Baja Tahan Karat, Austenitik
316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet
A chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium austenitic stainless steel.
Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.
For elevated temperature applications the stabilised grade 316Ti stainless steel should be employed.
Stainless steel grade 316Ti contains a small amount of titanium. Titanium content is typically only around 0.5%. The titanium atoms stabilise the structure of the 316 at temperatures over 800°C. This prevents carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries and protects the metal from corrosion. The main advantage of 316Ti is that it can be held at higher temperatures for a longer period without sensitisation (precipitation) occurring. 316Ti retains physical and mechanical properties similar to standard grades of 316.
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316Ti Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistem / Standar | Negara / Wilayah | Kelas / Peruntukan |
| AISI | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 316Ti |
| UNS | Internasional | S31635 |
| EN / W.Nr. | Eropa | 1.4571 |
| EN Nama | Eropa | X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 316Ti (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A182 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | F316Ti (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | TP316Ti (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | TP316Ti (seamless pipe) |
| GB | Cina | 06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti |
| JIS | Jepang | SUS316Ti |
Properti
Komposisi Kimia
316Ti Stainless Steel Steel
EN10088-3
| Elemen Kimia | % Hadir |
| Karbon (C) | 0.00 - 0.08 |
| Kromium (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molibdenum (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| Silikon (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fosfor (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| Belerang (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Nikel (Ni) | 10.50 - 13.50 |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0.40 - 0.70 |
| Mangan (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Besi (Fe) | Keseimbangan |
Sifat Mekanis
Bar Up to 160mm Diameter
EN10088-3
| Properti Mekanis | Nilai |
| Stres Bukti | 200 Min MPa |
| Kekuatan Tarik | 500 to 700 MPa |
| Perpanjangan A50 mm | 40 Menit % |
| Kekerasan Brinell | 215 Max HB |
Sifat Fisik Umum
| Properti Fisik | Nilai |
| Kepadatan | 8.0 g/cm³ |
| Titik Leleh | 1400 °C |
| Ekspansi Termal | 15.9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulus Elastisitas | 193 GPa |
| Konduktivitas Termal | 16.3 W/m.K |
| Tahanan Listrik | 0.74 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent corrosion resistance dan high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium improves intergranular corrosion resistance, making it suitable for welded and high-temperature applications.
1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Storage tanks, reactors, and piping for corrosive chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under high-temperature conditions
Components in oxidizing and mildly reducing chemical environments
2. Power Generation and High-Temperature Equipment
Komponen boiler dan tungku
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and chimneys
Equipment exposed to temperatures up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently
3. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
Vessels and piping exposed to corrosive liquids and cleaning chemicals
Components requiring hygienic surfaces and high corrosion resistance
Equipment that undergoes frequent welding or assembly
4. Marine and Offshore Applications
Equipment and structures exposed to seawater and coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings in marine environments
5. Aerospace and Automotive Applications
Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature, welded components where corrosion and thermal resistance are critical
6. Comparison to 316/316L
Stabilisasi titanium mencegah sensitisasi during welding, unlike standard 316 or 316L
Cocok untuk high-temperature welded assemblies
Memelihara mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel is widely used in chemical, marine, pharmaceutical, food-processing, and high-temperature industrial applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance, titanium stabilization, and thermal stability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion in welded assemblies makes it a reliable choice for demanding environments.
Characteristics of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium that combines the corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel with enhanced intergranular corrosion resistance dan high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium makes it particularly suitable for welded components and high-temperature service.
1. Corrosion Resistance
Ketahanan yang sangat baik terhadap oxidation and general corrosion in lingkungan yang sedikit korosif.
Stabilisasi titanium mencegah presipitasi kromium karbida, minimizing the risk of korosi antar butir in welded areas.
Berkinerja baik dalam industrial, chemical, and marine environments.
2. High-Temperature Performance
Memelihara mechanical strength and dimensional stability pada suhu tinggi.
Cocok untuk continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently, depending on the environment.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in high-temperature applications.
3. Sifat Mekanik
Luar biasa tensile strength, ductility, and toughness in both annealed and welded conditions.
Bisa cold-worked or hot-worked to adjust strength and hardness.
