Baja Tahan Karat, Martensitik
410 Stainless Steel (S41000) Bar
A general purpose martensitic stainless steel containing 11.5% chromium for good atmospheric corrosion resistance.
Grade 410 (1.4006) is a hardenable martensitic stainless steel available in bar form only.
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It is part of the 400 series of stainless steels and is widely used in applications that require strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion protection.
The corrosion resistance of grade 410 steels can be further enhanced by a series of processes such as hardening, tempering and polishing. Quenching and tempering can harden grade 410 steels. They are generally used for applications involving mild corrosion, heat resistance and high strength.
Martensitic stainless steels are fabricated using techniques that require final heat treatment. These grades are less resistant to corrosion when compared to that of austenitic grades. Their operating temperatures are often affected by their loss of strength at high temperatures, due to over-tempering and loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures.
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410 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistem / Standar | Negara / Wilayah | Kelas / Peruntukan |
| AISI | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 410 |
| UNS | Internasional | S41000 |
| EN / W.Nr. | Eropa | 1.4006 |
| EN Nama | Eropa | X12Cr13 |
| ASTM A240 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 410 (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 410 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A314 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | 410 (forged bars for piping) |
| ASTM A743 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | CA-15 (cast 410-type) |
| ASTM A182 | AMERIKA SERIKAT | F6a (410-type forging) |
| GB | Cina | 12Cr13 / 1Cr13 |
| JIS | Jepang | SUS410 |
| BS | INGGRIS | 410S21 |
Properti
Komposisi Kimia
1.4006 Steel
EN 10088-3
| Elemen Kimia | % Hadir |
| Karbon (C) | 0.08 - 0.15 |
| Kromium (Cr) | 11.50 - 13.50 |
| Silikon (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Mangan (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| Fosfor (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Belerang (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Nikel (Ni) | 0.00 - 0.75 |
| Besi (Fe) | Keseimbangan |
Sifat Mekanis
Batang Dia hingga 160mm atau Ketebalan
EN 10088-3
| Properti Mekanis | Nilai |
| Stres Bukti | 450 MPa Minimal |
| Kekuatan Tarik | 650 - 850 MPa |
| Perpanjangan A | 15 Min % |
Sifat Fisik Umum
| Properti Fisik | Nilai |
| Kepadatan | 7,75 g/cm³ |
| Ekspansi Termal | 9,9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulus Elastisitas | 300 GPa |
| Konduktivitas Termal | 24,9 W/m.K |
| Tahanan Listrik | 0,57 x 10⁻⁶ Ω.m |
Applications of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its heat-treatable nature makes it suitable for components that require hardness, durability, and moderate corrosion protection.
1. Aplikasi Industri
Valves and pumps: Components subjected to mechanical wear and moderate corrosive environments.
Industrial machinery parts: Shafts, fasteners, and gears requiring strength and wear resistance.
Cutlery and blades: Knives, scissors, and other tools where hardness is essential.
2. Aplikasi Otomotif
Komponen mesin: Shafts, spindles, and fasteners.
Transmission parts: Components requiring wear resistance and strength.
3. Aplikasi Umum
Architectural hardware: Handles, hinges, and decorative elements.
Household appliances: Components exposed to mild corrosion and mechanical stress.
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel is widely used in industrial, automotive, and household applications where a combination of strength, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance is required. Its martensitic structure allows heat treatment to optimize hardness and durability for various applications.
Characteristics of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Ini banyak digunakan dalam aplikasi di mana hardness and durability are important.
1. Sifat Mekanik
Kekuatan dan kekerasan tinggi: Can be heat treated to achieve desired mechanical properties.
Ketahanan aus yang baik: Suitable for components subjected to friction and mechanical stress.
2. Tahan Korosi
Perlawanan sedang terhadap oxidation and corrosion in mildly corrosive environments.
Less corrosion-resistant than austenitic or ferritic stainless steels.
3. Fabrication
Can be machined and formed, but work hardens rapidly.
Heat treatment improves hardness and strength but is necessary for certain mechanical applications.
