Stainless Steel, Austenitic
316H Stainless Steel (S31609)
Una modifica ad alto contenuto di carbonio della lega 316 sviluppata per l'uso in servizio a temperature elevate.
The alloy has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is used for structural and pressure vessel applications at temperatures above 932°F (500°C). The higher carbon content of 316H also delivers higher tensile and yield strength than 316/316L and its austenitic structure provides excellent toughness down to cryogenic temperatures.
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, high-temperature variant of 316, combining enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures with excellent corrosion resistance. It is widely used in power generation, chemical processing, aerospace, and industrial applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are essential.
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316H Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Standard | Paese / Regione | Grado / Qualifica |
| AISI | Stati Uniti d'America | 316H |
| UNS | Internazionale | S31609 |
| DE / W.Nr. | Europa | 1.4401 (316 base grade) |
| Nome | Europa | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | Stati Uniti d'America | Type 316H (plate, sheet) |
| ASTM A182 | Stati Uniti d'America | F316H (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | Stati Uniti d'America | TP316H (boiler & heat-exchanger tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | Stati Uniti d'America | TP316H (seamless pipe) |
| Regno Unito | Cina | 07Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| JIS | Giappone | SUS316H |
| BS | REGNO UNITO | 316H |
| AFNOR | Francia | Z10CNS17-13 (approx. 316H type) |
Proprietà
Composizione chimica
316H Stainless Steel Bar
EN 10269:2013
| Elemento Chimico | % Presente |
| Carbonio (C) | 0.04 - 0.08 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molibdeno (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| Silicio (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fosforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Zolfo (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Nichel (Ni) | 10.00 - 13.00 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Nitrogen (N) | 0.00 - 0.10 |
| Ferro (Fe) | Equilibrio |
Proprietà Meccaniche
316H Stainless Steel Bar Up to 160mm
EN 10269:2013
| Proprietà meccaniche | Valore |
| Tensione di snervamento | 205 Min MPa |
| Resistenza alla trazione | 490 to 690 MPa |
| Allungamento A50 mm | 35 % |
Proprietà fisiche generali
| Proprietà fisica | Valore |
| Densità | 8.00 g/cm³ |
| Punto di fusione | 1400 °C |
| Dilatazione termica | 15.9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulo di elasticità | 193 GPa |
| Conduttività termica | 16.3 W/m.K |
| Resistività elettrica | 0.74 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature applications where resistenza e resistenza alla corrosione are critical. Its high carbon content gives it superior tensile strength at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for welded and high-stress components.
1. Power Generation
Boilers, superheaters, and steam piping in power plants
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers exposed to high-temperature steam
Components that require high creep and tensile strength
2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Reactors, vessels, and piping handling corrosive or high-temperature chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under elevated temperature conditions
Equipment exposed to oxidizing and mildly reducing environments
3. Aerospace and High-Temperature Engineering
Exhaust systems, turbocharger components, and high-temperature welded assemblies
Applications where both strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures are essential
4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
High-temperature sterilization equipment
Heat exchangers and vessels in hygienic applications where corrosion resistance is crucial
5. Marine and Offshore Applications
Components exposed to elevated-temperature seawater or coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings where high strength is needed under corrosion exposure
Riassunto
316H stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature industrial, chemical, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications. Its high carbon content and excellent corrosion resistance rendilo adatto a pressure vessels, boilers, piping, heat exchangers, and welded assemblies operating under demanding conditions.
Characteristics of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature service. It retains the excellent corrosion resistance of standard 316 stainless steel while offering enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures due to its higher carbon content.
1. High-Temperature Strength
Increased carbon content (typically 0.04–0.10%) provides higher tensile and creep strength than 316 or 316L at elevated temperatures.
Suitable for continuous service at temperatures up to ~800°C (1470°F).
Mantiene mechanical integrity under high thermal stress.
2. Resistenza alla corrosione
Excellent resistance to general corrosion, oxidation, and mildly reducing chemicals.
Funziona bene in oxidizing environments such as atmospheric, chemical, and marine conditions.
Retains corrosion resistance after welding, although stress relief may be recommended for high-temperature applications.
3. Mechanical Properties
High tensile strength and yield strength compared to standard 316 stainless steel.
Good Duttilità e tenacità, even at elevated temperatures.
Cold working improves strength further but reduces ductility.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Weldable using TIG, MIG, and SMAW processes.
Stress relief after welding is sometimes recommended to minimize thermal stresses in high-temperature applications.
Can be hot- or cold-worked with proper process controls.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and high-temperature industrial components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring both corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength
Riassunto
316H stainless steel combines the high-temperature strength of a high-carbon austenitic steel with the excellent corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel. It is particularly suited for pressure vessels, high-temperature piping, chemical equipment, and welded assemblies operating under demanding thermal and corrosive environments.
