Thép không gỉ, loại austenit
304 Stainless Steel (S30400)
The most versatile and widely used chromium-nickel (18/8) austenitic stainless steel.
Stainless steel types 1.4301 and 1.4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
Loại 304 stainless steel is an austenitic grade that can be severely deep drawn. This property has resulted in 304 being the dominant grade used in applications like sinks and saucepans.
Type 304L is the low carbon version of 304. It is used in heavy gauge components for improved weldability. Some products such as plate and pipe may be available as “dual certified” material that meets the criteria for both 304 and 304L.
304H, a high carbon content variant, is also available for use at high temperatures.
304 stainless steel is the most widely used austenitic stainless steel, known for its excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and versatile fabrication capabilities. It is often used in industrial, architectural, and household applications.
TẢI XUỐNG PDF
Phạm vi
| Hình thức sản phẩm | Description | Kích thước theo hệ mét | Kích thước theo hệ đo lường Anh |
| Thanh tròn | Bright Drawn H9 | 2.0mm - 25.0mm | 1⁄8 inch - 1 inch" |
| Thanh tròn | Smooth Turned H9/H10 | 25.0mm - 60.0mm | 1" - 3" |
| Flat Bar | Rolled Edge | 12 mm × 3 mm – 100 mm × 12 mm | |
| Thanh vuông | 304S11/S31 | 12mm x 12mm - 50mm x 50mm | |
| Góc | 304S31 | 20mm x 20mm x 3mm - 100mm x 100mm x 10mm | |
| Welded Ornamental Tube | Mirror Polished 600 Grit | 30 mm - 50 mm | 1⁄2 inch - 4 inch" |
| Welded Tube | Satin Polished 320 Grit | 16 mm - 50 mm | 1⁄2 inch - 2 inch" |
| Square Tube | Welded, Dull Polished | 12.7mm x 12.7mm - 10mm - 100mm | |
| Handrail Section | Welded, Unannealed, Dull Polished | 42.40mm - 60.30 (2.5mm wall) | 1 1⁄2" - 4 " (3mm wall) |
| Square Tube | Welded, Unpolished | 12.7mm x 12.7mm - 250mm x 250mm | |
| Rectangular Tube | Welded, Unpolished | 80mm x 40mm - 250mm x 150mm | |
| Rectangular Tube | Welded, Dull Polished | 20mm x 10mm - 150mm x 100mm |
Sheet
| Product Type | Sheet Size | Độ dày |
| Sheet 2B Finish | 2000 x 1000 | 0.5mm - 3.0mm |
| Sheet 2B Finish | 2500 x 1250 | 0.5mm - 6.0mm |
| Sheet 2B Finish | 3000 x 1500 | 0.9mm - 3.0mm |
| Sheet 2R (BA) Finish | 2000 x 1000 | 0.5mm - 2.0mm |
| Sheet 2R (BA) Finish | 2500 x 1250 | 0.5mm - 2.0mm |
| Polished Sheet 240 Silicon | 2000 x 1000 | 0.6mm - 3.0mm |
| Polished Sheet 240 Silicon | 2500 x 1250 | 0,7 mm - 6,0 mm |
| Polished Sheet 240 Silicon | 3000 x 1500 | 1.0mm - 3.0mm |
| Perforated Sheet (Round Holes) | 2000 x 1000 | 1.0mm - 1.5mm |
| Perforated Sheet (Round Holes) | 2500 x 1250 | 0,7 mm - 1,5 mm |
| Perforated Sheet (Square Holes) | 2000 x 1000 | 1,5 mm |
| Mặt sau tấm CPP | 2000 x 1000 | 3,0 mm - 6,0 mm |
| Mặt sau tấm CPP | 2500 x 1250 | 3,0 mm - 12,0 mm |
| Mặt sau tấm CPP | 3000 x 1500 | 3,0 mm - 12,0 mm |
| Mặt sau tấm CPP | 4000 x 2000 | 2,0 mm - 12,0 mm |
| Qaurto Plate ID Finish | 5" - 125" | - |
| Welded Mesh | 90" x 48" | - |
| Treadplate | 3000 x 1000 | 3.0mm |
| Traedplate | 3000 x 1250 | 4.5mm - 8.0mm |
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304 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Hệ thống / Tiêu chuẩn | Quốc gia / Khu vực | Cấp bậc / Chức danh |
| AISI | Hoa Kỳ | 304 |
| UNS | Quốc tế | S30400 |
| EN / Số hiệu. | Châu Âu | 1.4301 |
| Tên (tiếng Anh) | Châu Âu | X5CrNi18-10 |
| ASTM A240 | Hoa Kỳ | 304 (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | Hoa Kỳ | 304 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A213 | Hoa Kỳ | TP304 (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | Hoa Kỳ | TP304 (seamless pipe) |
| Anh | Trung Quốc | 0Cr18Ni9 |
| JIS | Nhật Bản | SUS304 |
| BS | Vương quốc Anh | 304S15 / 304S31 |
| AFNOR | Pháp | Z7CN18-09 |
Thuộc tính
Thành phần hóa học
| Nguyên tố hóa học | Quà tặng % |
| Cacbon (C) | 0.00 - 0.20 |
| Mangan (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Silic (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Phốt pho (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Lưu huỳnh (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Crom (Cr) | 15.00 - 17.00 |