Titanium addition ensures mechanical properties are maintained during welding and high-temperature exposure.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Bagus. formability and workability using conventional cold and hot working processes.
Weldable with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding methods.
Titanium stabilization eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, heat exchangers, piping)
High-temperature boiler, furnace, and superheater components
Marine and offshore equipment exposed to corrosive atmospheres
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature welded components
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel combines excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and titanium stabilization to prevent sensitization in welded or high-temperature applications. Its properties make it ideal for chemical, marine, high-temperature industrial, and food-processing applications where reliability and durability are critical.
Informasi Tambahan
Kemampuan las
Weldability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan kemampuan las yang sangat baik. The titanium addition prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected zones.
1. Suitable Welding Processes
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for thin sections and precise welds
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Commonly used for field and maintenance welding
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal components
2. Manfaat Stabilisasi Titanium
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation di zona yang terkena panas.
Reduces the risk of korosi antar butir after welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Filler Material Recommendations
Gunakan ER316Ti or ER316L filler wire for matching composition and corrosion resistance.
Ensure compatible filler material when welding dissimilar austenitic stainless steels.
4. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Baja tahan karat austenitik memiliki ekspansi termal tinggi, which may cause distortion.
Use moderate heat input and proper welding sequencing to minimize warping.
Tack welds can help maintain dimensional accuracy.
5. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and high-temperature boilers
Marine and offshore components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel exhibits kemampuan las yang sangat baik, with titanium stabilization preventing intergranular corrosion in welded zones. It is ideal for high-temperature, chemical, marine, and food-processing applications where welded assemblies require durability and corrosion resistance.
Fabrikasi
Fabrication of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium yang menggabungkan excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and good formability. Its fabrication properties make it suitable for cold and hot working, machining, and welding while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. Pembentukan
Cold Forming:
Suitable for bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work-hardens moderately; intermediate solution annealing may be needed for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
Recommended for complex or thick components at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening
2. Memotong dan Menggunting
Can be cut using laser, plasma, waterjet, or mechanical methods
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface roughness
3. Pengerjaan Mesin
Moderate machinability due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Perkakas karbida preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty operations
Coolants and lubricants are essential to reduce heat and improve surface finish
4. Pengelasan
Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
Stabilisasi titanium mencegah intergranular corrosion in heat-affected zones
Matching filler metals (ER316Ti) ensure optimal corrosion resistance
5. Cold and Hot Working
Cold working increases strength through pengerasan kerja
Hot working produces uniform ductility and mechanical properties, ideal for thick or complex components
6. Surface Finishing
Available in 2B, BA, and polished finishes
Cold-working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications
7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication
Chemical and petrochemical equipment, reactors, and piping
High-temperature boiler and furnace components
Marine and offshore structures
Aerospace and automotive components
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel is highly versatile for fabrication, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is preserved throughout fabrication, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
Kerja Panas
Hot Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at elevated temperatures while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. Suhu Pengerjaan Panas yang Direkomendasikan
Typical range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Exceeding this range may cause pertumbuhan butir, reducing toughness
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking
2. Suitable Hot Working Processes
Pengguliran Panas: Plates, sheets, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work
3. Keunggulan Pengerjaan Panas
Mengurangi pengerasan kerja compared to cold working
Meningkatkan ketangguhan dan keuletan
Menghasilkan uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Enables fabrication of large or complex components
4. Post-Hot Working Treatments
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Pickling atau pasivasi can enhance surface corrosion resistance
5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working
Komponen mesin industri
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Furnace, boiler, and heat exchanger components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing components to be formed or forged at 1010–1175°C. Pengerjaan panas meningkatkan ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, industrial, and structural applications.
Tahan Panas
Heat Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dirancang untuk high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, ensuring corrosion resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures.
1. Suhu Layanan Berkelanjutan
Cocok untuk continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) in oxidizing atmospheres
Memelihara mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. Paparan Intermiten
Dapat ditoleransi intermittent heating above 925°C without significant surface degradation
Ideal for components exposed to thermal cycling
3. Ketahanan Oksidasi
Membentuk lapisan kromium oksida pelindung that resists oxidation and scaling
Berkinerja baik dalam industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Tidak direkomendasikan untuk strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing environments at extreme temperatures
4. Efek Termal pada Sifat Mekanik
Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without proper solution annealing
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature chemical processing equipment
Furnace, boiler, and superheater components
Heat exchangers and exhaust systems in industrial and aerospace applications
Marine and offshore components exposed to elevated temperatures
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel exhibits kinerja suhu tinggi yang sangat baik, with continuous service up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization ensures mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are preserved in welded or high-temperature applications, making it ideal for chemical, industrial, marine, and aerospace environments.
