스테인리스강, 오스테나이트계
316H Stainless Steel (S31609)
고온 서비스에서 사용하기 위해 개발된 합금 316의 고탄소 변형입니다.
The alloy has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is used for structural and pressure vessel applications at temperatures above 932°F (500°C). The higher carbon content of 316H also delivers higher tensile and yield strength than 316/316L and its austenitic structure provides excellent toughness down to cryogenic temperatures.
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, high-temperature variant of 316, combining enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures with excellent corrosion resistance. It is widely used in power generation, chemical processing, aerospace, and industrial applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are essential.
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316H Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| 시스템 / 표준 | 국가 / 지역 | 직급 |
| AISI | 미국 | 316H |
| UNS | 국제 | S31609 |
| EN / W.Nr. | 유럽 | 1.4401 (316 base grade) |
| 영어 이름 | 유럽 | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | 미국 | Type 316H (plate, sheet) |
| ASTM A182 | 미국 | F316H (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | 미국 | TP316H (boiler & heat-exchanger tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | 미국 | TP316H (seamless pipe) |
| 기가바이트 | 중국 | 07Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| JIS | 일본 | SUS316H |
| BS | 영국 | 316H |
| AFNOR | 프랑스 | Z10CNS17-13 (approx. 316H type) |
속성
화학 성분
316H Stainless Steel Bar
EN 10269:2013
| 화학 원소 | % 현재 |
| 탄소(C) | 0.04 - 0.08 |
| 크롬(Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| 몰리브덴(Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| 규소 | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| 인 (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| 황(S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| 니켈(Ni) | 10.00 - 13.00 |
| 망간(Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| 질소(N) | 0.00 - 0.10 |
| 철 (Fe) | 균형 |
기계적 특성
316H Stainless Steel Bar Up to 160mm
EN 10269:2013
| 기계적 성질 | 가치 |
| 항복 강도 | 205 메가파스칼 |
| 인장 강도 | 490 to 690 MPa |
| 신율 A50 mm | 35 % |
일반 물리적 성질
| 물리적 특성 | 가치 |
| 밀도 | 8.00 g/cm³ |
| 녹는점 | 1400 °C |
| 열팽창 | 15.9 x 10⁻⁶/K |
| 탄성 계수 | 193 GPa |
| 열 전도율 | 16.3 W/m.K |
| 전기 비저항 | 0.74 x 10-6 옴 미터 |
Applications of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 고온 적용 where strength and corrosion resistance are critical. Its high carbon content gives it superior tensile strength at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for welded and high-stress components.
1. Power Generation
Boilers, superheaters, and steam piping in power plants
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers exposed to high-temperature steam
Components that require high creep and tensile strength
2. 화학 및 석유화학 산업
Reactors, vessels, and piping handling corrosive or high-temperature chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under elevated temperature conditions
Equipment exposed to oxidizing and mildly reducing environments
3. Aerospace and High-Temperature Engineering
Exhaust systems, turbocharger components, and high-temperature welded assemblies
Applications where both strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures are essential
4. 식품 및 제약 처리
High-temperature sterilization equipment
Heat exchangers and vessels in hygienic applications where corrosion resistance is crucial
5. Marine and Offshore Applications
노출된 구성 요소 elevated-temperature seawater or coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings where high strength is needed under corrosion exposure
요약
316H stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature industrial, chemical, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications. 그것의 high carbon content and excellent corrosion resistance make it suitable for pressure vessels, boilers, piping, heat exchangers, and welded assemblies operating under demanding conditions.
Characteristics of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 high-temperature service. It retains the excellent corrosion resistance of standard 316 stainless steel while offering enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures due to its higher carbon content.
1. High-Temperature Strength
Increased carbon content (typically 0.04–0.10%) provides higher tensile and creep strength than 316 or 316L at elevated temperatures.
Suitable for continuous service at temperatures up to ~800°C (1470°F).
유지 mechanical integrity under high thermal stress.
2. 내식성
탁월한 내성 general corrosion, oxidation, and mildly reducing chemicals.
〜에서 잘 작동합니다 산화 환경 such as atmospheric, chemical, and marine conditions.
Retains corrosion resistance after welding, although stress relief may be recommended for high-temperature applications.
3. 기계적 성질
High tensile strength and yield strength compared to standard 316 stainless steel.
좋아요 연성 및 인성, 고온에서도.
Cold working improves strength further but reduces ductility.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Weldable using TIG, MIG, and SMAW processes.
Stress relief after welding is sometimes recommended to minimize thermal stresses in high-temperature applications.
될 수 있다 hot- or cold-worked with proper process controls.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and high-temperature industrial components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring both corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength
요약
316H stainless steel combines the high-temperature strength of a high-carbon austenitic steel with the excellent corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel. It is particularly suited for pressure vessels, high-temperature piping, chemical equipment, and welded assemblies operating under demanding thermal and corrosive environments.
추가 정보
용접성
Weldability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel, a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel, is generally weldable using conventional methods, though care must be taken due to its higher carbon content, which can increase the risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion 열영향부.
