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
- Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization

2. تخفيف التوتر

الغرض: تقليل الضغوط المتبقية من التشكيل، أو الثني، أو اللحام
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 450-650 درجة مئوية (840-1200 درجة فهرنهايت)
التأثير: Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties

3. اعتبارات حالة العمل البارد

Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps

4. المعالجة الحرارية لما بعد اللحام

Generally غير مطلوب due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies

5. القيود

المعالجة الحرارية عدم زيادة الصلابة بشكل كبير
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly

الملخص

Heat treatment of 321 stainless steel is mainly for تخفيف الإجهاد واستعادة الليونة والحفاظ على مقاومة التآكل. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 321 ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.

العمل البارد

Cold Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم that exhibits excellent cold-working properties. Cold working increases القوة والصلابة through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.

1. سلوك التصلب في العمل

321 stainless steel work-hardens moderately during cold deformation.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Excessive cold working may require التلدين بالمحلول to restore formability.

2. عمليات العمل الباردة الشائعة

يتدحرج: Sheets, strips, and plates
الرسم: Tubes, rods, and wires
الثني والتشكيل: Structural components, brackets, and clips
الختم والرسم العميق: Industrial and food-processing parts

3. التحكم في الخواص الميكانيكية

Cold working allows adjustment of قوة الشد وقوة الخضوع والصلابة.
Extensive cold work may require التلدين بالمحلول to restore ductility for further fabrication.

4. التأثير على مقاومة التآكل

تثبيت التيتانيوم يمنع ترسيب كربيد الكروم, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in welded or heavily worked areas.

5. اعتبارات ما بعد التشكيل

Solution annealing can relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may slightly induce المغناطيسية due to minor martensitic transformation, typically negligible.

6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work

Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring corrosion resistance and strength

الملخص

321 stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.

ابحث عن المنتج الذي تحتاجه

شبكة واسعة من مراكز الخدمة في الصين، مدعومة بمرافق معالجة قوية.

الكلمات المفتاحية الشائعة

الفئات

لم يتم العثور على أي سجل

عرض جميع النتائج

سبائك الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ التجارية

المعادن

الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ

ألومنيوم

النحاس

نحاس

ألومنيوم برونزي

نيكل النحاس

البرونز الفوسفوري والبرونز المحتوي على الرصاص

سبائك النيكل

الفولاذ الخاص

تيتانيوم

مركز التصنيع

التوجيه باستخدام الحاسب الآلي الرقمي

القطع بالليزر

خدمات التصنيع

قص اللفائف

وعاء الضغط

تشطيبات خاصة

إخلاء المسؤولية

هذه البيانات استرشادية فقط ولا يجب الاعتماد عليها بدلاً من المواصفات الكاملة. وعلى وجه الخصوص، تختلف متطلبات الخواص الميكانيكية اختلافًا كبيرًا باختلاف المزاج والمنتج وأبعاد المنتج. جميع المعلومات مبنية على معرفتنا الحالية ومقدمة بحسن نية. لن تتحمل الشركة أي مسؤولية فيما يتعلق بأي إجراء يتخذه أي طرف ثالث بالاعتماد عليها. يُرجى ملاحظة أن تاريخ ‘تحديث ورقة البيانات’ الموضح أعلاه لا يضمن الدقة أو ما إذا كانت ورقة البيانات محدثة أم لا.

تم استخلاص المعلومات الواردة في ورقة البيانات هذه من مصادر مختلفة معترف بها، بما في ذلك معايير EN ومراجع الصناعة المعترف بها (مطبوعة S عبر الإنترنت) وبيانات الشركات المصنعة. لا يوجد ضمان بأن المعلومات مستقاة من أحدث إصدار من تلك المصادر أو بشأن دقة تلك المصادر. قد تختلف المواد التي توفرها الشركة اختلافاً كبيراً عن هذه البيانات ولكنها تتوافق مع جميع المعايير ذات الصلة والمعمول بها. وبما أن المنتجات المفصلة قد تُستخدم في مجموعة متنوعة من الأغراض، وبما أن الشركة لا تتحكم في استخدامها؛ فإن الشركة تستثني على وجه التحديد جميع الشروط أو الضمانات الصريحة أو الضمنية الصريحة أو الضمنية بموجب القانون أو غير ذلك فيما يتعلق بالأبعاد، والخصائص و/أو الملاءمة لأي غرض معين، سواءً كانت صريحة أو ضمنية. تُقدَّم المشورة التي تقدمها الشركة لأي طرف ثالث من أجل مساعدة ذلك الطرف فقط وبدون مسؤولية من جانب الشركة. تخضع جميع المعاملات لشروط البيع الحالية للشركة. إن مدى التزامات الشركة تجاه أي عميل منصوص عليها بوضوح في تلك الشروط؛ وتتوفر نسخة منها عند الطلب.