4. Magnetic Properties
Exhibits ferromagnetism due to its martensitic structure.
5. Aplikasi
Cutlery and knives
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel is a baja tahan karat martensitik offering strength, hardness, and moderate corrosion resistance. Buah-buahannya heat-treatable and wear-resistant properties make it suitable for cutlery, automotive, industrial, and mechanical applications.
Informasi Tambahan
Fabrikasi
Fabrication of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its properties allow it to be fabricated into a variety of components using standard forming, machining, and joining techniques.
1. Pembentukan
Pengerjaan Dingin:
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled, but work hardens quickly.
Intermediate annealing is recommended for extensive deformation to restore ductility.
Pengerjaan Panas:
Rentang suhu yang direkomendasikan: 980–1120°C (1800–2050°F).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex parts.
2. Permesinan
Machinable with baja kecepatan tinggi (HSS) atau alat karbida.
Cutting fluids are recommended to reduce heat and tool wear.
Sharp tooling and controlled speeds improve surface finish and dimensional accuracy.
3. Pengelasan
Dapat dilas menggunakan metode konvensional such as TIG, MIG, or SMAW.
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) and post-weld tempering are recommended for thicker sections.
Filler metals matching 410 or compatible martensitic stainless steels are preferred.
4. Perlakuan Panas
Bisa annealed, hardened, and tempered to optimize strength, hardness, and ductility.
Stress relief after machining or welding improves dimensional stability.
5. Aplikasi Terkait fabrikasi
Cutlery, knives, and kitchen tools
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel is highly fabricable, with good cold and hot working properties, machinability, weldability, and heat-treatable characteristics. Proper fabrication techniques allow the production of durable, high-strength, and wear-resistant components cocok untuk industrial, automotive, and household applications.
Kemampuan las
Weldability of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Welding 410 requires care due to its martensitic structure and carbon content, yang dapat meningkatkan risiko meretakkan and reduce corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone.
1. Suitable Welding Methods
TIG (GTAW): Provides precise, high-quality welds.
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for faster production.
SMAW (Stick Welding): Common for general fabrication.
Pertimbangan Pengelasan
Pemanasan awal (150–300°C / 300–570°F) is recommended for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Tempering pasca-pengelasan helps restore ductility, toughness, and corrosion resistance.
Filler metals should match the 410 grade or a compatible martensitic stainless steel to maintain properties.
3. Keterbatasan
High carbon content increases risk of retak intergranular and reduced corrosion resistance in the weld zone.
Not recommended for environments with high chloride exposure unless post-weld treatment is applied.
4. Aplikasi Terkait Kemampuan Las
Katup, pompa, dan perlengkapan yang memerlukan rakitan las
Shafts, fasteners, and industrial machinery components
Automotive parts exposed to mild corrosion and stress
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel is dapat dilas, but its martensitic structure and carbon content necessitate controlled preheating, proper filler selection, and post-weld tempering. Following these precautions ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welds cocok untuk aplikasi industri, otomotif, dan presisi.
Kemampuan mesin
Machinability of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its machinability is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels but can be improved with proper tooling and techniques.
1. Karakteristik Pengerjaan Kunci
Moderate machinability: Easier to machine than many other martensitic stainless steels.
Dapat mencapai good surface finish and dimensional accuracy with appropriate tools and conditions.
Work hardens moderately, requiring attention to cutting speed and feed rate.
2. Rekomendasi Perkakas
Baja kecepatan tinggi (HSS) atau pahat karbida are recommended for efficient machining.
Gunakan cutting fluids to reduce heat, improve tool life, and maintain surface quality.
Sharp tools and proper speeds help minimize pengerasan kerja.
3. Pertimbangan Pemesinan
Cocok untuk turning, milling, drilling, and tapping.
Controlled speeds and feeds are essential to avoid excessive tool wear or surface hardening.
Pasca-permesinan penghilang stres atau penempaan dapat diterapkan untuk aplikasi berketahanan tinggi atau berdaya tahan tinggi.
