فولاذ مقاوم للصدأ، مارتنسيتي
416 Stainless Steel (S41600) Bar
Martensitic stainless steel machining bar.
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel معروف بـ excellent machinability combined with good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. It is part of the 416 series, which are designed to provide improved mechanical properties while maintaining reasonable corrosion resistance.
Grade 416 is sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready machinability.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
تنزيل ملف PDF
النطاق
| شكل المنتج | Condition | المقاسات الإمبراطورية | مقاسات متري |
| Round Bar | QT650 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Round Bar | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
يرجى الملاحظة
إذا لم تجد ما تبحث عنه، يُرجى الاتصال ب مركز الخدمة المحلي بمتطلباتك الخاصة.
416 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| النظام/المعيار | البلد/المنطقة | الدرجة/التعيين |
| AISI | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 416 |
| UNS | الدولية | S41600 |
| EN / W.Nr.W. | أوروبا | 1.4005 |
| اسم EN | أوروبا | X12CrS13 |
| ASTM A276 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 416 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A582 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 416 (free-machining bars) |
| ASTM A314 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 416 (forged/rolled bars) |
| JIS | اليابان | SUS416 |
| ب | المملكة المتحدة | 416S21 |
الخصائص
التركيب الكيميائي
1.4005 Steel
EN 10088-3
| العنصر الكيميائي | % الحاضر |
| الكربون (C) | 0.06 - 0.15 |
| الكروم (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| المنجنيز (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| السيليكون (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| الفوسفور (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| الكبريت (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 |
| موليبدنوم (Mo) | 0.00 - 0.60 |
| الحديد (Fe) | الرصيد |
الخواص الميكانيكية
Bar Up to 160mm Dia or Thickness
EN 10088-3
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 450 Min MPa |
| قوة الشد | 650 - 850 MPa |
الخصائص الفيزيائية العامة
| الممتلكات المادية | القيمة |
| الكثافة | 7.75 g/cm³ |
| التمدد الحراري | 9.9 x 10-6/K |
| معامل المرونة | 200 جيجا باسكال |
| الموصلية الحرارية | 24.9 W/m.K |
| المقاومة الكهربائية | 0.57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel معروف بـ excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. It is widely used in applications where precision machining and corrosion resistance are required.
1. Industrial Applications
Valves, pumps, and fittings: Precision components requiring accurate machining.
Gears, shafts, and fasteners: Components subjected to moderate stress and wear.
Precision instruments and tooling: Applications needing tight tolerances and machinability.
2. Automotive Applications
Engine components: Shafts, pins, and fasteners.
Fuel system parts: Where corrosion resistance and machinability are important.
3. General Applications
Industrial machinery parts exposed to mild corrosive environments.
Custom mechanical components requiring good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance.
الملخص
416 stainless steel is primarily used in precision-machined components for industrial, automotive, and general mechanical applications, حيث machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength are essential.
Characteristics of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel مصممة لـ excellent machinability while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance and good mechanical strength. It is widely used for precision components where both performance and ease of machining are required.
1. Mechanical Properties
High strength and hardness: Can be heat treated to enhance mechanical properties.
Good wear resistance: Suitable for components subjected to moderate stress and friction.
2. Machinability
Excellent machinability: One of the key advantages of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined efficiently with minimal tool wear compared to other martensitic stainless steels.
3. Corrosion Resistance
Moderate resistance to oxidation and mild corrosive environments.
Not recommended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich environments.
4. Fabrication
Can be formed and machined easily due to its ductility and machinability.
Weldable using appropriate methods, but care must be taken to avoid التحسيس and maintain corrosion resistance.
5. التطبيقات
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
الملخص
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel مع excellent machinability, good mechanical strength, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for precision-machined components in automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
معلومات إضافية
التصنيع
Fabrication of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel مع excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. Its properties make it suitable for a variety of fabrication processes in industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
1. التشكيل
التشكيل على البارد
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled with care.
Rapid work hardening may require التلدين الوسيط for extensive forming.
التشكيل على الساخن
Recommended temperature range: 980–1150 درجة مئوية (1800–2100 درجة فهرنهايت).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex components.
2. تشغيل الآلات
Excellent machinability is a primary advantage of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined with high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools, maintaining sharp edges and precise tolerances.
Coolants are recommended to reduce heat buildup and tool wear.
3. اللحام
Weldable using conventional methods (TIG, MIG, SMAW), but martensitic steels require care.
Preheating and post-weld tempering may be applied to reduce cracking and retain mechanical properties.
Filler metals should match the 416 grade for best corrosion and strength performance.
4. Heat Treatment
يمكن مُقسّى ومُعتدل to increase strength and wear resistance.