1. Suitable Welding Methods
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise welds and thin sections
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Common for maintenance and field welding
저항 용접 판금 응용 분야를 위한 점 용접 및 심 용접
2. Considerations Due to High Carbon
Higher carbon content increases the risk of 크로뮴 탄화물 침전 용접 중.
Post-weld solution annealing or stress relief is recommended for high-temperature service to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
사용 matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316 or ER316H) to reduce sensitization risk.
3. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Austenitic stainless steels expand more than carbon steels during welding.
사용 moderate heat input and proper welding sequence to minimize distortion and residual stresses.
Avoid prolonged welding in one area to reduce localized sensitization.
4. Applications Leveraging Weldability
High-temperature piping, boilers, and pressure vessels
Chemical processing reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and power generation components
식품 및 제약 가공 장비
요약
316H stainless steel is weldable with standard techniques, but the high carbon content requires careful attention to heat input, filler selection, and post-weld treatment. When properly welded, it maintains high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and structural integrity, 이에 적합하도록 pressure vessels, chemical, and high-temperature applications.
제작
Fabrication of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 고온 적용. Its fabrication combines standard austenitic stainless steel techniques with special considerations due to the elevated carbon content, which affects weldability, work hardening, and heat treatment.
1. 형성
냉간 성형
적합 대상 bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work hardens moderately; extensive deformation may require intermediate solution annealing to restore ductility
열간 성형:
Recommended for thicker sections or complex shapes
일반적인 범위: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
생산하다 uniform mechanical properties and reduces work hardening
2. 절단 및 전단
자르면 레이저, 워터젯, 플라즈마 또는 기계적 방법
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface defects
3. 기계 가공
Moderate machinability due to 인성과 가공경화성
초경 공구 preferred for heavy-duty or high-speed operations
Coolants and lubricants reduce heat, improve surface finish, and extend tool life
4. 용접
Can be welded using TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
Higher carbon content increases risk of 감작, so post-weld solution annealing or stress relief may be needed for high-temperature service
사용 matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316H) for optimal corrosion resistance
5. 냉간 가공 및 열간 가공
냉간 가공 increases strength via work hardening but decreases ductility
열간 가공 (forging, rolling) restores ductility and produces uniform grain structure
Proper process planning ensures both mechanical performance and corrosion resistance
6. 표면 마무리
Standard finishes: 2B, BA, or polished
Post-fabrication pickling or passivation may be applied to restore surface corrosion resistance
7. 제작 기술을 활용한 애플리케이션
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and industrial high-temperature components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring high strength and corrosion resistance
요약
316H stainless steel can be fabricated using standard forming, machining, and welding methods, but its high carbon content requires careful handling to prevent sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance. Proper hot/cold working, welding procedures, and heat treatment make it ideal for high-temperature and demanding industrial applications.
열간 가공
Hot Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 고온 적용. Hot working is used to form or shape thick or complex components while maintaining mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
1. 권장 열간 성형 온도
Typical temperature range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Above this range, 입자 성장 may occur, reducing toughness
Below this range, flow stress increases, making forming more difficult
2. 적합한 열간 가공 공정
열간 압연 Plates, sheets, and structural components
열간 단조: 고강도 또는 복합 형상 부품
핫 익스트루전 봉, 튜브, 프로파일
열간 성형 Thick or large components that cannot be cold-worked
3. 열간 가공의 장점
줄입니다 가공 경화 냉간 가공에 비해
Improves 연성 및 인성
생산하다 uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
제작 가능 대형 또는 복잡한 구성 요소
4. 열간 가공 후 처리
용체화 열처리 잔류 응력을 완화하고 연성을 회복하는 데 적용될 수 있습니다.
산 절임 또는 부동 태화 enhances surface corrosion resistance if needed
5. 열간 가공 활용 응용
Pressure vessels, boilers, and piping in power plants
Heat exchangers and chemical reactors
Aerospace and industrial components subjected to high temperatures and stress
요약
316H stainless steel exhibits 우수한 열간 가공성, allowing shaping and forming at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for pressure vessels, chemical, high-temperature, and industrial applications.
내열성
Heat Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 고온 적용. Its increased carbon content provides enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures, 이에 적합하도록 pressure vessels, boilers, and high-temperature piping.
1. 연속 사용 온도
적합 대상 continuous operation up to ~800°C (1470°F)
유지 mechanical properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. Intermittent or Cyclic Exposure
견딜 수 있다 short-term exposures above 800°C 상당한 표면 손상 없이
적합 대상 thermal cycling applications in industrial and power generation equipment
3. 산화 저항
형성한다 보호 산화 크로뮴 층 that resists oxidation and scaling
〜에서 잘 작동합니다 industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Not suitable for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
4. Mechanical Properties at High Temperature
유지 tensile strength, creep resistance, and ductility
Hot-worked or cold-worked areas maintain good mechanical stability after proper heat treatment
Grain growth can occur if exposed to excessive heat without 용해 어닐링
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature pressure vessels and boiler components
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace components exposed to elevated temperatures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment requiring high-temperature service
요약
316H stainless steel offers 우수한 고온 성능, with continuous service up to ~800°C. Its high carbon content ensures superior tensile strength and creep resistance, while maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, industrial, and aerospace environments.
