321 Stainless Steel (S32100) Coil

Acier inoxydable, austénitique

A titanium-stabilised chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel with very good corrosion resistance.

Stainless steel 321 is the stabilized version of stainless steel 304. The 18/8 blend of chromium and nickel is tempered with titanium to give type 321 protection from intergranular corrosion that can occur after heat treatment. It is protected from temperatures ranging from 800 to 1500° F. The metal displays high strength and resistance to various forms of corrosions, including that from aqueous environments.

Type 321 finds application in heavy welding components, along with dynamic environments that are subject to changes.

However, the addition of titanium limits the application of 321 in terms of working. The metal is not recommended for certain welding techniques as it is not consumable. Beyond this, stainless steel 321 has excellent forming characteristics, does not require annealing after being welded, and displays toughness in a range of temperatures.

The metal shows strength even when exposed to cryogenic temperatures. Additionally, it is often chosen over Type 304 for its increased resistance to creep and rupture. Both metals may be susceptible to stress corrosion cracking.

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Gamme

Bar Products	Imperial Sizes	Metric Sizes
Round Bar Bright Drawn H9	1⁄8" - 7⁄8"	4mm - 25mm
Round Bar Smooth Turned H9/H10	1" - 3"	30mm
Round Bar Peeled K12/K16	3 1⁄4" - 6"	-

Sheet Size	Finish	Thicknesses
2500 x 1250	2B	1.5mm - 3.0mm

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321 Stainless Steel Related Specifications

Système / Standard	Pays / Région	Grade / Désignation
AISI	ÉTATS-UNIS	321
Nations Unies	International	S32100
FR / Numéro de dossier.	Europe	1.4541
Nom EN	Europe	X6CrNiTi18-10
ASTM A240	ÉTATS-UNIS	321 (plate, sheet, strip)
ASTM A182	ÉTATS-UNIS	F321 (forgings, flanges)
ASTM A213	ÉTATS-UNIS	TP321 (boiler / HX tubes)
ASTM A312	ÉTATS-UNIS	TP321 (seamless pipe)
RU	Chine	06Cr18Ni11Ti
ISJ	Japon	SUS321
BS	Royaume-Uni	321S31
AFNOR	France	Z6CNT18-10

Propriétés

Composition chimique

-                                        Élément chimique
+                                        % Présent
-                                        Chrome (Cr)
+.00 - 19.00
-                                        Nickel (Ni)
+.00 - 12.00
-                                        Molybdenum (Mo)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Cuivre (Cu)
+.00 - 0.75
-                                        Titane (Ti)
+.00 - 0.70
-                                        Carbone (C)
+.00 - 0.08
-                                        Manganèse (Mn)
+.00 - 2.00
-                                        Silicium (Si)
+.25 - 1.00
-                                        Phosphore (P)
+.00 - 0.04
-                                        Soufre (S)
+.00 - 0.03
-                                        Nitrogen (N)
+.00 - 0.10

Propriétés mécaniques

321 Stainless Steel Bar

-                                        Propriété mécanique
+                                        Valeur
-.2% Proof Stress
+N/mm2
-                                        Allongement A50 mm
+%
-                                        Dureté Brinell
+max HB

321 Stainless Steel Sheet

ASTM A240

-                                        Propriété mécanique
+                                        Valeur
-                                        Limite d'élasticité conventionnelle
+MPa
-                                        La résistance à la traction
+MPa
-                                        Allongement A50 mm
+Min %

Propriétés physiques générales

-                                        Propriété physique
+                                        Valeur
-                                        Densité
+.09 g/cm³
-                                        Point de fusion
+-1427 °C
-                                        Module d'élasticité
+GPa
-                                        Résistivité électrique
+.074 x 10-6 Ω .m
-                                        Conductivité thermique
+.1 W/m.K

Applications of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel avec excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion et good high-temperature strength. Its stability in welded and heat-affected areas makes it suitable for a wide range of industrial and high-temperature applications.