4. Aplikasi Terkait Kemampuan Mesin
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components requiring precise tolerances
Katup, pompa, dan fitting
Cutlery and knives
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel has kemampuan mesin sedang, allowing effective turning, milling, drilling, and tapping with proper tooling and conditions. Combined with its strength, wear resistance, and moderate corrosion resistance, it is suitable for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Ketahanan Korosi
Corrosion Resistance of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik dengan ketahanan korosi sedang. It is suitable for environments where mechanical strength and wear resistance are important, but it is not intended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich conditions.
1. Ketahanan Korosi Umum
Resists oxidation and mild corrosion in air, water, and mildly corrosive atmospheres.
Performance is lower than austenitic stainless steels (e.g., 304, 316).
Corrosion resistance can be enhanced by proper surface finishing, passivation, or coating.
2. Stress Corrosion and Chloride Sensitivity
Perlawanan sedang terhadap retak korosi tegangan.
Susceptible to korosi lubang dan celah in chloride-containing environments.
3. Effects of Heat Treatment and Welding
Heat treatment, such as penempaan, can improve mechanical properties while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance.
Welding may reduce corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone if post-weld tempering or passivation is not applied.
4. Aplikasi Terkait Ketahanan Korosi
Cutlery and knives exposed to mild moisture
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components in moderately corrosive environments
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel provides ketahanan korosi sedang, cocok untuk lingkungan yang sedikit korosif. When combined with its strength, wear resistance, and heat-treatable properties, sangat ideal untuk industrial, automotive, and household components that do not face aggressive corrosion conditions.
Pekerjaan Dingin
Cold Working of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. It can be cold worked to form components, but care must be taken due to its work-hardening tendency.
1. Proses Kerja Dingin
Membungkuk dan Membentuk Can be bent into shapes for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Menggulung: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and bars.
Menggambar dan Mencap: Allows creation of precision parts and complex shapes.
Pukulan dan gunting Components requiring precise cutting can be fabricated efficiently.
2. Pengerasan Kerja
410 stainless steel keras bekerja sedang selama pengerjaan dingin.
Deformasi yang berlebihan mungkin memerlukan anil intermediet untuk memulihkan keuletan.
Pengerjaan dingin meningkatkan kekuatan dan kekerasan sambil mengurangi daktilitas.
3. Pertimbangan Fabrikasi
Gunakan deformasi bertahap untuk mencegah keretakan atau distorsi.
Benar peralatan dan pelumasan ensure smooth forming and minimize surface defects.
Komponen yang dikerjakan dingin dapat memperoleh manfaat dari perlakuan panas penghilang stres sebelum servis, terutama dalam aplikasi bertekanan tinggi.
4. Aplikasi Terkait Pengerjaan Dingin
Cutlery and knives
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Komponen otomotif
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring akurasi dimensi dan kekuatan mekanik
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel exhibits sifat kerja dingin yang baik, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, stamping, and punching. Cold working improves kekuatan dan kekerasan tetapi mungkin memerlukan penghilangan tegangan atau anil intermediet for extensive deformation. This makes 410 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and household components.
Perlakuan Panas
Heat Treatment of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Heat treatment is used to optimize hardness, strength, ductility, and toughness for industrial, automotive, and household applications.
Annealing
Tujuan: Relieve internal stresses and restore ductility after cold working or machining.
Rentang suhu: 800–850°C (1475–1560°F)
Pendinginan Slow furnace cooling for maximum softness and ductility.
Pengerasan (Quenching)
Tujuan: Meningkatkan kekerasan dan kekuatan tarik untuk aplikasi tahan aus.
Rentang suhu: 980–1050°C (1800–1920°F)
Pendinginan Rapid quenching in oil or air, depending on thickness and desired properties.
3. Tempering
Tujuan: Mengurangi kerapuhan setelah pengerasan dan meningkatkan ketangguhan.
Rentang suhu: 150–370°C (300–700°F)
Adjusts the keseimbangan kekerasan, kekuatan, dan keuletan for service requirements.
4. Peredaan Stres
Diterapkan pada suku cadang mesin atau las to minimize residual stresses.