Heat treatment also helps relieve stresses induced by cold working or machining.
5. Applications Related to Fabrication
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery
Custom mechanical parts requiring machinability and corrosion resistance
الملخص
416 stainless steel is highly fabricable, offering excellent machinability, good mechanical properties, and moderate corrosion resistance. Proper forming, machining, welding, and heat treatment enable the production of precision components for automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
قابلية اللحام
Weldability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel معروف بـ excellent machinability and good mechanical strength. While it can be welded, certain precautions are necessary due to its high carbon content, which can increase the risk of cracking and reduced corrosion resistance في المنطقة المتأثرة بالحرارة.
1. Welding Methods
Can be welded using standard methods:
TIG (GTAW) – for precise, high-quality welds
MIG (GMAW) – for faster production welding
SMAW (Stick Welding) – suitable for general fabrication
يجب توخي الحذر ل avoid overheating, which can lead to cracking.
2. Welding Considerations
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) may be applied for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Post-weld tempering is recommended to restore مَطْواعِيَّة وَصَلابَة and relieve residual stresses.
Filler metals matching 416 or compatible martensitic stainless steel should be used to maintain mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
3. Limitations
Higher carbon content increases the risk of intergranular cracking.
Corrosion resistance in the weld zone may be slightly reduced compared to the base metal.
4. Applications Related to Weldability
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring welded assemblies
Automotive components and shafts
Industrial machinery components that require joined parts with precise tolerances
الملخص
416 stainless steel is قابل للحام, but due to its البنية المارتنسيتية ومحتوى الكربون العالي, welding requires controlled preheating, proper filler metals, and post-weld tempering. Following these practices ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welded joints suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
قابلية التصنيع
Machinability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel specifically designed for excellent machinability while maintaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its machinability makes it ideal for precision components and high-volume production.
1. Key Machining Characteristics
Excellent machinability: One of the primary advantages of 416 stainless steel among martensitic stainless steels.
ينتج clean, continuous chips during machining.
Minimal tool wear compared to other high-carbon martensitic stainless steels.
2. توصيات الأدوات
High-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools are recommended for efficiency and durability.
صحيح cooling and lubrication help reduce heat buildup and improve surface finish.
Sharp tools are essential to minimize التصلد الانفعالي of the material.
3. Machining Considerations
416 stainless steel can be turned, milled, drilled, or tapped with high precision.
Controlled cutting speeds and feed rates improve tool life and dimensional accuracy.
Post-machining تخفيف الضغط أو التقسية may be applied for high-strength or high-wear applications.
4. Applications Related to Machinability
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery requiring tight tolerances
Custom mechanical parts in high-volume manufacturing
الملخص
416 stainless steel offers excellent machinability while retaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its ease of machining makes it suitable for precision components, automotive parts, industrial machinery, and high-volume production requiring accurate and efficient machining.
مقاومة التآكل
Corrosion Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that combines excellent machinability with moderate corrosion resistance. While it does not match the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels, it performs well in mildly corrosive environments.
1. مقاومة التآكل العامة
مناسب لـ بيئات مؤكسدة خفيفة such as air, water, and light chemicals.
Better corrosion resistance than standard carbon steels, but lower than 300-series stainless steels.
2. Stress Corrosion Resistance
Moderate resistance to stress corrosion cracking under normal service conditions.
Care should be taken in البيئات الغنية بالكلوريد, where susceptibility increases, especially after welding or machining.
3. Corrosion Resistance After Machining or Welding
Low carbon content compared to some martensitic steels reduces the risk of التحسيس.
Post-fabrication passivation or pickling can enhance surface corrosion resistance.
Heat treatment after welding or machining helps restore corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
4. Applications Related to Corrosion Resistance
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly corrosive environments
Automotive components exposed to air or mild chemicals
Industrial machinery parts requiring moderate corrosion protection and high machinability
الملخص
416 stainless steel provides مقاومة معتدلة للتآكل, ، مناسب ل mildly corrosive environments. Combined with its excellent machinability and mechanical strength, it is ideal for precision components, industrial machinery, automotive parts, and other applications where corrosion is not extreme.
العمل البارد
Cold Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel مع good ductility and excellent machinability, making it suitable for a variety of cold working processes. Cold working improves strength and hardness but must be done carefully to avoid excessive work hardening.
1. Cold Working Processes
الثني والتشكيل: Can be bent into precise shapes for industrial and automotive components.
يتدحرج: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and coils.
Drawing and Stamping: Used to create complex or deep-drawn parts.
Punching and Shearing: Components requiring precision cutting can be fabricated with proper tooling.
2. Work Hardening
416 stainless steel work hardens moderately during cold working.