| Niken (Ni) | 1.25 - 2.50 |
Tính chất cơ học
| Tính chất cơ học | Giá trị |
| Độ giãn dài tại 50 mm | 11 % |
| Độ bền kéo | 850–1.000 MPa |
| Áp suất giới hạn | 665 MPa |
| Độ cứng Brinell | 248-302 HB |
Các tính chất vật lý chung
| Tính chất vật lý | Giá trị |
| Mật độ | 7,8 g/cm³ |
| Hệ số đàn hồi | 200 GPa |
| Độ dẫn nhiệt | 20,2 W/m·K |
Applications of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit nổi tiếng với excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and versatile formability. It is widely used across industrial, household, food, and architectural applications.
1. Food and Beverage Industry
Food processing equipment, tanks, and containers
Brewing, dairy, and pharmaceutical machinery
Piping, valves, and fittings requiring hygienic surfaces
2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Chemical processing equipment and storage tanks
Heat exchangers, condensers, and piping systems
Components exposed to acids, alkalis, and other corrosive environments
3. Household and Kitchen Applications
Sinks, kitchen appliances, and utensils
Decorative trims, handrails, and architectural hardware
4. Industrial and Manufacturing Applications
Pumps, valves, and fasteners in corrosive environments
Machinery and equipment exposed to moisture or mild chemicals
Structural components requiring durability and corrosion resistance
5. Medical and Pharmaceutical Applications
Surgical instruments and medical devices
Laboratory benches and components requiring sterilization
Equipment where hygiene and corrosion resistance are critical
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel is highly versatile, providing excellent corrosion resistance, strength, and formability. Its applications span food processing, chemical, household, medical, and industrial sectors, making it ideal for environments where durability and hygiene are essential.
Characteristics of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and versatile formability. It is suitable for a broad range of applications in industrial, household, and architectural environments.
1. Thành phần hóa học
Contains chromium (18–20%) và nickel (8–10.5%).
Low carbon content ensures good corrosion resistance and weldability.
Trace elements like manganese, silicon, and phosphorus enhance mechanical stability.
2. Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Khả năng chống chịu tuyệt vời đối với oxidation, atmospheric corrosion, and mild acids.
Hoạt động tốt trong indoor, outdoor, and mildly corrosive environments.
Notably resistant to rust and staining, making it ideal for hygiene-critical applications.
3. Mechanical Properties
Cao độ bền kéo và giới hạn chảy.
Tuyệt vời độ dẻo và độ bền, even at low temperatures.
Maintains properties over a wide range of temperatures.
4. Fabrication and Formability
Tuyệt vời cold working and forming characteristics, suitable for deep drawing, bending, and stamping.
Có thể welded easily with minimal risk of intergranular corrosion.
Machinable, though slightly less so than 303 stainless steel.
5. Heat and Temperature Resistance
Performs well at nhiệt độ ôn hòa, with intermittent service up to 870°C (1600°F).
Continuous service temperatures should remain below 925°C (1700°F).
6. Ứng dụng
Food and beverage processing equipment
Chemical and pharmaceutical machinery
Kitchen appliances, sinks, and household items
Architectural components, handrails, and decorative trims
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical strength, high ductility, and versatile formability. Sự kết hợp các đặc tính này khiến nó trở thành lựa chọn lý tưởng cho industrial, household, chemical, and architectural applications, particularly where durability, hygiene, and corrosion resistance are important.
Thông tin bổ sung
Sản xuất
Fabrication of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel is a widely used thép không gỉ austenit nổi tiếng với excellent corrosion resistance and formability. Its fabrication characteristics make it suitable for a wide range of industrial, architectural, and household applications.
