Aço inoxidável, Austenítico
316H Stainless Steel (S31609)
A high carbon modification of alloy 316 developed for use in elevated temperature service.
The alloy has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is used for structural and pressure vessel applications at temperatures above 932°F (500°C). The higher carbon content of 316H also delivers higher tensile and yield strength than 316/316L and its austenitic structure provides excellent toughness down to cryogenic temperatures.
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, high-temperature variant of 316, combining enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures with excellent corrosion resistance. It is widely used in power generation, chemical processing, aerospace, and industrial applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are essential.
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316H Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Padrão | País / Região | Grau / Designação |
| AISI | EUA | 316H |
| UNS | Internacional | S31609 |
| PT-BR / nº de série. | Europa | 1.4401 (316 base grade) |
| Nome em Português | Europa | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | EUA | Type 316H (plate, sheet) |
| ASTM A182 | EUA | F316H (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | EUA | TP316H (boiler & heat-exchanger tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | EUA | TP316H (seamless pipe) |
| GB | China | 07Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| JIS | Japão | SUS316H |
| BS | Reino Unido | 316H |
| AFNOR | França | Z10CNS17-13 (approx. 316H type) |
Propriedades
Composição Química
316H Stainless Steel Bar
EN 10269:2013
| Elemento Químico | % Presente |
| Carbono (C) | 0.04 - 0.08 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molibdênio (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| Silício (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fósforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Enxofre (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Níquel (Ni) | 10.00 - 13.00 |
| Manganês (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Nitrogênio (N) | 0.00 - 0.10 |
| Ferro (Fe) | Equilíbrio |
Propriedades Mecânicas
316H Stainless Steel Bar Up to 160mm
EN 10269:2013
| Propriedade Mecânica | Valor |
| Tensão de Escoamento | 205 MPa |
| Resistência à Tração | 490 to 690 MPa |
| Alongamento A50 mm | 35 % |
Propriedades Físicas Gerais
| Propriedade Física | Valor |
| Densidade | 8.00 g/cm³ |
| Ponto de Fusão | 1400 °C |
| Expansão Térmica | 15,9 x 10⁻⁶/K |
| Módulo de Elasticidade | 193 GPa |
| Condutividade Térmica | 16.3 W/m.K |
| Resistividade elétrica | 0,74 x 10⁻⁶ Ω.m |
Applications of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel projetado para aplicações de alta temperatura onde strength and corrosion resistance are critical. Its high carbon content gives it superior tensile strength at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for welded and high-stress components.
1. Power Generation
Boilers, superheaters, and steam piping in power plants
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers exposed to high-temperature steam
Components that require high creep and tensile strength
2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Reactors, vessels, and piping handling corrosive or high-temperature chemicals
Trocadores de calor e condensadores operando sob elevated temperature conditions
Equipamento exposto a oxidizing and mildly reducing environments
3. Aerospace and High-Temperature Engineering
Exhaust systems, turbocharger components, and high-temperature welded assemblies
Applications where both strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures are essential
4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
High-temperature sterilization equipment
Heat exchangers and vessels in hygienic applications where corrosion resistance is crucial
5. Marine and Offshore Applications
Componentes expostos a elevated-temperature seawater or coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings where high strength is needed under corrosion exposure
Resumo
316H stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature industrial, chemical, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications. Seu high carbon content and excellent corrosion resistance make it suitable for pressure vessels, boilers, piping, heat exchangers, and welded assemblies operating under demanding conditions.
Characteristics of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, austenitic stainless steel projetado para high-temperature service. It retains the excellent corrosion resistance of standard 316 stainless steel while offering enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures due to its higher carbon content.
1. High-Temperature Strength
Increased carbon content (typically 0.04–0.10%) provides higher tensile and creep strength than 316 or 316L at elevated temperatures.
Suitable for continuous service at temperatures up to ~800°C (1470°F).
Mantém mechanical integrity under high thermal stress.
2. Resistência à Corrosão
Excelente resistência a general corrosion, oxidation, and mildly reducing chemicals.
Funciona bem em oxidizing environments such as atmospheric, chemical, and marine conditions.
Retains corrosion resistance after welding, although stress relief may be recommended for high-temperature applications.
3. Propriedades Mecânicas
High tensile strength and yield strength compared to standard 316 stainless steel.
Bom ductilidade e tenacidade, even at elevated temperatures.
