321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil

Baja Tahan Karat, Austenitik

A titanium-stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with very good corrosion resistance.

Stainless steel 321 is the stabilized version of stainless steel 304. The 18/8 blend of chromium and nickel is tempered with titanium to give type 321 protection from intergranular corrosion that can occur after heat treatment. It is protected from temperatures ranging from 800 to 1500° F. The metal displays high strength and resistance to various forms of corrosions, including that from aqueous environments.

Type 321 finds application in heavy welding components, along with dynamic environments that are subject to changes.

However, the addition of titanium limits the application of 321 in terms of working. The metal is not recommended for certain welding techniques as it is not consumable. Beyond this, stainless steel 321 has excellent forming characteristics, does not require annealing after being welded, and displays toughness in a range of temperatures.

The metal shows strength even when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, it is often chosen over Type 304 for its increased resistance to creep and rupture. Both metals may be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking.

UNDUH PDF

Jangkauan

Bar Products	Ukuran Imperial	Ukuran Metrik
Round Bar Bright Drawn H9	1⁄8" - 7⁄8"	4mm - 25mm
Round Bar Smooth Turned H9/H10	1" - 3"	30mm
Round Bar Peeled K12/K16	3 1⁄4" - 6"	-

Ukuran Lembar	Finish	Ketebalan
2500 x 1250	2B	1.5mm - 3.0mm

HARAP DICATAT

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321 Stainless Steel Related Specifications

Sistem / Standar	Negara / Wilayah	Kelas / Peruntukan
AISI	AMERIKA SERIKAT	321
UNS	Internasional	S32100
EN / W.Nr.	Eropa	1.4541
EN Nama	Eropa	X6CrNiTi18-10
ASTM A240	AMERIKA SERIKAT	321 (plate, sheet, strip)
ASTM A182	AMERIKA SERIKAT	F321 (forgings, flanges)
ASTM A213	AMERIKA SERIKAT	TP321 (boiler / HX tubes)
ASTM A312	AMERIKA SERIKAT	TP321 (seamless pipe)
GB	Cina	06Cr18Ni11Ti
JIS	Jepang	SUS321
BS	INGGRIS	321S31
AFNOR	Prancis	Z6CNT18-10

Properti

Komposisi Kimia

-                                        Elemen Kimia
+                                        % Hadir
-                                        Kromium (Cr)
+.00 - 19.00
-                                        Nikel (Ni)
+.00 - 12.00
-                                        Molibdenum (Mo)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Tembaga (Cu)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Titanium (Ti)
+.00 - 0.70
-                                        Karbon (C)
+.00 - 0.08
-                                        Mangan (Mn)
+.00 - 2.00
-                                        Silikon (Si)
+.25 - 1.00
-                                        Fosfor (P)
+.00 - 0.04
-                                        Belerang (S)
+.00 - 0.03
-                                        Nitrogen (N)
+.00 - 0.10

Sifat Mekanis

321 Stainless Steel Bar

-                                        Properti Mekanis
+                                        Nilai
-,2% Tegangan Bukti
+N/mm2
-                                        Perpanjangan A50 mm
+%
-                                        Kekerasan Brinell
+max HB

321 Stainless Steel Sheet

ASTM A240

-                                        Properti Mekanis
+                                        Nilai
-                                        Stres Bukti
+MPa
-                                        Kekuatan Tarik
+MPa
-                                        Perpanjangan A50 mm
+Min %

Sifat Fisik Umum

-                                        Properti Fisik
+                                        Nilai
-                                        Kepadatan
+.09 g/cm³
-                                        Titik Leleh
+-1427 °C
-                                        Modulus Elastisitas
+GPa
-                                        Tahanan Listrik
+.074 x 10-6 Ω .m
-                                        Konduktivitas Termal
+.1 W/m.K

Applications of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion dan good high-temperature strength. Its stability in welded and heat-affected areas makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and high-temperature applications.

