الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ، أوستنيتي
304L Stainless Steel (S30403)
Low carbon chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel.
Stainless steel types 1.4301 and 1.4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel. It is known for its excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and superior weldability, particularly in applications where post-weld corrosion resistance is critical.
Type 304L is the low carbon version of 304. It is used in heavy gauge components for improved weldability. Some products such as plate and pipe may be available as “dual certified” material that meets the criteria for both 304 and 304L.
Quarto Plate is hot rolled plate over 12mm thick that has not been coiled during production. CPP is continuously produced plate up to 12mm thick that has been coiled during rolling. Sheet is cold rolled.
تنزيل ملف PDF
النطاق
| Bar & Tube | Imperial Sizes | Metric Sizes |
| Round Bar | 3" - 16" | |
| Flat Bar | 20 x 10mm - 100 x 25mm | |
| Welded Ornamental Tube | 1⁄2" - 4" | 30mm - 50mm |
| Welded Tube | 1/"2 - 2" | 16mm - 50mm |
| Hygienic Tube | 3⁄4 " - 4" |
| Sheet/Plate | Sheet Size | Thicknesses |
| Polished Sheet | 2000 x 1000 | 0.7mm - 3.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 3000 x 1500 | 1.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet (Circle) | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 1.5mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 2500 x 1250 | 4.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 3000 x 1500 | 4.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2000 x 1000 | 3.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2500 x 1250 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 3000 x 1500 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 1500 | 10.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 12.0mm |
| Quarto Plate ID Finish | 5" - 125" | |
| Polished sheet sizes are for mirror and super mirror finishes. | ||
| Polished Sheet options available: 240 Silicon, 240 Grit and various coating including Fiber Optic Laser for one or two sides. | ||
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304L Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| النظام/المعيار | البلد/المنطقة | الدرجة/التعيين |
| AISI | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 304L |
| UNS | الدولية | S30403 |
| EN / W.Nr.W. | أوروبا | 1.4307 |
| اسم EN | أوروبا | X2CrNi18-9 |
| ASTM A240 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 304L (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 304L (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A213 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | TP304L (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | TP304L (seamless pipe) |
| GB | الصين | 022Cr19Ni10 |
| JIS | اليابان | SUS304L |
| أفنور | فرنسا | Z2CN18-10 |
الخصائص
التركيب الكيميائي
1.4307 Steel
EN 10088-3 & EN 10088-2
| العنصر الكيميائي | % الحاضر |
| الكربون (C) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| الكروم (Cr) | 17.50 - 19.50 |
| المنجنيز (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| السيليكون (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| الفوسفور (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| الكبريت (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| النيكل (ني) | 8.00 - 10.50 |
| Nitrogen (N) | 0.00 - 0.11 |
| الحديد (Fe) | الرصيد |
الخواص الميكانيكية
Bar & Section Up to 160mm Diameter/Thickness
EN 10088-3
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 175 Min MPa |
| قوة الشد | 500 to 700 MPa |
| الاستطالة A50 مم | 45 Min % |
| Hardness Brinell | 215 Max HB |
Sheet Up to 8mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 220 Min MPa |
| قوة الشد | 520 to 700 MPa |
| الاستطالة A50 مم | 45 Min % |
Plate From 8mm to 75mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 200 Min MPa |
| قوة الشد | 500 to 700 MPa |
| الاستطالة A50 مم | 45 Min % |
الخصائص الفيزيائية العامة
| الممتلكات المادية | القيمة |
| الكثافة | 8.0 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 1450 °C |
| Thermal Expansion | 17.2 x 10-6/K |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 193 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16.2 W/m.K |
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.72 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel known for its excellent corrosion resistance, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content makes it ideal for welded components and equipment exposed to corrosive environments.
1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Storage tanks and pressure vessels
Piping systems for acids and corrosive liquids
Heat exchangers and condensers
2. Food and Beverage Industry
Food processing equipment and containers
Brewing, dairy, and pharmaceutical machinery
Tanks, pipelines, and fittings requiring hygienic surfaces
3. Architectural and Decorative Applications
Cladding and exterior panels
Handrails, trims, and decorative fixtures
Kitchen and household appliances
4. Medical and Pharmaceutical Equipment
Surgical instruments and medical devices
Sterile processing equipment
Laboratory benches and components
5. Industrial Applications
Pumps, valves, and fasteners in corrosive environments
Components in wastewater treatment systems
General manufacturing equipment exposed to moisture or mild chemicals
الملخص
304L stainless steel is widely used in applications requiring excellent corrosion resistance, high weldability, and good formability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion after welding makes it ideal for chemical, food, pharmaceutical, architectural, and industrial applications.