Cold working improves strength further but reduces ductility.
4. Fabricação e Soldabilidade
Weldable using TIG, MIG, and SMAW processes.
Stress relief after welding is sometimes recommended to minimize thermal stresses in high-temperature applications.
Pode ser hot- or cold-worked with proper process controls.
5. Aplicações Alavancando Características
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and high-temperature industrial components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring both corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength
Resumo
316H stainless steel combines the high-temperature strength of a high-carbon austenitic steel with the excellent corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel. It is particularly suited for pressure vessels, high-temperature piping, chemical equipment, and welded assemblies operating under demanding thermal and corrosive environments.
Informações Adicionais
Soldabilidade
Weldability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel, a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel, is generally weldable using conventional methods, though care must be taken due to its higher carbon content, which can increase the risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion na zona afetada pelo calor.
1. Suitable Welding Methods
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise welds and thin sections
MIG (GMAW): Adequado para seções mais espessas e aplicações industriais
SMAW (Soldagem com Eletrodo Revestido): Common for maintenance and field welding
Soldagem por Resistência Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications
2. Considerations Due to High Carbon
Higher carbon content increases the risk of precipitação de carbeto de cromo durante a soldagem.
Post-weld solution annealing or stress relief is recommended for high-temperature service to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Usar matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316 or ER316H) to reduce sensitization risk.
3. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Austenitic stainless steels expand more than carbon steels during welding.
Usar moderate heat input and proper welding sequence to minimize distortion and residual stresses.
Avoid prolonged welding in one area to reduce localized sensitization.
4. Applications Leveraging Weldability
High-temperature piping, boilers, and pressure vessels
Chemical processing reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and power generation components
Equipamentos para processamento de alimentos e farmacêuticos
Resumo
316H stainless steel is weldable with standard techniques, but the high carbon content requires careful attention to heat input, filler selection, and post-weld treatment. When properly welded, it maintains high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and structural integrity, tornando-o adequado para pressure vessels, chemical, and high-temperature applications.
Fabricação
Fabrication of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel projetado para aplicações de alta temperatura. Its fabrication combines standard austenitic stainless steel techniques with special considerations due to the elevated carbon content, which affects weldability, work hardening, and heat treatment.
Formando
Conformação a Frio:
Adequado para bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work hardens moderately; extensive deformation may require intermediate solution annealing to restore ductility
Conformação a Quente:
Recommended for thicker sections or complex shapes
Faixa típica: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Produz uniform mechanical properties and reduces work hardening
2. Corte e Cisalhamento
Can be cut with laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods
Ferramentas afiadas e avanços adequados minimizam work hardening and surface defects
3. Usinagem
Usinaabilidade moderada devido a Tenacidade e tendência ao encruamento
Ferramentas de metal duro preferred for heavy-duty or high-speed operations
Coolants and lubricants reduce heat, improve surface finish, and extend tool life
4. Soldagem
Can be welded using Soldagem TIG, MIG, Eletrodo Revestido e Pontos
Higher carbon content increases risk of sensibilização, so post-weld solution annealing or stress relief may be needed for high-temperature service
Usar matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316H) for optimal corrosion resistance
5. Conformação a Frio e a Quente
Cold working increases strength via work hardening but decreases ductility
Hot working (forging, rolling) restores ductility and produces uniform grain structure
Proper process planning ensures both mechanical performance and corrosion resistance
6. Acabamento de Superfície
Standard finishes: 2B, BA, or polished
Post-fabrication pickling or passivation may be applied to restore surface corrosion resistance
7. Aplicações que Utilizam Fabricação
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and industrial high-temperature components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring high strength and corrosion resistance
Resumo
316H stainless steel can be fabricated using standard forming, machining, and welding methods, but its high carbon content requires careful handling to prevent sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance. Proper hot/cold working, welding procedures, and heat treatment make it ideal for high-temperature and demanding industrial applications.