기계 가공성
Machinability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel 나타내는 보통의 가공성. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and relatively low thermal conductivity require careful tool selection, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve efficient machining with good surface finish.
1. 경화 거동
316H work-hardens rapidly during machining
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear
Smooth, continuous cutting reduces localized work hardening
2. 도구 추천
초경 공구 are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining
고속도강 (HSS) 공구 can be used for lighter cuts or slower operations
Positive rake angles help reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish
3. 절삭 속도와 이송
사용 slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels
Moderate to heavy feeds maintain continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent localized work hardening
4. 냉각 및 윤활
사용 flood coolant or cutting fluid to minimize heat buildup
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently
줄입니다 tool wear and improves surface finish
5. 칩 형성
칩은 tough, stringy, and sticky
사용 chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage chip formation
6. 표면 마감
Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling
단단해진 부분은 마무리 패스 for a smooth surface
요약
316H stainless steel has 보통의 가공성, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. Proper machining ensures high-precision components with good surface finish and durability, suitable for high-temperature, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
내식성
Corrosion Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel ~을 위해 설계된 high-temperature and corrosive environments. Its composition provides excellent general corrosion resistance while maintaining strength at elevated temperatures.
1. 일반 부식 저항
저항력이 있는 oxidation, atmospheric corrosion, and mildly corrosive chemicals
〜에서 잘 작동합니다 industrial, marine, and chemical environments
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or high-temperature service
2. Intergranular Corrosion
The higher carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk during welding
Post-weld solution annealing or stress-relief minimizes the risk of 입계 부식
Suitable for welded components with proper heat treatment
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Exhibits good resistance to chloride-induced corrosion
Better than 304/304L but slightly less than 316L in severe chloride conditions
적합 대상 marine, coastal, and mildly aggressive chemical environments
4. 고온 부식
저항력이 있는 산화 및 스케일링 at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~800°C)
〜에서 잘 작동합니다 steam, hot gases, and chemical processing environments
Not suitable for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
5. 내식성을 활용한 응용 사례
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and condensers
Marine components exposed to elevated temperatures
식품 및 제약 가공 장비
요약
316H stainless steel combines excellent high-temperature strength 함께 우수한 내식성, 특히 welded and industrial applications. Proper post-weld heat treatment ensures durability, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
열처리
Heat Treatment of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel. Like other austenitic stainless steels, it is not hardenable by conventional heat treatment. 열처리는 주로 스트레스를 완화하고, 연성을 회복시키며, 내식성을 유지합니다, particularly after welding or cold working.
용체화 열처리
목적:
냉간 가공 또는 성형 후 연성 회복
잔류 응력 제거
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides formed during high-temperature exposure
온도 범위: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
냉각: Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
효과:
Restores mechanical properties
Maintains corrosion resistance due to titanium or high-carbon stabilization
2. Stress Relief Annealing
목적: 성형, 굽힘 또는 용접으로 인한 잔류 응력 완화
온도 범위: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
효과:
Minimizes distortion
Reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Generally recommended for high-temperature service applications
Relieves welding-induced stresses and reduces risk of sensitization
Helps maintain mechanical strength and corrosion resistance
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
냉간 가공은 강도를 증가시키지만 연성은 감소시킨다
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication
5. 한계
열처리 경도를 크게 증가시키지 않는다
Excessive exposure at elevated temperatures may reduce cold-work strengthening effects slightly
요약
Heat treatment of 316H stainless steel is primarily for 스트레스 완화, 연성 복원, 내식성 유지. Proper solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical properties for pressure vessels, boilers, chemical equipment, and high-temperature applications.
냉간 가공
Cold Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel 함께 우수한 상온 가공성. 냉간 가공은 증가시킨다 강도와 경도 through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility, provided it is managed carefully.
1. 경화 거동
316H stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly 냉간 변형 중에.
강도와 경도는 증가하지만, 변형이 진행됨에 따라 연성은 감소합니다.
광범위한 냉간 가공이 필요할 수 있습니다 용해 어닐링 to restore ductility before further fabrication.
2. Cold Working Processes
굴러가기 시트, 스트립 및 플레이트
드로잉 튜브, 봉, 와이어
굽힘 및 성형 구조 부재, 브래킷 및 클립
스탬핑 및 프레스 성형 Industrial, food-processing, and chemical equipment components
3. Mechanical Property Control
냉간 가공은 조절을 허용합니다 인장 강도, 항복 강도, 경도.
Intermediate solution annealing can restore ductility for further forming operations.
4. 부식 저항에 대한 영향
High carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk, but proper stress relief or solution annealing after cold work preserves intergranular corrosion resistance.
Suitable for components exposed to chemical, marine, or high-temperature environments.
5. 후성형 시 고려사항
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor strain-induced martensite formation.
6. 냉간 가공 활용 응용
Springs, clips, and fasteners requiring higher strength
Structural components with both strength and corrosion resistance
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical, marine, and high-temperature equipment
Formed components for food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications
요약
316H stainless steel exhibits 우수한 냉간 가공성, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and heat treatment ensures durable, high-performance components suitable for pressure vessels, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