Excessive deformation may require التلدين الوسيط to restore ductility.
Cold working increases tensile strength and hardness while reducing ductility.
3. Fabrication Considerations
الاستخدام gradual deformation to prevent cracking or distortion.
Ensure proper tooling and lubrication for smooth forming.
Cold-worked components may benefit from معالجة حرارية لتخفيف الإجهاد before service, especially in high-stress applications.
4. Applications Related to Cold Working
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components
Industrial machinery parts requiring dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength
الملخص
416 stainless steel exhibits good cold working properties, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping. Cold working enhances القوة والصلابة but may require stress relief or intermediate annealing for extensive deformation. This makes 416 stainless steel suitable for precision components in industrial, automotive, and general engineering applications.
المعالجة الحرارية
Heat Treatment of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that can be heat treated to enhance hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Heat treatment is essential for achieving the desired mechanical properties for precision components and industrial applications.
التلدين
الغرض: Relieve internal stresses from cold working or machining and restore ductility.
Temperature range: 815–900°C (1500–1650°F)
التبريد: Slow furnace cooling or air cooling, depending on desired properties.
2. Hardening (Quenching)
الغرض: Increase hardness and tensile strength for wear-resistant applications.
Temperature range: 980–1030°C (1800–1900°F)
التبريد: Rapid quenching in oil or water.
3. التقسية
الغرض: Reduce brittleness after hardening and improve toughness.
Temperature range: 150–370 درجة مئوية (300–700 فهرنهايت)
Achieves a balance of hardness, strength, and ductility suitable for precision components.
4. تخفيف التوتر
Applied to machined or welded parts to minimize residual stress and prevent distortion.
Typically done at 425–650°C (800–1200°F) for moderate durations.
5. Applications Related to Heat Treatment
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring high strength and wear resistance
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
الملخص
416 stainless steel can be annealed, hardened, tempered, and stress-relieved to achieve the desired combination of hardness, strength, and ductility. Proper heat treatment ensures durable, wear-resistant, and dimensionally stable components suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
مقاومة الحرارة
Heat Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel primarily designed for excellent machinability and mechanical strength. إنه heat resistance is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels, making it suitable for applications with intermittent or mild high-temperature exposure.
1. درجة حرارة الخدمة المستمرة
مناسب لـ continuous service up to approximately 315°C (600°F).
Maintains mechanical properties in moderately elevated temperatures but is not ideal for prolonged high-temperature oxidizing environments.
2. التعرض المتقطع
يمكن أن تتحمل short-term exposure up to around 425°C (800°F).
High temperatures beyond this may lead to loss of strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
3. مقاومة الأكسدة
Forms a thin chromium oxide layer that provides limited protection against oxidation.
غير مستحسن ل high-temperature, aggressive oxidizing environments.
4. Applications Related to Heat Resistance
Automotive components with moderate thermal exposure
Valves, pumps, and fittings in industrial machinery
Precision components requiring moderate strength retention at elevated temperatures
الملخص
416 stainless steel provides مقاومة حرارة معتدلة, ، مناسب ل applications with intermittent or mild elevated temperatures. Its combination of machinability, mechanical strength, and moderate thermal stability يجعله مثالياً لـ industrial, automotive, and mechanical components that do not require prolonged exposure to high heat.
العمل الساخن
Hot Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel هو martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel مع good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance. Hot working can be used to shape or form components while reducing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. درجة حرارة العمل الساخن الموصى بها
Optimal temperature range: 980–1150 درجة مئوية (1800–2100 درجة فهرنهايت).
Working above this range can cause نمو الحبيبات, reducing mechanical properties.
Working below this range may increase the risk of cracking.
2. Hot Working Processes
Forging: Suitable for producing shafts, gears, and thick components.
الدرفلة على الساخن Used for plates, sheets, and strips.
Extrusion: Allows shaping of rods, bars, and complex profiles.
Hot Forming and Pressing: Enables production of large or intricate parts with minimal work hardening.
٣. مزايا التشكيل على الساخن
يخفض التصلد الانفعالي compared to cold working.
تحسينات مَطْواعِيَّة وَصَلابَة, allowing for easier shaping of components.
Produces components with uniform mechanical properties throughout the part.
4. Post-Hot Working Treatment
تخميد may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility.
التخليل أو التخميل can enhance surface corrosion resistance if scale forms during hot working.
5. Applications Related to Hot Working
مكونات الآلات الصناعية
Automotive parts requiring forging or extrusion
Shafts, gears, and precision components that require uniform mechanical properties
الملخص
416 stainless steel exhibits good hot working properties, allowing forging, rolling, extrusion, and hot forming at 980–1150°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties, making 416 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision components.
