الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ، أوستنيتي
316Ti Stainless Steel (S31635) Sheet
A chromium-nickel-molybdenum-titanium austenitic stainless steel.
Grade 316 is an austenitic grade second only to 304 in commercial importance. 316 stainless steel contains an addition of molybdenum that gives it improved corrosion resistance. This is particularly apparent for pitting and crevice corrosion in chloride environments.
For elevated temperature applications the stabilised grade 316Ti stainless steel should be employed.
Stainless steel grade 316Ti contains a small amount of titanium. Titanium content is typically only around 0.5%. The titanium atoms stabilise the structure of the 316 at temperatures over 800°C. This prevents carbide precipitation at the grain boundaries and protects the metal from corrosion. The main advantage of 316Ti is that it can be held at higher temperatures for a longer period without sensitisation (precipitation) occurring. 316Ti retains physical and mechanical properties similar to standard grades of 316.
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316Ti Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| النظام/المعيار | البلد/المنطقة | الدرجة/التعيين |
| AISI | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 316Ti |
| UNS | الدولية | S31635 |
| EN / W.Nr.W. | أوروبا | 1.4571 |
| اسم EN | أوروبا | X6CrNiMoTi17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | 316Ti (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A182 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | F316Ti (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | TP316Ti (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية | TP316Ti (seamless pipe) |
| GB | الصين | 06Cr17Ni12Mo2Ti |
| JIS | اليابان | SUS316Ti |
الخصائص
التركيب الكيميائي
316Ti Stainless Steel Steel
EN10088-3
| العنصر الكيميائي | % الحاضر |
| الكربون (C) | 0.00 - 0.08 |
| الكروم (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| السيليكون (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| الفوسفور (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| الكبريت (S) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| النيكل (ني) | 10.50 - 13.50 |
| Titanium (Ti) | 0.40 - 0.70 |
| المنجنيز (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| الحديد (Fe) | الرصيد |
الخواص الميكانيكية
Bar Up to 160mm Diameter
EN10088-3
| الممتلكات الميكانيكية | القيمة |
| إجهاد الإثبات | 200 Min MPa |
| قوة الشد | 500 to 700 MPa |
| الاستطالة A50 مم | 40 دقيقة % % |
| Hardness Brinell | 215 Max HB |
الخصائص الفيزيائية العامة
| الممتلكات المادية | القيمة |
| الكثافة | 8.0 g/cm³ |
| Melting Point | 1400 °C |
| Thermal Expansion | 15.9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulus of Elasticity | 193 GPa |
| Thermal Conductivity | 16.3 W/m.K |
| Electrical Resistivity | 0.74 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium improves intergranular corrosion resistance, making it suitable for welded and high-temperature applications.
1. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Storage tanks, reactors, and piping for corrosive chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under high-temperature conditions
Components in oxidizing and mildly reducing chemical environments
2. Power Generation and High-Temperature Equipment
مكونات الغلاية والفرن
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and chimneys
Equipment exposed to temperatures up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently
3. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
Vessels and piping exposed to corrosive liquids and cleaning chemicals
Components requiring hygienic surfaces and high corrosion resistance
Equipment that undergoes frequent welding or assembly
4. Marine and Offshore Applications
Equipment and structures exposed to seawater and coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings in marine environments
5. Aerospace and Automotive Applications
Exhaust systems and turbocharger components
High-temperature, welded components where corrosion and thermal resistance are critical
6. Comparison to 316/316L
تثبيت التيتانيوم يمنع التحسيس during welding, unlike standard 316 or 316L
Suitable for high-temperature welded assemblies
Maintains mechanical properties and corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel is widely used in chemical, marine, pharmaceutical, food-processing, and high-temperature industrial applications due to its excellent corrosion resistance, titanium stabilization, and thermal stability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion in welded assemblies makes it a reliable choice for demanding environments.
Characteristics of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم that combines the corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel with enhanced intergranular corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. The addition of titanium makes it particularly suitable for welded components and high-temperature service.
1. Corrosion Resistance
مقاومة ممتازة لـ oxidation and general corrosion in mildly corrosive environments.
تثبيت التيتانيوم يمنع ترسيب كربيد الكروم, minimizing the risk of التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in welded areas.
أداء جيد في industrial, chemical, and marine environments.
2. High-Temperature Performance
Maintains mechanical strength and dimensional stability عند درجات حرارة مرتفعة.
Suitable for continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently, depending on the environment.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in high-temperature applications.
3. الخواص الميكانيكية
Excellent tensile strength, ductility, and toughness in both annealed and welded conditions.
Can be cold-worked or hot-worked to adjust strength and hardness.
Titanium addition ensures mechanical properties are maintained during welding and high-temperature exposure.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Good formability and workability using conventional cold and hot working processes.
Weldable with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding methods.
Titanium stabilization eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, heat exchangers, piping)
High-temperature boiler, furnace, and superheater components
Marine and offshore equipment exposed to corrosive atmospheres
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature welded components
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel combines excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature stability, and titanium stabilization to prevent sensitization in welded or high-temperature applications. Its properties make it ideal for chemical, marine, high-temperature industrial, and food-processing applications where reliability and durability are critical.