1. High-Temperature Industrial Applications

Furnace parts, heat exchangers, and chimneys
Boiler components, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Components exposed to temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F)

2. Industri Kimia dan Petrokimia

Tanks, piping, and valves handling mildly corrosive chemicals
Equipment operating under oxidizing and high-temperature conditions
Components requiring welded assemblies with intergranular corrosion resistance

3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications

Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature automotive components exposed to oxidizing environments

4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing

Equipment requiring resistance to corrosion during cleaning and sterilization
Processing vessels exposed to hot and corrosive environments

5. Architectural and Structural Applications

Structures exposed to moderately high temperatures and polluted atmospheres
Cladding, panels, and piping in industrial buildings

6. Perbandingan dengan Grade Austenitik Lain

More heat-resistant than 304/304L
Offers better weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion than standard 304 in high-temperature applications
Titanium addition prevents sensitization in welded areas

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature, chemical, aerospace, and industrial applications due to its excellent intergranular corrosion resistance and thermal stability. Buah-buahannya stabilisasi titanium makes it particularly suitable for welded components that require durability under heat and corrosive conditions.

Characteristics of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium designed to resist intergranular corrosion and maintain high strength at elevated temperatures. The addition of titanium stabilizes the material, preventing chromium carbide precipitation during welding or high-temperature service.

1. Corrosion Resistance

Ketahanan yang sangat baik terhadap oxidation and corrosion in moderate to high-temperature environments.
Titanium addition prevents sensitisasi, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded areas.
Suitable for environments with oxidizing chemicals and atmospheric exposure.

2. High-Temperature Performance

Retains mechanical strength at temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F).
Cocok untuk continuous high-temperature service in oxidizing atmospheres.
Exhibits good creep and stress-rupture properties.

3. Sifat Mekanik

Luar biasa tensile strength, ductility, and toughness, even at elevated temperatures.
Work-hardens moderately during cold forming, allowing increased strength where required.
Memelihara dimensional stability in welded assemblies.

4. Fabrication and Formability

Bisa cold-worked (rolling, bending, deep drawing) and hot-worked (forging, extrusion, hot rolling) efficiently.
Titanium stabilization ensures welded structures maintain corrosion resistance without post-weld heat treatment.
Low risk of intergranular corrosion in welded or heat-affected zones.

5. Weldability

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, and resistance welding.
Titanium prevents carbide formation during welding, eliminating the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.

6. Applications Leveraging Characteristics

High-temperature furnace components, heat exchangers, and boilers
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat and industrial atmospheres

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel is distinguished by excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, titanium stabilization, and good weldability. Its properties make it ideal for industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications, particularly where welded assemblies require durability and resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Informasi Tambahan

Kemampuan las

Weldability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan kemampuan las yang sangat baik, thanks to its low carbon content and titanium addition. The titanium prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion in welded areas.

1. Suitable Welding Processes

TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise and thin-section welds
MIG (GMAW): Efficient for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding): Suitable for field welding and maintenance
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications

2. Low Carbon and Titanium Benefits

Titanium stabilizes the steel, preventing chromium carbide formation di zona yang terkena panas.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
Ensures ketahanan korosi is maintained in welded and heat-affected areas.

3. Filler Material Recommendations

Use matching titanium-stabilized fillers, such as ER321, for maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
For dissimilar welds with austenitic stainless steel, ensure compatible filler material is selected to prevent sensitization.

4. Heat Input and Distortion Control

Baja tahan karat austenitik memiliki ekspansi termal tinggi, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper sequencing minimize warping.
Intermittent tack welding can help maintain dimensional accuracy.

5. Applications Leveraging Weldability

Peralatan kimia dan petrokimia
High-temperature furnace components
Marine and coastal equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel provides kemampuan las yang sangat baik due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content. Welded joints maintain high corrosion resistance and structural integrity, making 321 ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, marine, and food-processing applications.

Fabrikasi

Fabrication of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Its low carbon content and titanium addition allow for versatile fabrication using conventional metalworking processes, while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

1. Pembentukan

Cold Forming:
- Cocok untuk bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping
- Work-hardens moderately; intermediate anil larutan may be required for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
- Recommended for complex or thick sections at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
- Ensures uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening

2. Memotong dan Menggunting

Can be cut using laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods.
Sharp tools and correct feeds minimize surface work hardening.