1. Applications Industrielles à Haute Température

Furnace parts, heat exchangers, and chimneys
Boiler components, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Components exposed to temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F)

2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry

Tanks, piping, and valves handling mildly corrosive chemicals
Equipment operating under oxidizing and high-temperature conditions
Composants requis welded assemblies with intergranular corrosion resistance

3. Aerospace and Automotive Applications

Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature automotive components exposed to oxidizing environments

4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing

Equipment requiring resistance to corrosion during cleaning and sterilization
Processing vessels exposed to hot and corrosive environments

5. Architectural and Structural Applications

Structures exposed to moderately high temperatures and polluted atmospheres
Cladding, panels, and piping in industrial buildings

6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades

More heat-resistant than 304/304L
Offers better weldability and resistance to intergranular corrosion than standard 304 in high-temperature applications
Titanium addition prevents sensitization in welded areas

Résumé

321 stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature, chemical, aerospace, and industrial applications en raison de excellent intergranular corrosion resistance and thermal stability. Son titanium stabilization makes it particularly suitable for welded components that require durability under heat and corrosive conditions.

Characteristics of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel designed to resist intergranular corrosion and maintain high strength at elevated temperatures. The addition of titanium stabilizes the material, preventing chromium carbide precipitation during welding or high-temperature service.

1. Corrosion Resistance

Excellente résistance à oxidation and corrosion in moderate to high-temperature environments.
Titanium addition prevents sensibilisation, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded areas.
Suitable for environments with oxidizing chemicals and atmospheric exposure.

2. High-Temperature Performance

Retains mechanical strength at temperatures up to ~900°C (1650°F).
Convient à continuous high-temperature service dans des atmosphères oxydantes.
Exhibits good creep and stress-rupture properties.

3. Propriétés Mécaniques

Excellent tensile strength, ductility, and toughness, even at elevated temperatures.
Work-hardens moderately during cold forming, allowing increased strength where required.
Maintient dimensional stability in welded assemblies.

4. Fabrication and Formability

Can be cold-worked (rolling, bending, deep drawing) and hot-worked (forging, extrusion, hot rolling) efficiently.
Titanium stabilization ensures welded structures maintain corrosion resistance without post-weld heat treatment.
Low risk of intergranular corrosion in welded or heat-affected zones.

5. Soudabilité

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, and resistance welding.
Titanium prevents carbide formation during welding, eliminating the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.

6. Applications Leveraging Characteristics

High-temperature furnace components, heat exchangers, and boilers
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat and industrial atmospheres

Résumé

321 stainless steel is distinguished by excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, titanium stabilization, and good weldability. Its properties make it ideal for industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications, particularly where welded assemblies require durability and resistance to intergranular corrosion.

Informations supplémentaires

Soudabilité

Weldability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel avec excellente soudabilité, thanks to its low carbon content and titanium addition. The titanium prevents précipitation de carbure de chrome, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion in welded areas.

1. Suitable Welding Processes

TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise and thin-section welds
MIG (GMAW): Efficient for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Shielded Metal Arc Welding): Suitable for field welding and maintenance
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications

2. Low Carbon and Titanium Benefits

Titanium stabilizes the steel, preventing chromium carbide formation in the heat-affected zone.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
Ensures résistance à la corrosion is maintained in welded and heat-affected areas.

3. Filler Material Recommendations

Use matching titanium-stabilized fillers, such as ER321, for maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
For dissimilar welds with austenitic stainless steel, ensure compatible filler material is selected to prevent sensitization.

4. Heat Input and Distortion Control

Austenitic stainless steels have high thermal expansion, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper sequencing minimize warping.
Intermittent tack welding can help maintain dimensional accuracy.

5. Applications Leveraging Weldability

Chemical and petrochemical equipment
High-temperature furnace components
Marine and coastal equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment

Résumé

321 stainless steel provides excellente soudabilité due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content. Welded joints maintain high corrosion resistance and structural integrity, making 321 ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, marine, and food-processing applications.