معلومات إضافية
قابلية اللحام
Weldability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع قابلية لحام ممتازة. The titanium addition prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected zones.
1. Suitable Welding Processes
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for thin sections and precise welds
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Commonly used for field and maintenance welding
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal components
2. فوائد تثبيت التيتانيوم
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation in the heat-affected zone.
Reduces the risk of التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية after welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Filler Material Recommendations
الاستخدام ER316Ti or ER316L filler wire for matching composition and corrosion resistance.
Ensure compatible filler material when welding dissimilar austenitic stainless steels.
4. Heat Input and Distortion Control
يحتوي الفولاذ الأوستنيتي المقاوم للصدأ على التمدد الحراري العالي, which may cause distortion.
Use moderate heat input and proper welding sequencing to minimize warping.
Tack welds can help maintain dimensional accuracy.
5. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical processing equipment and piping
Heat exchangers, superheaters, and high-temperature boilers
Marine and offshore components
Aerospace and automotive exhaust systems
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel exhibits قابلية لحام ممتازة, with titanium stabilization preventing intergranular corrosion in welded zones. It is ideal for high-temperature, chemical, marine, and food-processing applications where welded assemblies require durability and corrosion resistance.
التصنيع
Fabrication of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم that combines excellent corrosion resistance, high-temperature strength, and good formability. Its fabrication properties make it suitable for cold and hot working, machining, and welding while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. التشكيل
Cold Forming:
Suitable for bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work-hardens moderately; intermediate solution annealing may be needed for extensive deformation
Hot Forming:
Recommended for complex or thick components at 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت)
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces work-hardening
2. التقطيع والقص
Can be cut using laser, plasma, waterjet, or mechanical methods
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface roughness
3. التصنيع الآلي
Moderate machinability due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Carbide tools preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty operations
Coolants and lubricants are essential to reduce heat and improve surface finish
4. اللحام
Excellent weldability with TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
تثبيت التيتانيوم يمنع intergranular corrosion in heat-affected zones
Matching filler metals (ER316Ti) ensure optimal corrosion resistance
5. Cold and Hot Working
Cold working increases strength through work hardening
Hot working produces uniform ductility and mechanical properties, ideal for thick or complex components
6. Surface Finishing
Available in 2B, BA, and polished finishes
Cold-working may require additional polishing or pickling for aesthetic or corrosion-sensitive applications
7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication
Chemical and petrochemical equipment, reactors, and piping
High-temperature boiler and furnace components
Marine and offshore structures
Aerospace and automotive components
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel is highly versatile for fabrication, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding. Titanium stabilization ensures corrosion resistance is preserved throughout fabrication, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
العمل الساخن
Hot Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent hot workability, allowing it to be forged, rolled, or formed at elevated temperatures while maintaining mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
1. Recommended Hot Working Temperature
Typical range: 1010-1175 درجة مئوية (1850-2150 درجة فهرنهايت)
Exceeding this range may cause grain growth, reducing toughness
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking
2. Suitable Hot Working Processes
Hot Rolling: Plates, sheets, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components difficult to cold-work
3. Advantages of Hot Working
Reduces work hardening compared to cold working
Improves ductility and toughness
Produces uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Enables fabrication of large or complex components
4. Post-Hot Working Treatments
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Pickling or passivation can enhance surface corrosion resistance
5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working
Industrial machinery components
Chemical and petrochemical high-temperature equipment
Furnace, boiler, and heat exchanger components
Structural parts requiring elevated-temperature shaping
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel demonstrates excellent hot workability, allowing components to be formed or forged at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, industrial, and structural applications.
مقاومة الحرارة
Heat Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم designed for high-temperature applications. Titanium stabilization prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, ensuring corrosion resistance and mechanical stability at elevated temperatures.
1. درجة حرارة الخدمة المستمرة
Suitable for continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) in oxidizing atmospheres
Maintains mechanical strength, dimensional stability, and corrosion resistance in this range
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. التعرض المتقطع
يمكن أن تتحمل intermittent heating above 925°C without significant surface degradation
Ideal for components exposed to thermal cycling
3. مقاومة الأكسدة
تشكل طبقة أكسيد الكروم الواقية that resists oxidation and scaling
أداء جيد في industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Not recommended for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing environments at extreme temperatures
4. التأثيرات الحرارية على الخواص الميكانيكية
Retains tensile strength and ductility at moderate high temperatures
Cold-worked areas may lose some work-hardening benefits after prolonged heat exposure
Grain growth may occur if exposed to excessive heat without proper solution annealing
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature chemical processing equipment
Furnace, boiler, and superheater components
Heat exchangers and exhaust systems in industrial and aerospace applications
Marine and offshore components exposed to elevated temperatures
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel exhibits أداء ممتاز في درجات الحرارة العالية, with continuous service up to ~925°C. Titanium stabilization ensures mechanical properties and corrosion resistance are preserved in welded or high-temperature applications, making it ideal for chemical, industrial, marine, and aerospace environments.