Characteristics of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel, offering excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and enhanced weldability. It is widely used in applications where post-weld corrosion resistance is important.
1. Chemical Composition
Low carbon content (≤0.03%) to minimize التحسيس during welding.
Contains chromium (18–20%) and nickel (8–12%).
Trace elements enhance corrosion resistance and mechanical stability.
2. مقاومة التآكل
مقاومة ممتازة لـ oxidation, general corrosion, and mild acid attack.
Resistant to intergranular corrosion after welding, unlike standard 304 stainless steel.
Suitable for food, chemical, and pharmaceutical environments.
3. الخواص الميكانيكية
Good tensile strength and yield strength.
High ductility and toughness, even at low temperatures.
Maintains excellent properties over a wide range of temperatures.
4. Fabrication and Formability
Excellent cold working and forming characteristics.
Can be welded easily with minimal risk of corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
Suitable for deep drawing, bending, and stamping.
5. Heat and Temperature Resistance
أداء جيد في moderate heat applications.
Retains strength and corrosion resistance under normal service temperatures.
6. Applications
Food processing equipment and storage tanks
Chemical and pharmaceutical equipment
Architectural and decorative components
Piping, valves, and tanks requiring high weld integrity
الملخص
304L stainless steel is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content ensures post-weld corrosion protection, making it ideal for chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
معلومات إضافية
قابلية اللحام
Weldability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel التي تقدم قابلية لحام ممتازة. The reduced carbon content (<0.03%) minimizes the risk of التحسيس and التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) after welding, making 304L ideal for welded assemblies in corrosive environments.
1. عمليات اللحام المتوافقة
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precision welding of thin sections.
MIG (GMAW): Common for thicker sections and high-productivity applications.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Suitable for field and maintenance welding.
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding are effective for sheet and thin components.
2. Carbon Content Benefits
The low carbon content reduces the likelihood of chromium carbide precipitation.
يمنع التحسيس in welded or heat-affected zones, maintaining corrosion resistance without the need for post-weld annealing.
3. اختيار مواد الحشو
Matching filler metals such as ER308L are recommended to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Low-carbon fillers are preferred for thicker sections or critical applications.
4. المدخلات الحرارية والتشويه
Austenitic stainless steels, including 304L, have التمدد الحراري العالي, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper welding sequence help minimize warping and residual stresses.
Fixturing and tack welding can further reduce distortion during fabrication.
5. معالجة ما بعد اللحام
Post-weld annealing is usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content.
Stress relief may be applied in critical applications where dimensional stability or high-temperature service is required.
6. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical and food processing equipment
أوعية الضغط وأنظمة الأنابيب
Architectural structures
Heat exchangers and tanks requiring welded assemblies
الملخص
304L stainless steel provides قابلية لحام ممتازة due to its low carbon content, enabling strong, corrosion-resistant welds without the need for extensive post-weld heat treatment. Proper filler selection, heat control, and welding technique ensure reliable performance in industrial, chemical, and architectural applications.
التصنيع
Fabrication of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel widely used for its excellent corrosion resistance, weldability, and formability. It is highly versatile and can be fabricated using standard metalworking processes.
1. التشكيل
Cold Forming:
304L has excellent cold formability, making it suitable for bending, rolling, stamping, and deep drawing.
Work hardening occurs during deformation, so التلدين الوسيط may be necessary for extensive forming.
Hot Forming:
Hot working can be performed at 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت) to shape thick or complex components.
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces the effects of work hardening.
2. التقطيع والقص
Can be cut using shears, saws, laser cutting, or waterjet cutting.
Sharp tools and proper feeds are recommended to minimize work hardening and ensure smooth edges.
3. التصنيع الآلي
304L is صعوبة معتدلة في الماكينة due to its toughness and tendency to work harden.
أدوات كربيد الكربيد is preferred for high-speed cutting.
Coolants and cutting fluids help control heat and extend tool life.
4. اللحام
304L exhibits قابلية لحام ممتازة thanks to its low carbon content.
Prevents chromium carbide precipitation and intergranular corrosion in welded areas.
Common processes: TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), SMAW, and resistance welding.
معادن الحشو مثل ER308L are recommended for maintaining corrosion resistance.
5. العمل على البارد
Cold working increases strength via work hardening.
Extensive deformation reduces ductility, so التلدين بالمحلول may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication.
6. Surface Finishing
Can be supplied in various finishes, including 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished.
Cold working may require additional finishing to achieve desired surface aesthetics or corrosion resistance.