1. Tạo hình
Gia công nguội: 304 can be bent, drawn, stamped, or deep-drawn in the annealed condition.
Gia công nóng: Suitable for hot forging, rolling, or extrusion at controlled temperatures (approx. 1010–1120°C / 1850–2050°F).
Work hardens moderately during forming, which may require gia nhiệt trung gian for complex shapes.
2. Gia công
Machinable with appropriate cutting tools and speeds, though less machinable than 303 stainless steel.
Produces smooth finishes with careful selection of cutting fluids and tool materials.
3. Hàn
Excellent weldability using TIG, MIG, or resistance welding.
Low carbon content (≤0.08%) minimizes carbide precipitation, reducing the risk of sự ăn mòn giữa các hạt tại các vùng hàn.
Post-weld annealing or passivation can further enhance corrosion resistance.
4. Surface Finishing
Có thể polished, brushed, or passivated to improve aesthetics and corrosion resistance.
Suitable for both functional and decorative applications.
5. Advantages of 304 Stainless Steel Fabrication
Versatile forming options (cold or hot working)
Good weldability for assembly of components
Can achieve high-quality surface finishes
Duy trì khả năng chống ăn mòn after fabrication
6. Ứng dụng
Kitchen and food processing equipment
Architectural panels, handrails, and decorative features
Tanks, piping, and industrial equipment
Medical and pharmaceutical instruments
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel is highly versatile for fabrication, offering excellent formability, weldability, and surface finish options. These characteristics make it ideal for industrial, architectural, and household applications yêu cầu durability, corrosion resistance, and aesthetic appeal.
Khả năng hàn
Weldability of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. One of its key advantages is superior weldability, making it suitable for a wide range of industrial, architectural, and household applications.
1. General Welding Characteristics
Easily weldable using standard methods: TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), spot welding, and resistance welding.
Low carbon content (≤0.08%) reduces the risk of sự ăn mòn giữa các hạt in the heat-affected zone.
Sản xuất strong, corrosion-resistant welds without significant loss of mechanical properties.
2. Welding Techniques
TIG (GTAW): Provides precise control and high-quality welds, ideal for thin sheets and critical applications.
MIG (GMAW): Efficient for thicker materials and high-volume production.
Spot and resistance welding: Suitable for sheet metal assemblies.
3. Filler Materials
Commonly use 304 or 308 stainless steel filler rods/wires to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical integrity.
Selection depends on the specific application and service environment.
4. Preheating and Post-Weld Treatment
Preheating is generally unnecessary due to low carbon content.
Post-weld annealing or passivation can enhance corrosion resistance and restore surface finish if required.
5. Advantages
Excellent weld quality with minimal distortion or cracking.
Duy trì corrosion resistance and mechanical strength tại các vùng hàn.
Suitable for both thin sheets and thick sections.
6. Applications Benefiting from Weldability
Kitchen equipment, sinks, and countertops
Piping, tanks, and pressure vessels
Architectural panels, handrails, and decorative structures
Medical and pharmaceutical instruments
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel is highly weldable, offering strong, corrosion-resistant, and aesthetically acceptable welds. Its low carbon content ensures minimal intergranular corrosion risk, khiến nó trở thành lựa chọn lý tưởng cho industrial, architectural, and household applications requiring both durability and weld integrity.
Khả năng gia công
Machinability of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit well-known for its excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. However, compared to 303 stainless steel, its machinability is moderate, requiring careful tooling and process control.
1. Đặc điểm gia công
304 stainless steel work hardens rapidly during machining, which can increase tool wear.
Sản xuất tough, continuous chips, which may require chip breakers or special tooling.
Standard machining speeds must be reduced compared to carbon steels to avoid excessive heat.
2. Khuyến nghị về dụng cụ
Vật liệu dụng cụ: High-speed steel (HSS), carbide, or coated carbide tools are recommended.
Cutting speeds: Lower than mild steel; increase feed rate gradually to reduce heat buildup.
Coolant/Lubrication: Use cutting fluids to reduce friction, dissipate heat, and improve surface finish.
3. Các công đoạn gia công
Turning: Requires slower speeds and frequent tool changes; good surface finish achievable.
Milling: Use sharp tools and moderate depth of cut; avoid overheating.
Drilling and Tapping: Pre-drill larger holes and use proper lubricants to prevent galling.
4. Ưu điểm
Can produce high-quality, corrosion-resistant components with proper machining practices.
Phù hợp với precision parts in industrial, food, and chemical processing equipment.
5. Hạn chế
Less machinable than 303 stainless steel due to the absence of sulfur.