Biasanya dilakukan pada 425–650°C (800–1200°F) untuk durasi sedang.
5. Aplikasi Terkait Perlakuan Panas
Cutlery and knives
Shafts, fasteners, and gears in industrial machinery
Automotive components such as engine and transmission parts
Valves, pumps, and architectural hardware
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel can be dilapisi, dikeraskan, ditemper, dan dihilangkan tegangan untuk mencapai kombinasi yang diinginkan dari kekerasan, kekuatan, dan daktilitas. Perlakuan panas yang tepat memastikan komponen yang tahan lama, tahan aus, dan stabil secara dimensi cocok untuk industrial, automotive, and household applications.
Tahan Panas
Heat Resistance of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Its heat resistance is sedang, making it suitable for intermittent or mild high-temperature applications, but it is not designed for prolonged exposure to extreme heat.
1. Suhu Layanan Berkelanjutan
Cocok untuk continuous service up to approximately 425°C (800°F).
Retains moderate strength and hardness at elevated temperatures.
2. Paparan Intermiten
Dapat ditoleransi short-term exposure up to 760°C (1400°F).
Prolonged exposure above recommended temperatures can result in loss of hardness, strength, and corrosion resistance.
3. Ketahanan Oksidasi
Membentuk lapisan tipis kromium oksida yang memberikan perlindungan terbatas terhadap oksidasi.
Not suitable for lingkungan pengoksidasi agresif bersuhu tinggi.
4. Aplikasi yang Berkaitan dengan Ketahanan Panas
Cutlery and knives exposed to heat
Industrial components with moderate thermal exposure
Automotive parts such as engine and transmission components
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly elevated temperature conditions
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel provides ketahanan panas sedang, cocok untuk aplikasi dengan suhu tinggi yang sesekali atau ringan. Dikombinasikan dengannya strength, wear resistance, and heat-treatable properties, sangat ideal untuk industrial, automotive, and household components yang tidak memerlukan paparan panas tinggi dalam waktu lama.
Kerja Panas
Hot Working of 410 Stainless Steel
410 stainless steel adalah baja tahan karat martensitik terkenal dengan high strength, moderate corrosion resistance, and good wear resistance. Hot working allows shaping and forming of components while minimizing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. Suhu Pengerjaan Panas yang Direkomendasikan
Jangkauan suhu optimal: 980–1120°C (1800–2050°F)
Working above this range may cause pertumbuhan butir, mengurangi sifat mekaniknya.
Working below this range can increase the risk of meretakkan due to the martensitic structure.
2. Proses Kerja Panas
Tempa Suitable for shafts, gears, and thick components.
Pengguliran Panas: Used for producing sheets, strips, and bars.
Ekstrusi Memungkinkan pembentukan batang, bilah, dan profil kompleks.
Pembentukan Panas dan Pengepresan: Memungkinkan produksi komponen besar atau rumit dengan pengerasan kerja minimal.
3. Keunggulan Pengerjaan Panas
Mengurangi pengerasan kerja dibandingkan dengan pengerjaan dingin.
Meningkatkan ketangguhan dan keuletan, facilitating easier shaping.
Menghasilkan komponen dengan sifat mekanik seragam.
4. Perlakuan Pasca Pengerjaan Panas
Anil may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility.
Pickling atau pasivasi dapat meningkatkan ketahanan korosi permukaan jika terbentuk kerak selama pengerjaan panas.
5. Aplikasi Terkait Pengerjaan Panas
Komponen mesin industri
Suku cadang otomotif yang memerlukan penempaan atau ekstrusi
Poros, roda gigi, dan komponen presisi yang membutuhkan sifat mekanik seragam
Ringkasan
410 stainless steel exhibits sifat kerja panas yang baik, memungkinkan penempaan, penggulungan, ekstrusi, dan pembentukan panas pada 980–1120°C. Pengerjaan panas meningkatkan sifat lentur, mengurangi pengerasan akibat kerja, dan memastikan sifat mekanik yang seragam, making 410 stainless steel suitable for komponen industri, otomotif, dan presisi.