7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication
Chemical and food processing equipment
Pressure vessels, piping systems, and tanks
Architectural panels and structural components
Heat exchangers and welded assemblies
الملخص
304L stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Its low carbon content ensures corrosion resistance is maintained during welding and forming, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, architectural, and food processing applications.
العمل الساخن
Hot Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with excellent hot workability, allowing it to be formed, rolled, or forged at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and improves ductility, toughness, and uniformity in mechanical properties.
1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature
Typical range: 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت)
Working above this range may cause grain growth, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking.
2. Suitable Hot Working Processes
Hot Rolling: For sheets, plates, strips, and structural components
Hot Forging: For high-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: For rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: For thick or large components that are difficult to cold-work
3. Advantages of Hot Working
Reduces the effects of work hardening compared to cold working
Enhances ductility and toughness
Produces uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Enables fabrication of large, thick, or complex components
4. Post-Hot Working Treatments
Annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility.
Pickling or passivation enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working.
5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working
Structural components in industrial machinery
Automotive and aerospace parts
Pressure vessels and piping
Large sheets, plates, or complex forms requiring elevated-temperature shaping
الملخص
304L stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing rolling, forging, extrusion, and forming at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, structural, and high-performance applications.
مقاومة الحرارة
Heat Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with good high-temperature properties, suitable for service in moderately elevated temperatures. Its low carbon content minimizes التحسيس and maintains corrosion resistance during prolonged heat exposure.
1. درجة حرارة الخدمة المستمرة
مناسبة للخدمة المستمرة في أجواء مؤكسدة حتى 870 درجة مئوية تقريبًا (1600 درجة فهرنهايت).
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above this range may lead to oxidation scaling and reduced mechanical properties.
2. التعرض المتقطع
يمكن أن تتحمل intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant degradation.
Useful for components subjected to occasional thermal cycles.
3. مقاومة الأكسدة
تشكل طبقة أكسيد الكروم الواقية in oxidizing atmospheres.
Prevents scaling and surface deterioration in moderate temperature service.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.
4. التأثيرات الحرارية على الخواص الميكانيكية
Maintains good tensile strength and ductility up to moderate temperatures.
Prolonged exposure to high heat may reduce work-hardening effects in cold-worked material.
Grain growth can occur if improperly annealed at elevated temperatures.
5. التطبيقات المتعلقة بمقاومة الحرارة
المبادلات الحرارية ومكونات الفرن
Tanks and piping exposed to moderate high temperatures
Food and chemical processing equipment requiring heat exposure
Welded assemblies operating at elevated temperatures
6. مقارنة مع الرتب الأوستنيتية الأخرى
مقاومة الحرارة slightly lower than 321 or 347 stainless steels for long-term high-temperature service.
304L is chosen for applications emphasizing corrosion resistance and weldability rather than extreme high-temperature strength.
الملخص
304L stainless steel provides good heat resistance, suitable for continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Its low carbon content preserves corrosion resistance and prevents sensitization, making it ideal for welded assemblies and moderately high-temperature industrial applications.
قابلية التصنيع
Machinability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel that is صعوبة معتدلة في الماكينة. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require careful selection of tooling, cutting parameters, and cooling methods to achieve efficient machining and good surface finish.
1. سلوك التصلب في العمل
304L exhibits work hardening during cutting, especially when using slow feed rates or worn tooling.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous and smooth cutting helps minimize work-hardening.
2. توصيات الأدوات
أدوات كربيد الكربيد is preferred for high-speed and high-volume machining.
فولاذ عالي السرعة (HSS) tools can be used at lower cutting speeds.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and heat generation.
3. سرعات القطع والتغذية
Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Use moderate to heavy feeds to maintain continuous chip flow and prevent local work-hardening.
4. التبريد والتشحيم
يحتوي الفولاذ الأوستنيتي المقاوم للصدأ على توصيل حراري منخفض, causing heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Flood coolant, cutting oils, or high-pressure lubricants help reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
5. تشكيل الرقاقة
Chips are usually قاسية وخشنة, which can be difficult to remove.
Use chip breakers or specially designed inserts to manage chip evacuation effectively.
6. تشطيب السطح
Good surface finishes are achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and effective cooling.
Avoid dwelling or pauses on the workpiece, as these can create hardened spots and reduce finish quality.
الملخص
304L stainless steel has قابلية تشغيل آلي معتدلة, requiring sharp tools, controlled cutting parameters, and proper cooling to counteract work-hardening and achieve high-quality finished components. Its low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in welded and machined parts, making it suitable for industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
مقاومة التآكل
Corrosion Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel known for its excellent corrosion resistance in a wide range of environments. Its low carbon content minimizes ترسيب كربيد الكروم during welding, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected areas.