Cần phải cẩn thận tool selection, speed, and lubrication to avoid excessive wear and work hardening.
6. Các ứng dụng tận dụng khả năng gia công
Food and beverage processing machinery
Piping, valves, and fittings
Industrial and chemical processing components
Medical and pharmaceutical instruments
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel has khả năng gia công ở mức trung bình, requiring appropriate tooling, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve precise components. While not as easily machined as 303 stainless steel, it offers excellent corrosion resistance and mechanical properties, khiến nó trở thành lựa chọn lý tưởng cho industrial, medical, and food-processing applications.
Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Corrosion Resistance of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit nổi tiếng với khả năng chống ăn mòn tuyệt vời, making it one of the most widely used stainless steels in industrial, architectural, and household applications.
1. Khả năng chống ăn mòn nói chung
Có khả năng chống chịu cao đối với oxidation and atmospheric corrosion.
Hoạt động tốt trong indoor and outdoor environments.
Maintains integrity in humid and mildly corrosive conditions.
2. Resistance to Chemicals
Khả năng chống chịu tuyệt vời đối với food acids, alkaline solutions, and many industrial chemicals.
Phù hợp với food processing, chemical equipment, and pharmaceutical applications.
Less resistant than 316 stainless steel in chloride-rich or marine environments.
3. Stress and Intergranular Corrosion
Low carbon content (≤0.08%) minimizes sự kết tủa cacbua trong quá trình hàn.
Chống lại sự ăn mòn giữa các hạt even after welding when properly fabricated.
Sensitive to chloride-induced pitting or crevice corrosion in high-salinity environments.
4. Surface Treatment
Có thể được đánh bóng hoặc được xử lý thụ động để tăng cường khả năng chống ăn mòn.
Surface finishing enhances both appearance and longevity.
5. Applications Benefiting from Corrosion Resistance
Kitchen appliances, sinks, and cookware
Food and beverage processing equipment
Architectural panels, handrails, and decorative structures
Tanks, piping, and industrial machinery
Medical and pharmaceutical instruments
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel exhibits khả năng chống ăn mòn tuyệt vời in a wide range of environments, including industrial, food processing, and architectural applications. Nó low carbon content ensures weldability without compromising corrosion resistance, making it ideal for durable and long-lasting components.
Gia công nguội
Cold Working of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and formability. It responds well to gia công nguội, which can improve strength and hardness but also increases work hardening.
1. Đặc tính gia công nguội
Có thể bent, drawn, stamped, or deep-drawn in the annealed condition.
Quá trình gia công nguội làm tăng độ bền và độ cứng do hiện tượng cứng hóa do biến dạng.
Excessive deformation may reduce độ dẻo and requires careful control.
2. Các kỹ thuật
Bending and forming: Suitable for moderate bends; sharp bends may require intermediate annealing.
Deep drawing: Excellent, especially in thin sheets, due to good ductility.
Rolling or stamping: Can achieve complex shapes with proper tooling and process control.
3. Ưu điểm
Cold working improves tensile strength and hardness without heat treatment.
Enables production of precision components and complex shapes.
Duy trì khả năng chống ăn mòn when proper annealing and passivation are applied after severe deformation.
4. Hạn chế
Work hardens quickly, which may require gia nhiệt trung gian for extensive forming operations.
Excessive cold working can increase internal stresses, potentially leading to distortion or cracking in subsequent processes.
5. Các ứng dụng được hưởng lợi từ gia công nguội
Architectural panels, handrails, and decorative structures
Food and beverage processing equipment
Tubing, piping, and pressure vessels
Automotive and aerospace components requiring high precision
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel can be effectively cold worked to produce strong, precision components. Cold working enhances độ bền và độ cứng while retaining khả năng chống ăn mòn, khiến nó trở thành lựa chọn lý tưởng cho industrial, architectural, and household applications requiring durable and precisely formed parts.
Xử lý nhiệt
Heat Treatment of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance and formability. While 304 cannot be hardened by conventional heat treatment, it can undergo annealing or stress-relief treatments to improve ductility, reduce internal stresses, and restore properties after cold working or welding.
1. Ủ
Mục đích: Relieves internal stresses, softens the material for forming, and restores ductility.
Quy trình:
Đun nóng đến 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F).
Hold at temperature long enough to ensure uniform heating.
Cool rapidly in air, water, or quenching medium to avoid carbide precipitation.
Restores corrosion resistance and workability after cold working.
2. Giảm căng thẳng
Mục đích: Reduces residual stresses caused by forming, machining, or welding.