Conformação a Quente
Hot Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel projetado para aplicações de alta temperatura. Hot working is used to form or shape thick or complex components while maintaining mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
1. Temperatura Recomendada de Trabalho a Quente
Typical temperature range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Above this range, crescimento de grão may occur, reducing toughness
Below this range, flow stress increases, making forming more difficult
2. Processos Adequados de Conformação a Quente
Laminação a Quente: Placas, chapas e componentes estruturais
Forjamento a Quente: Peças de alta resistência ou de formato complexo
Extrusão a Quente: Barras, tubos e perfis
Prensagem/Conformação a Quente: Thick or large components that cannot be cold-worked
3. Vantagens da Conformação a Quente
Reduz encruamento em comparação com conformação a frio
Melhora ductilidade e tenacidade
Produz estrutura de grão uniforme e propriedades mecânicas
Habilita a fabricação de componentes grandes ou complexos
4. Tratamentos Pós-Trabalho a Quente
Solubilização pode ser aplicado para aliviar tensões residuais e restaurar a ductilidade
Decapagem ou passivação enhances surface corrosion resistance if needed
5. Aplicações que Utilizam Conformação a Quente
Pressure vessels, boilers, and piping in power plants
Heat exchangers and chemical reactors
Aerospace and industrial components subjected to high temperatures and stress
Resumo
316H stainless steel exhibits excelente trabalhabilidade a quente, allowing shaping and forming at 1010–1175°C. A laminação a quente melhora ductilidade, tenacidade e propriedades mecânicas uniformes while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for pressure vessels, chemical, high-temperature, and industrial applications.
Resistência ao calor
Heat Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel projetado para aplicações de alta temperatura. Its increased carbon content provides enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures, tornando-o adequado para pressure vessels, boilers, and high-temperature piping.
1. Temperatura de Serviço Contínuo
Adequado para continuous operation up to ~800°C (1470°F)
Mantém mechanical properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures
A exposição prolongada acima desta temperatura pode reduzir ligeiramente a ductilidade ou causar oxidação superficial
2. Intermittent or Cyclic Exposure
Tolerar short-term exposures above 800°C sem degradação superficial significativa
Adequado para thermal cycling applications in industrial and power generation equipment
3. Resistência à Oxidação
Forma um camada protetora de óxido de cromo que resiste à oxidação e à incrustação
Funciona bem em fornos industriais, caldeiras e trocadores de calor
Não adequado para strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres em temperaturas extremas
4. Mechanical Properties at High Temperature
Retém tensile strength, creep resistance, and ductility
Hot-worked or cold-worked areas maintain good mechanical stability after proper heat treatment
Grain growth can occur if exposed to excessive heat without têmpera de recozimento
5. Aplicações que Utilizam a Resistência ao Calor
High-temperature pressure vessels and boiler components
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace components exposed to elevated temperatures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment requiring high-temperature service
Resumo
316H stainless steel offers excelente desempenho em altas temperaturas, with continuous service up to ~800°C. Its high carbon content ensures superior tensile strength and creep resistance, while maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, industrial, and aerospace environments.
Usinabilidade
Machinability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel que exibe usinabilidade moderada. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and relatively low thermal conductivity require careful tool selection, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve efficient machining with good surface finish.
1. Comportamento de Encruamento
316H work-hardens rapidly during machining
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear
Smooth, continuous cutting reduces encruamento localizado
2. Recomendações de Ferramentas
Ferramentas de metal duro are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining
Ferramentas de aço rápido (HSS) can be used for lighter cuts or slower operations
Positive rake angles help reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish
3. Velocidades e Avanços de Corte
Usar slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels
Moderate to heavy feeds maintain fluxo contínuo de cavacos and prevent hard spots
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent encruamento localizado
4. Resfriamento e lubrificação
Usar flood coolant or cutting fluid to minimize heat buildup
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently
Reduz tool wear and improves surface finish
5. Formação de Cavaco
Chips são duro, fibroso e pegajoso
Usar quebra cavacos ou avanço controlado to manage chip formation
6. Acabamento Superficial
Achievable with ferramentas afiadas, avanços adequados e refrigeração adequada
Áreas endurecidas pelo trabalho podem precisar passagens de acabamento for a smooth surface
Resumo
316H stainless steel has usinabilidade moderada, exigindo cuidado Seleção de ferramentas, parâmetros de corte e refrigeração. Proper machining ensures high-precision components with good surface finish and durability, adequado para high-temperature, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Resistência à corrosão
Corrosion Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel projetado para high-temperature and corrosive environments. Its composition provides excellent general corrosion resistance while maintaining strength at elevated temperatures.