Kemampuan mesin
Machinability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan kemampuan mesin sedang. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve high-quality machining results.
1. Perilaku Pengerasan Regangan
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens quickly selama pemesinan.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting minimizes localized work hardening.
2. Rekomendasi Perkakas
Perkakas karbida are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for lighter operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.
3. Kecepatan Potong dan Laju Pemakanan
Slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots.
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent local work-hardening.
4. Pendinginan dan Pelumasan
Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Gunakan flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.
5. Pembentukan CIP
Chips are tough, stringy, and sticky, requiring chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage.
6. Permukaan Akhir
High-quality surface finish can be achieved with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes.
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel has kemampuan mesin sedang, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. When properly managed, it can be machined with high precision and excellent surface finish, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications.
Ketahanan Korosi
Corrosion Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in welded and high-temperature applications. Titanium addition prevents presipitasi kromium karbida, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.
1. Ketahanan Korosi Umum
Highly resistant to oxidation and general corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Cocok untuk chemical, industrial, marine, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure.
2. Ketahanan Korosi Antar Butir
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Minimizes sensitisasi in the heat-affected zone during welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Performs moderately well in chloride-containing environments.
More resistant than 304/304L stainless steel but slightly less resistant than 316/317 in severe chloride conditions.
Cocok untuk marine, coastal, and mildly corrosive chemical applications.
4. Korosi Suhu Tinggi
Maintains corrosion resistance during continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in hot, oxidizing atmospheres.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at extreme temperatures.
5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, piping, heat exchangers)
Marine and offshore structures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature components
Boiler, furnace, and heat exchanger parts
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel provides excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, terutama di welded and high-temperature environments. Titanium stabilization ensures durability and reliability in chemical, marine, industrial, and food-processing applications, making it a robust choice for demanding conditions.
Perlakuan Panas
Heat Treatment of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium that is not hardenable by heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, rather than to increase hardness.
1. Solution Annealing
Tujuan:
Restore ductility after cold working or forming
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form if exposed to improper temperatures
Rentang Suhu: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Pendinginan Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
Efek:
Restores mechanical properties to annealed condition
Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization
2. Pengurangan Stres
Tujuan: Mengurangi tegangan sisa dari pembentukan, pembengkokan, atau pengelasan
Rentang Suhu: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Efek: Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Umumnya tidak diperlukan because titanium stabilization prevents sensitization
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps
5. Keterbatasan
Perlakuan panas dapat tidak meningkatkan kekerasan secara signifikan
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly
Ringkasan
Heat treatment of 316Ti stainless steel is mainly for stress relief, ductility restoration, and preservation of corrosion resistance. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 316Ti ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.
Pekerjaan Dingin
Cold Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a baja tahan karat austenitik yang distabilkan titanium dengan excellent cold-working properties. Cold working improves kekuatan dan kekerasan through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. Perilaku Pengerasan Regangan
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly selama deformasi dingin.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Pembentukan dingin ekstensif mungkin memerlukan anil larutan to restore ductility for further fabrication.
2. Proses Kerja Dingin Umum
Menggulung: Sheets, strips, and plates
Menggambar Tubes, rods, and wires
Membungkuk dan Membentuk Structural components, brackets, and clips
Pengecapan dan Penarikan Dalam Industrial and food-processing parts
3. Mechanical Property Control
Cold working allows adjustment of kekuatan tarik, kekuatan luluh, dan kekerasan.
Solution annealing can be used if ductility needs to be restored for further forming.
4. Pengaruh terhadap Ketahanan Korosi
Stabilisasi titanium mencegah presipitasi kromium karbida, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to korosi antar butir in welded or heavily worked areas.
5. Pertimbangan Pasca-Pembentukan
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, usually negligible.
6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work
Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring both corrosion resistance and strength
Ringkasan
316Ti stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components untuk industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.