Fabrication

Fabrication of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel avec excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Its low carbon content and titanium addition allow for versatile fabrication using conventional metalworking processes, while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.

1. Formation

Cold Forming:
- Convient à bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping
- Work-hardens moderately; intermediate recuit de mise en solution may be required for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
- Recommended for complex or thick sections at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
- Ensures uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening

2. Coupe et cisaillement

Can be cut using laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods.
Sharp tools and correct feeds minimize surface work hardening.

3. Usinage

Moderate difficulty due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Outils en carbure preferred for high-speed operations
Utiliser coolants or lubricants to reduce heat and improve surface finish

4. Soudure

Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, or resistance welding
Titanium prevents corrosion intergranulaire in welded areas
Filler material: ER321 recommended for matching composition and corrosion resistance
Post-weld heat treatment is generally pas requis

5. Cold and Hot Working

Cold working increases strength through work hardening; solution annealing may be needed to restore ductility
Hot working produces uniform properties and is recommended for thick or complex components

6. Surface Finishing

Available in 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished surfaces
Cold working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications

7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication

Chemical and petrochemical vessels and piping
High-temperature furnace and boiler components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Architectural structures exposed to heat or industrial atmospheres

Résumé

321 stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is maintained throughout fabrication, ce qui le rend idéal pour industrial, chemical, aerospace, and high-temperature applications.

Travail à chaud

Hot Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel avec excellent hot workability, ce qui la rend adaptée pour forging, rolling, extrusion, and forming at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance.

1. Température de travail à chaud recommandée

Typical range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Exceeding this range may cause croissance du grain, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress, raising the risk of cracking.

2. Procédés de travail à chaud appropriés

Laminage à chaud : Sheets, plates, and structural components
Forgeage à chaud : High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Extrusion à chaud : Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work

3. Avantages du travail à chaud

Réduit écrouissage compared to cold working
Améliore ductilité et ténacité
Produit uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Permet la fabrication de grands composants ou complexes

4. Traitements post-forge

Traitement de mise en solution may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Picklage ou passivation enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working

5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working

Industrial machinery components
High-temperature chemical process equipment
Furnace and boiler components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping

Résumé

321 stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, high-temperature, and structural applications.

Résistance à la chaleur

Heat Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel conçu pour high-temperature applications. The addition of titanium prevents précipitation de carbure de chrome, allowing the steel to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical strength à températures élevées.

1. Température de service continue

Suitable for continuous service in oxidizing atmospheres up to ~870°C (1600°F)
Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above 870°C may cause slight scaling and reduction in toughness

2. Exposition intermittente

Tolérer intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant surface degradation
Suitable for parts exposed to occasional thermal cycles

3. Résistance à l'oxydation

Forme couche protectrice d'oxyde de chrome in oxidizing atmospheres
Maintains corrosion resistance under moderate high-temperature conditions
Not recommended for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures

4. Effets thermiques sur les propriétés mécaniques

Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without solution annealing

5. Applications liées à la résistance à la chaleur

Furnace and boiler components
Heat exchangers, hot gas ducts, and superheaters
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems

6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades

Heat resistance is slightly lower than 347 stainless steel but superior to 304 and 304L
Preferred when weldability and corrosion resistance are more critical than extreme high-temperature strength

Résumé

321 stainless steel provides excellent high-temperature performance, with continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization prevents sensitization, maintaining corrosion resistance and mechanical properties in welded and high-temperature applications, ce qui le rend idéal pour industrial, chemical, and aerospace environments.

Usinabilité

Machinability of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel that exhibits usinabilité moyenne. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting parameters, and lubrication during machining to achieve high-quality surfaces and efficient production.

1. Work-Hardening Behavior

321 stainless steel work-hardens quickly during cutting.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting is recommended to minimize localized work hardening.

2. Recommandations d'outils

Outils en carbure are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for light to medium operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.