Informazioni aggiuntive
Saldabilità
Weldability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel, a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel, is generally saldabile con metodi convenzionali, though care must be taken due to its higher carbon content, which can increase the risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
1. Metodi di Saldatura Idonei
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise welds and thin sections
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Common for maintenance and field welding
Resistance Welding: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications
2. Considerations Due to High Carbon
Higher carbon content increases the risk of chromium carbide precipitation during welding.
Post-weld solution annealing or stress relief is recommended for high-temperature service to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Usa matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316 or ER316H) to reduce sensitization risk.
3. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Austenitic stainless steels expand more than carbon steels during welding.
Usa moderate heat input and proper welding sequence to minimize distortion and residual stresses.
Avoid prolonged welding in one area to reduce localized sensitization.
4. Applications Leveraging Weldability
High-temperature piping, boilers, and pressure vessels
Chemical processing reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and power generation components
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Riassunto
316H stainless steel is weldable with standard techniques, but the high carbon content requires careful attention to heat input, filler selection, and post-weld treatment. When properly welded, it maintains high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and structural integrity, making it suitable for pressure vessels, chemical, and high-temperature applications.
Fabbricazione
Fabrication of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature applications. Its fabrication combines standard austenitic stainless steel techniques with special considerations due to the elevated carbon content, which affects weldability, work hardening, and heat treatment.
Formazione
Cold Forming:
Adatto per bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work hardens moderately; extensive deformation may require intermediate solution annealing to restore ductility
Hot Forming:
Recommended for thicker sections or complex shapes
Typical range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Produces proprietà meccaniche uniformi and reduces work hardening
2. Cutting and Shearing
Can be cut with laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface defects
3. Machining
Moderate machinability due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Carbide tools preferred for heavy-duty or high-speed operations
Coolants and lubricants reduce heat, improve surface finish, and extend tool life
4. Welding
Can be welded using TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
Higher carbon content increases risk of sensitization, so post-weld solution annealing or stress relief may be needed for high-temperature service
Usa matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316H) for optimal corrosion resistance
5. Cold and Hot Working
Cold working increases strength via work hardening but decreases ductility
Hot working (forging, rolling) restores ductility and produces uniform grain structure
Proper process planning ensures both mechanical performance and corrosion resistance
6. Surface Finishing
Standard finishes: 2B, BA, or polished
Post-fabrication pickling or passivation may be applied to restore surface corrosion resistance
7. Applications Leveraging Fabrication
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and industrial high-temperature components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring high strength and corrosion resistance
Riassunto
316H stainless steel can be fabricated using standard forming, machining, and welding methods, ma its high carbon content requires careful handling to prevent sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance. Proper hot/cold working, welding procedures, and heat treatment make it ideal for high-temperature and demanding industrial applications.
Lavorazione a caldo
Hot Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature applications. Hot working is used to form or shape thick or complex components while maintaining mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
1. Temperatura Raccomandata per la Lavorazione a Caldo
Typical temperature range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Above this range, crescita del grano may occur, reducing toughness
Below this range, flow stress increases, making forming more difficult
2. Suitable Hot Working Processes
Laminazione a caldo: Plates, sheets, and structural components
Hot Forging: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Hot Extrusion: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Hot Pressing/Forming: Thick or large components that cannot be cold-worked
3. Vantaggi della lavorazione a caldo
Riduce incrudimento compared to cold working
Migliora Duttilità e tenacità
Produces uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Enables fabrication of large or complex components
4. Post-Hot Working Treatments
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Decapaggio o passivazione enhances surface corrosion resistance if needed
5. Applications Leveraging Hot Working
Pressure vessels, boilers, and piping in power plants
Heat exchangers and chemical reactors
Aerospace and industrial components subjected to high temperatures and stress
Riassunto
316H stainless steel exhibits excellent hot workability, allowing shaping and forming at 1010–1175°C. La lavorazione a caldo migliora ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for pressure vessels, chemical, high-temperature, and industrial applications.
Resistenza al calore
Heat Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature applications. Its increased carbon content provides enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures, making it suitable for pressure vessels, boilers, and high-temperature piping.
1. Temperatura di servizio continua
Adatto per continuous operation up to ~800°C (1470°F)
Mantiene mechanical properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance at elevated temperatures
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. Intermittent or Cyclic Exposure
Può tollerare short-term exposures above 800°C without significant surface degradation
Adatto per thermal cycling applications in industrial and power generation equipment
3. Resistenza all'ossidazione
Forma protective chromium oxide layer that resists oxidation and scaling
Funziona bene in industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Not suitable for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
4. Mechanical Properties at High Temperature
Retains tensile strength, creep resistance, and ductility
Hot-worked or cold-worked areas maintain good mechanical stability after proper heat treatment
Grain growth can occur if exposed to excessive heat without solution annealing
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature pressure vessels and boiler components
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace components exposed to elevated temperatures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment requiring high-temperature service
Riassunto
316H stainless steel offers excellent high-temperature performance, with continuous service up to ~800°C. Its high carbon content ensures superior tensile strength and creep resistance, while maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, industrial, and aerospace environments.