1. Resistência Geral à Corrosão
Resistente a oxidation, atmospheric corrosion, and mildly corrosive chemicals
Funciona bem em industrial, marine, and chemical environments
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or high-temperature service
2. Intergranular Corrosion
The higher carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk during welding
Post-weld solution annealing or stress-relief minimizes the risk of corrosão intergranular
Suitable for welded components with proper heat treatment
3. Corrosão em Frestas e Pites
Exhibits good resistance to chloride-induced corrosion
Better than 304/304L but slightly less than 316L in severe chloride conditions
Adequado para marine, coastal, and mildly aggressive chemical environments
4. Corrosão em Alta Temperatura
Resistente a Oxidação e incrustação at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~800°C)
Funciona bem em steam, hot gases, and chemical processing environments
Não adequado para strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres em temperaturas extremas
5. Aplicações que se Beneficiam da Resistência à Corrosão
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and condensers
Marine components exposed to elevated temperatures
Equipamentos para processamento de alimentos e farmacêuticos
Resumo
316H stainless steel combines excellent high-temperature strength com boa resistência à corrosão, especialmente em welded and industrial applications. Proper post-weld heat treatment ensures durability, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Tratamento Térmico
Heat Treatment of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel. Like other austenitic stainless steels, it is not hardenable by conventional heat treatment. O tratamento térmico é usado principalmente para aliviar tensões, restaurar a ductilidade e manter a resistência à corrosão, particularly after welding or cold working.
1. Recozimento de Solução
Propósito:
Restaurar a ductilidade após trabalho a frio ou conformação
Aliviar tensões residuais
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides formed during high-temperature exposure
Faixa de Temperatura: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Refrigeração: Resfriamento rápido em ar ou água para preservar a estrutura austenítica
Efeito:
Restores mechanical properties
Maintains corrosion resistance due to titanium or high-carbon stabilization
2. Stress Relief Annealing
Propósito: Reduzir tensões residuais de conformação, dobramento ou soldagem
Faixa de Temperatura: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Efeito:
Minimizes distortion
Reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Tratamento Térmico Pós-Soldagem
Generally recommended for high-temperature service applications
Relieves welding-induced stresses and reduces risk of sensitization
Helps maintain mechanical strength and corrosion resistance
4. Considerações sobre o Estado Mecanizado a Frio
A conformação a frio aumenta a resistência, mas diminui a ductilidade
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication
5. Limitações
Heat treatment does not significantly increase hardness
Excessive exposure at elevated temperatures may reduce cold-work strengthening effects slightly
Resumo
Heat treatment of 316H stainless steel is primarily for stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance. Proper solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical properties for pressure vessels, boilers, chemical equipment, and high-temperature applications.
Laminação a Frio
Cold Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel com good cold-working characteristics. Cold working increases Força e dureza through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility, provided it is managed carefully.
1. Comportamento de Encruamento
316H stainless steel endurece moderada a rapidamente com o trabalho durante a deformação a frio.
A resistência e a dureza aumentam, enquanto a ductilidade diminui à medida que a deformação progride.
Trabalho a frio extensivo pode exigir têmpera de recozimento to restore ductility before further fabrication.
2. Cold Working Processes
Rolamento: Chapas, tiras e placas
Desenho Tubos, varetas e fios
Dobragem e Conformação: Componentes estruturais, suportes e clipes
Estampagem e Repuxo: Industrial, food-processing, and chemical equipment components
3. Controle de Propriedades Mecânicas
O trabalho a frio permite o ajuste de resistência à tração, limite de escoamento e dureza.
Intermediate solution annealing can restore ductility for further forming operations.
4. Efeito na Resistência à Corrosão
High carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk, but proper stress relief or solution annealing after cold work preserves resistência à corrosão intergranular.
Adequado para componentes expostos a chemical, marine, or high-temperature environments.
5. Considerações Pós-Formatação
O recozimento de solubilização pode ser aplicado para aliviar tensões e restaurar a ductilidade se múltiplos passos de trabalho a frio forem planejados.
O trabalho a frio pode induzir magnetismo leve due to minor strain-induced martensite formation.
6. Aplicações que Utilizam Trabalho a Frio
Springs, clips, and fasteners requiring higher strength
Structural components with both strength and corrosion resistance
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical, marine, and high-temperature equipment
Formed components for food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications
Resumo
316H stainless steel exhibits excelentes propriedades de trabalho a frio, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and heat treatment ensures durable, high-performance components suitable for pressure vessels, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