1. مقاومة التآكل العامة
Resists oxidation and general corrosion in atmospheric, industrial, and mildly corrosive environments.
أداء جيد في food, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications where hygiene and corrosion resistance are critical.
2. Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion
Low carbon (<0.03%) prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم during welding.
Protects against التحسيس in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and welded areas.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most applications.
3. مقاومة الكلوريدات
Moderately resistant to chloride-induced pitting and crevice corrosion, though less resistant than Mo-bearing grades like 316.
Suitable for freshwater, mild saltwater, and general chemical exposure, but not for highly concentrated chloride solutions.
4. التآكل في درجات الحرارة العالية
Continuous service up to ~870°C (1600°F) in oxidizing atmospheres.
Intermittent service up to ~925°C (1700°F).
Low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in high-temperature welding applications.
5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance
Pressure vessels, tanks, and piping in chemical and food-processing industries
Architectural structures and cladding exposed to weather
Heat exchangers and boilers
Welded assemblies in corrosive environments
6. مقارنة مع الرتب الأوستنيتية الأخرى
Better resistance to intergranular corrosion than 304 due to low carbon content.
Slightly lower chloride resistance than 316 or 317 stainless steels.
Preferred for welded assemblies and environments where corrosion resistance and weldability are both critical.
الملخص
304L stainless steel provides excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, particularly in welded structures, thanks to its low carbon content. It is suitable for a broad range of industrial, chemical, food-processing, and architectural applications, combining durability, hygiene, and reliability in corrosive environments.
المعالجة الحرارية
Heat Treatment of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel that is not hardened by heat treatment. Instead, heat treatment is used primarily to restore ductility, relieve residual stresses, and maintain corrosion resistance, particularly after cold working or welding.
1. Solution Annealing
الغرض:
Restore ductility after cold working
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any chromium carbides formed during improper heating
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 1010-1120 درجة مئوية (1850-2050 درجة فهرنهايت)
التبريد: Rapid air or water quenching to maintain a fully austenitic structure
التأثير:
Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
Maintains corrosion resistance due to low carbon content
2. تخفيف التوتر
الغرض: تقليل الضغوط المتبقية من التشكيل، أو الثني، أو اللحام
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 450-650 درجة مئوية (840-1200 درجة فهرنهايت)
التأثير: Minimizes distortion and reduces the risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. اعتبارات حالة العمل البارد
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility.
Intermediate solution annealing may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication steps.
4. المعالجة الحرارية لما بعد اللحام
Usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content (<0.03%).
Stress relief annealing may be applied in critical high-temperature or dimension-sensitive applications.
5. القيود
المعالجة الحرارية عدم زيادة الصلابة بشكل كبير; 304L relies on cold working for strengthening.
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above ~500°C may slightly reduce cold work strengthening effects.
الملخص
Heat treatment of 304L stainless steel is primarily for تخفيف الإجهاد واستعادة الليونة والحفاظ على مقاومة التآكل. Solution annealing and controlled stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 304L ideal for welded, cold-worked, and moderately high-temperature applications.
العمل البارد
Cold Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with excellent cold-working characteristics. Cold working increases القوة والصلابة through work hardening, while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. سلوك التصلب في العمل
304L work-hardens during cold deformation, increasing tensile and yield strength.
Excessive cold working reduces ductility, so intermediate annealing may be required for extensive forming.
2. عمليات العمل الباردة الشائعة
يتدحرج: For sheets, strips, and plates
الرسم: For wires, tubes, and rods
الثني والتشكيل: For clips, brackets, and structural components
الختم والرسم العميق: For intricate parts or industrial components
3. التحكم في الخواص الميكانيكية
Cold working allows adjustment of قوة الشد وقوة الخضوع والصلابة.
Extensive cold working may necessitate التلدين بالمحلول to restore ductility before further processing.
4. التأثير على مقاومة التآكل
304L’s low carbon content prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, الحفاظ على مقاومة التآكل حتى بعد العمل على البارد بشكل كبير.
Unlike standard 304, 304L is highly resistant to التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in welded or heavily worked areas.
5. اعتبارات ما بعد التشكيل
Solution annealing may be applied for stress relief and restoring formability if multiple cold-forming steps are required.
Cold working may induce slight المغناطيسية due to minor martensitic transformation, but this is typically negligible.
6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work
Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wire for chemical and food processing
Components requiring formability combined with corrosion resistance
الملخص
304L stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working properties, allowing increased strength through work hardening while maintaining corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, and structural applications.