3. Pengerjaan Mesin

Moderate difficulty due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Perkakas karbida preferred for high-speed operations
Gunakan coolants or lubricants to reduce heat and improve surface finish

4. Pengelasan

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, or resistance welding
Titanium prevents korosi antar butir in welded areas
Filler material: ER321 recommended for matching composition and corrosion resistance
Post-weld heat treatment is generally tidak diperlukan

5. Cold and Hot Working

Cold working increases strength through work hardening; solution annealing may be needed to restore ductility
Hot working produces uniform properties and is recommended for thick or complex components

6. Surface Finishing

Available in 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished surfaces
Cold working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications

7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication

Chemical and petrochemical vessels and piping
High-temperature furnace and boiler components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat or industrial atmospheres

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is maintained throughout fabrication, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications.

Kerja Panas

Hot Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent hot workability, making it suitable for forging, rolling, extrusion, and forming at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance.

1. Suhu Pengerjaan Panas yang Direkomendasikan

Typical range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Exceeding this range may cause pertumbuhan butir, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress, raising the risk of cracking.

2. Suitable Hot Working Processes

Pengguliran Panas: Sheets, plates, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work

3. Keunggulan Pengerjaan Panas

Mengurangi pengerasan kerja compared to cold working
Enhances ketangguhan dan keuletan
Menghasilkan uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Allows fabrication of large or complex components

4. Post-Hot Working Treatments

Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Pickling atau pasivasi enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working

5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working

Komponen mesin industri
High-temperature chemical process equipment
Furnace and boiler components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, and structural applications.

Tahan Panas

Heat Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dirancang untuk high-temperature applications. The addition of titanium prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, allowing the steel to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical strength pada suhu tinggi.

1. Suhu Layanan Berkelanjutan

Cocok untuk layanan berkelanjutan dalam atmosfer pengoksidasi hingga ~870°C (1600°F)
Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above 870°C may cause slight scaling and reduction in toughness

2. Paparan Intermiten

Dapat ditoleransi intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant surface degradation
Suitable for parts exposed to occasional thermal cycles

3. Ketahanan Oksidasi

Membentuk lapisan kromium oksida pelindung in oxidizing atmospheres
Maintains corrosion resistance under moderate high-temperature conditions
Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures

4. Efek Termal pada Sifat Mekanik

Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without solution annealing

5. Aplikasi yang Berkaitan dengan Ketahanan Panas

Furnace and boiler components
Heat exchangers, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems

6. Perbandingan dengan Grade Austenitik Lain

Heat resistance is slightly lower than 347 baja tahan karat but superior to 304 and 304L
Preferred when weldability and corrosion resistance are more critical than extreme high-temperature strength

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel provides kinerja suhu tinggi yang sangat baik, with continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization, maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, and aerospace environments.

Kemampuan mesin

Machinability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium that exhibits kemampuan mesin sedang. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting parameters, and lubrication during machining to achieve high-quality surfaces and efficient production.

1. Perilaku Pengerasan Regangan

321 stainless steel work-hardens quickly during cutting.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting is recommended to minimize localized work hardening.

2. Rekomendasi Perkakas

Perkakas karbida are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for light to medium operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.

3. Kecepatan Potong dan Laju Pemakanan

Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent local work hardening.
Avoid dwelling or stopping on the workpiece to prevent hard spots.

4. Pendinginan dan Pelumasan

Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Gunakan flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.

5. Pembentukan CIP

Chips are tough, stringy, and difficult to manage.
Gunakan chip breakers or special inserts to control chip flow during machining.

6. Permukaan Akhir

Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes to achieve desired surface quality.

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel has kemampuan mesin sedang and requires careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and lubrication. When properly managed, high-quality surfaces and dimensional accuracy are achievable, making it suitable for chemical, aerospace, automotive, and high-temperature industrial applications.

Ketahanan Korosi

Corrosion Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and good general corrosion resistance. The addition of titanium prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature environments.