Lavorabilità
Machinability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel that exhibits lavorabilità moderata. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and relatively low thermal conductivity require careful tool selection, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve efficient machining with good surface finish.
1. Work-Hardening Behavior
316H work-hardens rapidly during machining
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear
Smooth, continuous cutting reduces localized work hardening
2. Raccomandazioni sugli strumenti
Carbide tools are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used for lighter cuts or slower operations
Positive rake angles help reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish
3. Cutting Speeds and Feeds
Usa slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels
Moderate to heavy feeds maintain continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent localized work hardening
4. Cooling and Lubrication
Usa flood coolant or cutting fluid to minimize heat buildup
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently
Riduce tool wear and improves surface finish
5. Chip Formation
Chips are tough, stringy, and sticky
Usa chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage chip formation
6. Surface Finish
Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling
Work-hardened areas may require finishing passes for a smooth surface
Riassunto
316H stainless steel has lavorabilità moderata, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. Proper machining ensures high-precision components with good surface finish and durability, adatto a high-temperature, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Resistenza alla corrosione
Corrosion Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature and corrosive environments. Its composition provides excellent general corrosion resistance while maintaining strength at elevated temperatures.
1. Resistenza generale alla corrosione
Resistente a oxidation, atmospheric corrosion, and mildly corrosive chemicals
Funziona bene in industrial, marine, and chemical environments
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or high-temperature service
2. Intergranular Corrosion
The higher carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk during welding
Post-weld solution annealing or stress-relief minimizes the risk of intergranular corrosion
Suitable for welded components with proper heat treatment
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Exhibits good resistance to chloride-induced corrosion
Better than 304/304L but slightly less than 316L in severe chloride conditions
Adatto per marine, coastal, and mildly aggressive chemical environments
4. High-Temperature Corrosion
Resistente a oxidation and scaling at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~800°C)
Funziona bene in steam, hot gases, and chemical processing environments
Not suitable for strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
5. Applications Leveraging Corrosion Resistance
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and condensers
Marine components exposed to elevated temperatures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment
Riassunto
316H stainless steel combines excellent high-temperature strength con Buona resistenza alla corrosione, especially in welded and industrial applications. Proper post-weld heat treatment ensures durability, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Trattamento termico
Heat Treatment of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel. Like other austenitic stainless steels, it is not hardenable by conventional heat treatment. Heat treatment is primarily used to relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, particularly after welding or cold working.
1. Solution Annealing
Scopo:
Restore ductility after cold working or forming
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides formed during high-temperature exposure
Temperature Range: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Raffreddamento: Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
Effect:
Restores mechanical properties
Maintains corrosion resistance due to titanium or high-carbon stabilization
2. Stress Relief Annealing
Scopo: Reduce residual stresses from forming, bending, or welding
Temperature Range: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Effect:
Minimizes distortion
Reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Generally recommended for high-temperature service applications
Relieves welding-induced stresses and reduces risk of sensitization
Helps maintain mechanical strength and corrosion resistance
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication
5. Limitations
Heat treatment does not significantly increase hardness
Excessive exposure at elevated temperatures may reduce cold-work strengthening effects slightly
Riassunto
Heat treatment of 316H stainless steel is primarily for stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance. Proper solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical properties for pressure vessels, boilers, chemical equipment, and high-temperature applications.
Lavorazione a freddo
Cold Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel con good cold-working characteristics. Cold working increases forza e durezza through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility, provided it is managed carefully.
1. Work-Hardening Behavior
316H stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly during cold deformation.
Strength and hardness increase, while ductility decreases as deformation progresses.
Extensive cold working may require solution annealing to restore ductility before further fabrication.
2. Cold Working Processes
Rotolamento: Sheets, strips, and plates
Drawing: Tubes, rods, and wires
Piegatura e Formatura Structural components, brackets, and clips
Stamping and Deep Drawing: Industrial, food-processing, and chemical equipment components
3. Mechanical Property Control
Cold working allows adjustment of tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness.
Intermediate solution annealing can restore ductility for further forming operations.
4. Effect on Corrosion Resistance
High carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk, but proper stress relief or solution annealing after cold work preserves intergranular corrosion resistance.
Suitable for components exposed to chemical, marine, or high-temperature environments.
5. Post-Forming Considerations
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor strain-induced martensite formation.
6. Applications Leveraging Cold Work
Springs, clips, and fasteners requiring higher strength
Structural components with both resistenza e resistenza alla corrosione
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical, marine, and high-temperature equipment
Formed components for food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications
Riassunto
316H stainless steel exhibits excellent cold-working properties, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and heat treatment ensures durable, high-performance components suitable for pressure vessels, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