قابلية التصنيع
Machinability of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع قابلية تشغيل آلي معتدلة. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require special attention to tooling, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve high-quality machining results.
1. سلوك التصلب في العمل
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens quickly during machining.
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear.
Continuous, smooth cutting minimizes localized work hardening.
2. توصيات الأدوات
Carbide tools are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower speeds for lighter operations.
Tools with positive rake angles reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish.
3. سرعات القطع والتغذية
Slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels are recommended.
Moderate to heavy feeds ensure continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots.
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent local work-hardening.
4. التبريد والتشحيم
Low thermal conductivity causes heat buildup at the cutting zone.
الاستخدام flood coolant or cutting fluids to reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently.
5. تشكيل الرقاقة
Chips are tough, stringy, and sticky, requiring chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage.
6. تشطيب السطح
High-quality surface finish can be achieved with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling.
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes.
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel has قابلية تشغيل آلي معتدلة, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. When properly managed, it can be machined with high precision and excellent surface finish, making it suitable for chemical, high-temperature, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications.
مقاومة التآكل
Corrosion Resistance of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent corrosion resistance, particularly in welded and high-temperature applications. Titanium addition prevents ترسيب كربيد الكروم, reducing the risk of intergranular corrosion.
1. مقاومة التآكل العامة
Highly resistant to oxidation and general corrosion in atmospheric and mildly corrosive environments.
Suitable for chemical, industrial, marine, and food-processing applications.
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or thermal exposure.
2. مقاومة التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية
Titanium binds with carbon, preventing chromium carbide formation along grain boundaries.
Minimizes التحسيس in the heat-affected zone during welding.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most cases.
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Performs moderately well in chloride-containing environments.
More resistant than 304/304L stainless steel but slightly less resistant than 316/317 in severe chloride conditions.
Suitable for marine, coastal, and mildly corrosive chemical applications.
4. التآكل في درجات الحرارة العالية
Maintains corrosion resistance during continuous service up to ~925°C (1700°F) intermittently.
Resistant to oxidation and scaling in hot, oxidizing atmospheres.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at extreme temperatures.
5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance
Chemical processing equipment (reactors, piping, heat exchangers)
Marine and offshore structures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Aerospace and automotive high-temperature components
Boiler, furnace, and heat exchanger parts
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel provides excellent general and intergranular corrosion resistance, especially in welded and high-temperature environments. Titanium stabilization ensures durability and reliability in chemical, marine, industrial, and food-processing applications, making it a robust choice for demanding conditions.
المعالجة الحرارية
Heat Treatment of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم that is not hardenable by heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, rather than to increase hardness.
1. Solution Annealing
الغرض:
Restore ductility after cold working or forming
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides that may form if exposed to improper temperatures
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 1010-1120 درجة مئوية (1850-2050 درجة فهرنهايت)
التبريد: Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
التأثير:
Restores mechanical properties to annealed condition
Preserves corrosion resistance due to titanium stabilization
2. تخفيف التوتر
الغرض: تقليل الضغوط المتبقية من التشكيل، أو الثني، أو اللحام
نطاق درجة الحرارة: 450-650 درجة مئوية (840-1200 درجة فهرنهايت)
التأثير: Minimizes distortion and reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Generally غير مطلوب because titanium stabilization prevents sensitization
Stress relief annealing may be applied for dimension-sensitive or high-temperature welded assemblies
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication steps
5. القيود
المعالجة الحرارية عدم زيادة الصلابة بشكل كبير
Prolonged exposure above ~500°C may reduce cold work strengthening effects slightly
الملخص
Heat treatment of 316Ti stainless steel is mainly for stress relief, ductility restoration, and preservation of corrosion resistance. Solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 316Ti ideal for welded, cold-worked, and high-temperature applications.
العمل البارد
Cold Working of 316Ti Stainless Steel
316Ti stainless steel is a الفولاذ المقاوم للصدأ الأوستنيتي المثبت بالتيتانيوم مع excellent cold-working properties. Cold working improves القوة والصلابة through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. سلوك التصلب في العمل
316Ti stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly during cold deformation.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
قد يتطلب العمل على البارد على نطاق واسع التلدين بالمحلول to restore ductility for further fabrication.
2. عمليات العمل الباردة الشائعة
يتدحرج: Sheets, strips, and plates
الرسم: Tubes, rods, and wires
الثني والتشكيل: Structural components, brackets, and clips
الختم والرسم العميق: Industrial and food-processing parts
3. Mechanical Property Control
Cold working allows adjustment of قوة الشد وقوة الخضوع والصلابة.
Solution annealing can be used if ductility needs to be restored for further forming.
4. التأثير على مقاومة التآكل
تثبيت التيتانيوم يمنع ترسيب كربيد الكروم, maintaining corrosion resistance after cold work.
Resistant to التآكل بين الخلايا الحبيبية in welded or heavily worked areas.
5. اعتبارات ما بعد التشكيل
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, usually negligible.
6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work
Springs, clips, and fasteners
Structural components requiring higher strength
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical and food-processing equipment
Formed components requiring both corrosion resistance and strength
الملخص
316Ti stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working characteristics, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, marine, and structural applications.