1. Ketahanan Korosi Umum

Resistant to oxidation and corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Cocok untuk industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure due to titanium stabilization.

2. Ketahanan Korosi Antar Butir

Titanium forms stable carbides, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Reduces the risk of sensitisasi during welding or high-temperature service.
Ideal for welded assemblies without requiring post-weld heat treatment.

3. Chloride and Pitting Resistance

Provides moderate resistance to chloride-induced pitting compared with 304 stainless steel.
Less resistant than 316 or 317 grades but sufficient for most industrial and chemical applications.

4. Korosi Suhu Tinggi

Resistant to oxidation and scaling at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~870°C, intermittent up to ~925°C).
Berkinerja baik dalam oxidizing atmospheres and moderate chemical environments.
Tidak direkomendasikan untuk strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.

5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance

Furnace components, boilers, and heat exchangers
Peralatan kimia dan petrokimia
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Welded industrial structures exposed to heat and atmospheric corrosion

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel offers excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, terutama di welded or high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization ensures durability in chemical, industrial, aerospace, and high-temperature environments, making it a reliable choice where corrosion resistance is critical.

Perlakuan Panas

Heat Treatment of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium, which is not hardened by heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, rather than to increase hardness.

1. Solution Annealing

Tujuan:
- Restore ductility after cold working or forming
- Relieve residual stresses
- Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form in improper heating
Rentang Suhu: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Pendinginan Rapid air or water quench to maintain fully austenitic structure
Efek:
- Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
- Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization

2. Pengurangan Stres

Tujuan: Mengurangi tegangan sisa dari pembentukan, pembengkokan, atau pengelasan
Rentang Suhu: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Efek: Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties

3. Pertimbangan Kondisi Kerja Dingin

Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps

4. Perlakuan Panas Pasca-Las

Umumnya tidak diperlukan due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies

5. Keterbatasan

Perlakuan panas dapat tidak meningkatkan kekerasan secara signifikan
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly

Ringkasan

Heat treatment of 321 stainless steel is mainly for penghilang stres, pemulihan daktilitas, dan pemeliharaan ketahanan korosi. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 321 ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.

Pekerjaan Dingin

Cold Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium that exhibits excellent cold-working properties. Cold working increases kekuatan dan kekerasan through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.

1. Perilaku Pengerasan Regangan

321 stainless steel work-hardens moderately selama deformasi dingin.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Excessive cold working may require anil larutan to restore formability.

2. Proses Kerja Dingin Umum

Menggulung: Sheets, strips, and plates
Menggambar Tubes, rods, and wires
Membungkuk dan Membentuk Structural components, brackets, and clips
Pengecapan dan Penarikan Dalam Industrial and food-processing parts

3. Kontrol Sifat Mekanik

Cold working allows adjustment of kekuatan tarik, kekuatan luluh, dan kekerasan.
Extensive cold work may require anil larutan to restore ductility for further fabrication.

4. Pengaruh terhadap Ketahanan Korosi

Stabilisasi titanium mencegah presipitasi kromium karbida, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to korosi antar butir in welded or heavily worked areas.

5. Pertimbangan Pasca-Pembentukan

Solution annealing can relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may slightly induce kemagnetan due to minor martensitic transformation, typically negligible.

6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work

Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring corrosion resistance and strength

Ringkasan

321 stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.

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Data ini hanya bersifat indikatif dan oleh karena itu tidak dapat diandalkan sebagai pengganti spesifikasi lengkap. Secara khusus, persyaratan properti mekanis sangat bervariasi dengan temper, produk, dan dimensi produk. Semua informasi didasarkan pada pengetahuan kami saat ini dan diberikan dengan itikad baik. Tidak ada tanggung jawab yang akan diterima oleh Perusahaan sehubungan dengan tindakan apa pun yang diambil oleh pihak ketiga mana pun yang mengandalkannya. Harap diperhatikan bahwa tanggal ‘Pembaruan Lembar Data’ yang ditunjukkan di atas bukan merupakan jaminan keakuratan atau apakah lembar data tersebut adalah yang terbaru.

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