3. Vitesses de coupe et avances

Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent local work hardening.
Avoid dwelling or stopping on the workpiece to prevent hard spots.

4. Cooling and Lubrication

Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Utiliser flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.

5. Formation du copeau

Chips are tough, stringy, and difficult to manage.
Utiliser chip breakers or special inserts to control chip flow during machining.

6. État de surface

Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes to achieve desired surface quality.

Résumé

321 stainless steel has usinabilité moyenne and requires careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and lubrication. When properly managed, high-quality surfaces and dimensional accuracy are achievable, making it suitable for chemical, aerospace, automotive, and high-temperature industrial applications.

Résistance à la corrosion

Corrosion Resistance of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel avec excellent resistance to intergranular corrosion and good general corrosion resistance. The addition of titanium prevents précipitation de carbure de chrome, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature environments.

1. Résistance générale à la corrosion

Resistant to oxidation and corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Convient à industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure due to titanium stabilization.

2. Intergranular Corrosion Resistance

Titanium forms stable carbides, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Reduces the risk of sensibilisation during welding or high-temperature service.
Ideal for welded assemblies without requiring post-weld heat treatment.

3. Chloride and Pitting Resistance

Provides moderate resistance to chloride-induced pitting compared with 304 stainless steel.
Less resistant than 316 or 317 grades but sufficient for most industrial and chemical applications.

4. High-Temperature Corrosion

Resistant to oxydation et calamine at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~870°C, intermittent up to ~925°C).
Performe bien dans atmosphères oxydantes and moderate chemical environments.
Déconseillé pour strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.

5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance

Furnace components, boilers, and heat exchangers
Chemical and petrochemical equipment
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Welded industrial structures exposed to heat and atmospheric corrosion

Résumé

321 stainless steel offers excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, notamment dans welded or high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization ensures durability in chemical, industrial, aerospace, and high-temperature environments, making it a reliable choice where corrosion resistance is critical.

Traitement thermique

Heat Treatment of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel, which is not hardened by heat treatment. Le traitement thermique est principalement utilisé pour soulager les contraintes, restaurer la ductilité et maintenir la résistance à la corrosion, rather than to increase hardness.

1. Recuit de mise en solution

Objet :
- Restore ductility after cold working or forming
- Relieve residual stresses
- Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form in improper heating
Plage de température : 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Refroidissement Rapid air or water quench to maintain fully austenitic structure
Effet
- Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
- Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization

2. Gestion du stress

Objet : Réduire la formation de contraintes résiduelles dues à la formage, au pliage ou au soudage
Plage de température : 450–650 °C (840–1200 °F)
Effet Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties

3. Considérations sur l'état écroui

Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps

4. Traitement thermique après soudage

Generally pas requis due to titanium stabilization and low carbon content
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies

5. Limites

Traitement thermique oui pas augmenter significativement la dureté
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly

Résumé

Heat treatment of 321 stainless steel is mainly for stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 321 ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.

Travail à froid

Cold Working of 321 Stainless Steel

321 stainless steel is a titanium-stabilized austenitic stainless steel that exhibits excellent cold-working properties. Cold working increases strength and hardness through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.

1. Work-Hardening Behavior

321 stainless steel work-hardens moderately during cold deformation.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Excessive cold working may require recuit de mise en solution to restore formability.

2. Common Cold Working Processes

Roulement : Sheets, strips, and plates
Drawing: Tubes, rods, and wires
Pliage et Formage : Structural components, brackets, and clips
Stamping and Deep Drawing: Industrial and food-processing parts

3. Mechanical Properties Control

Cold working allows adjustment of tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness.
Extensive cold work may require recuit de mise en solution to restore ductility for further fabrication.

4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance

Titanium stabilization prevents précipitation de carbure de chrome, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to corrosion intergranulaire in welded or heavily worked areas.

5. Post-Forming Considerations

Solution annealing can relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may slightly induce magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, typically negligible.

6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work

Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring corrosion resistance and strength

Résumé

321 stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.

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