Quy trình:
Đun nóng đến 450–650°C (840–1200°F).
Hold for 1–2 hours depending on part thickness.
Cool slowly to room temperature.
Giảm thiểu distortion, warping, or cracking during subsequent processing.
3. Hardening
304 stainless steel cannot be hardened by heat treatment.
Strengthening is achieved primarily through gia công nguội rather than quenching or tempering.
4. Surface Treatment Post Heat-Treatment
Passivation can be applied to enhance corrosion resistance and remove free iron from the surface.
Polishing and surface finishing improve durability and aesthetics.
5. Ứng dụng
Các thành phần cần thiết stress relief after welding or forming
Cold-worked sheets or strips needing restored ductility
Industrial and architectural parts requiring corrosion resistance and formability
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel has limited heat treatment options. Annealing and stress relief are the primary treatments used to restore ductility, relieve internal stresses, and maintain corrosion resistance. Unlike martensitic steels, 304 relies on gia công nguội rather than heat treatment for strength enhancement, making it ideal for industrial, architectural, and household applications.
Khả năng chịu nhiệt
Heat Resistance of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit nổi tiếng với excellent corrosion resistance, mechanical properties, and versatility. It also offers khả năng chịu nhiệt tốt, making it suitable for moderate temperature applications.
1. Giới hạn nhiệt độ
Dịch vụ liên tục: Khoảng 870°C (1600°F).
Intermittent service: Can withstand up to 925°C (1700°F).
Prolonged exposure above these temperatures may reduce mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
2. Khả năng chống oxy hóa
Chống lại oxidation and scaling in air at moderate temperatures.
Hoạt động tốt trong non-oxidizing or mildly oxidizing atmospheres.
Không phù hợp với continuous high-temperature service in strongly oxidizing environments, where 309 or 310 stainless steel is preferred.
3. Mechanical Properties at Elevated Temperatures
Duy trì độ bền kéo và độ dẻo ở nhiệt độ vừa phải.
Extended exposure to high heat may cause loss of ductility and potential grain growth.
4. Các ứng dụng tận dụng khả năng chịu nhiệt
Industrial equipment exposed to moderate heat
Heat exchangers and furnace components in non-extreme environments
Kitchen appliances and food processing equipment
Architectural components exposed to sunlight or moderate heat
5. Những vấn đề thực tiễn
Avoid prolonged service above 925°C (1700°F) to maintain corrosion resistance.
Consider higher-temperature stainless steels (e.g., 309, 310, 321) for applications exceeding these limits.
Heat treatment and surface finishing can help preserve properties at elevated temperatures.
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel has khả năng chịu nhiệt tốt suitable for các ứng dụng ở nhiệt độ trung bình, maintaining strength and corrosion resistance. It is ideal for industrial, architectural, and household applications where temperatures remain within its recommended limits.
Gia công nóng
Hot Working of 304 Stainless Steel
304 stainless steel là một thép không gỉ austenit nổi tiếng với excellent corrosion resistance and formability. It can be đã hoạt động hiệu quả under controlled conditions to produce complex shapes or large deformations.
1. Đặc tính gia công nóng
Phù hợp với forging, rolling, extrusion, and hot bending.
Hot working reduces work hardening, allowing easier shaping compared to cold working.
High ductility allows for large deformations without cracking.
2. Recommended Temperature Ranges
Annealed temperature range: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F) for hot forming operations.
Avoid overheating above 1120°C (2050°F) to prevent grain growth and reduced corrosion resistance.
Controlled cooling after hot working helps maintain mechanical properties.
3. Ưu điểm
Enables formation of large and complex components.
Reduces internal stresses compared to cold working.
Preserves khả năng chống ăn mòn when properly processed.
4. Hạn chế
Sự thay đổi tỷ lệ bề mặt có thể xảy ra ở nhiệt độ cao, đòi hỏi descaling or passivation post-processing.
Not intended for strengthening via heat treatment, as 304 is austenitic and non-hardenable.
Yêu cầu controlled temperature and deformation rates to avoid defects.
5. Ứng dụng
Forged or rolled components requiring subsequent machining
Industrial equipment, piping, and tanks
Architectural and decorative elements with complex shapes
Automotive and aerospace structural components
Tóm tắt
304 stainless steel can be đã hoạt động hiệu quả to create complex and large parts. Hot working reduces work hardening, facilitates forming, and maintains corrosion resistance, making 304 ideal for industrial, architectural, and household applications requiring durability and precision.
