Acero inoxidable martensítico
416 Stainless Steel (S41600) Bar
Martensitic stainless steel machining bar.
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel conocida por su excellent machinability combined with good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. It is part of the 416 series, which are designed to provide improved mechanical properties while maintaining reasonable corrosion resistance.
Grade 416 is sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready machinability.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
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Gama
| Forma del producto | Condition | Tamaños imperiales | Medidas métricas |
| Barra redonda | QT650 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Barra redonda | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
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416 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Estándar | País / Región | Grado / Designación |
| AISI | EE.UU. | 416 |
| UNS | Internacional | S41600 |
| ES / W.Nr. | Europa | 1.4005 |
| ES Nombre | Europa | X12CrS13 |
| ASTM A276 | EE.UU. | 416 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A582 | EE.UU. | 416 (free-machining bars) |
| ASTM A314 | EE.UU. | 416 (forged/rolled bars) |
| JIS | Japón | SUS416 |
| BS | Reino Unido | 416S21 |
Propiedades
Composición química
1.4005 Steel
EN 10088-3
| Elemento químico | % Presente |
| Carbono (C) | 0.06 - 0.15 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| Manganeso (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| Silicio (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fósforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Azufre (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 |
| Molybdenum (Mo) | 0.00 - 0.60 |
| Hierro (Fe) | Equilibrio |
Propiedades mecánicas
Barra de hasta 160 mm de diámetro o grosor
EN 10088-3
| Propiedad mecánica | Valor |
| Prueba Estrés | 450 Mín MPa |
| Resistencia a la tracción | 650 - 850 MPa |
Propiedades físicas generales
| Propiedad física | Valor |
| Densidad | 7,75 g/cm³ |
| Expansión térmica | 9,9 x 10-6/K |
| Módulo de elasticidad | 200 GPa |
| Conductividad térmica | 24,9 W/m.K |
| Resistividad eléctrica | 0,57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel conocida por su excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. Se utiliza ampliamente en aplicaciones en las que precision machining and corrosion resistance are required.
1. Aplicaciones industriales
Valves, pumps, and fittings: Precision components requiring accurate machining.
Gears, shafts, and fasteners: Components subjected to moderate stress and wear.
Precision instruments and tooling: Applications needing tight tolerances and machinability.
2. Aplicaciones de automoción
Componentes del motor: Shafts, pins, and fasteners.
Fuel system parts: Where corrosion resistance and machinability are important.
3. Aplicaciones generales
Industrial machinery parts exposed to mild corrosive environments.
Custom mechanical components requiring good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance.
Resumen
416 stainless steel is primarily used in precision-machined components for industrial, automotive, and general mechanical applications, where machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength are essential.
Characteristics of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel designed for excellent machinability while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance and good mechanical strength. It is widely used for precision components where both performance and ease of machining are required.
1. Propiedades mecánicas
Gran resistencia y dureza: Can be heat treated to enhance mechanical properties.
Buena resistencia al desgaste: Suitable for components subjected to moderate stress and friction.
2. Machinability
Excellent machinability: One of the key advantages of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined efficiently with minimal tool wear compared to other martensitic stainless steels.
3. Corrosion Resistance
Resistencia moderada a oxidation and mild corrosive environments.
Not recommended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich environments.
4. Fabrication
Can be formed and machined easily due to its ductility and machinability.
Weldable using appropriate methods, but care must be taken to avoid sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance.
5. Aplicaciones
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Válvulas, bombas y accesorios
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
Resumen
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con excellent machinability, good mechanical strength, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for precision-machined components in automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
Información adicional
Fabricación
Fabrication of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. Its properties make it suitable for a variety of fabrication processes in industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
1. Formando
Trabajo en frío:
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled with care.
Rapid work hardening may require recocido intermedio for extensive forming.
Trabajo en caliente:
Temperatura recomendada: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex components.
2. Mecanizado
Excellent machinability is a primary advantage of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined with herramientas de acero rápido (HSS) o de carburo, maintaining sharp edges and precise tolerances.
Coolants are recommended to reduce heat buildup and tool wear.
3. Soldadura
Soldable con métodos convencionales (TIG, MIG, SMAW), but martensitic steels require care.
Preheating and post-weld tempering may be applied to reduce cracking and retain mechanical properties.
Filler metals should match the 416 grade for best corrosion and strength performance.
4. Tratamiento térmico
Puede ser hardened and tempered to increase strength and wear resistance.
Heat treatment also helps relieve stresses induced by cold working or machining.
5. Aplicaciones relacionadas con la fabricación
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Válvulas, bombas y accesorios
Automotive components and industrial machinery
Custom mechanical parts requiring machinability and corrosion resistance
Resumen
416 stainless steel is highly fabricable, offering excellent machinability, good mechanical properties, and moderate corrosion resistance. Proper forming, machining, welding, and heat treatment enable the production of precision components for automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
Soldabilidad
Weldability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel conocida por su excellent machinability and good mechanical strength. While it can be welded, certain precautions are necessary due to its high carbon content, lo que puede aumentar el riesgo de cracking and reduced corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone.
1. Welding Methods
Can be welded using standard methods:
TIG (GTAW) – for precise, high-quality welds
MIG (GMAW) – for faster production welding
SMAW (Stick Welding) – suitable for general fabrication
Care must be taken to avoid overheating, which can lead to cracking.
2. Consideraciones sobre la soldadura
Precalentamiento (150-300°C / 300-570°F) may be applied for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Revenido posterior a la soldadura is recommended to restore ductilidad y tenacidad and relieve residual stresses.
Filler metals matching 416 or compatible martensitic stainless steel should be used to maintain mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
3. Limitaciones
Higher carbon content increases the risk of agrietamiento intergranular.
Corrosion resistance in the weld zone may be slightly reduced compared to the base metal.
4. Aplicaciones relacionadas con la soldabilidad
Válvulas, bombas y accesorios que requieren ensamblajes soldados
Automotive components and shafts
Industrial machinery components that require joined parts with precise tolerances
Resumen
416 stainless steel is soldable, but due to its martensitic structure and high carbon content, welding requires controlled preheating, proper filler metals, and post-weld tempering. Following these practices ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welded joints adecuado para aplicaciones industriales, de automoción y de precisión.
Maquinabilidad
Machinability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel specifically designed for excellent machinability while maintaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its machinability makes it ideal for precision components and high-volume production.
1. Características clave del mecanizado
Excellent machinability: One of the primary advantages of 416 stainless steel among martensitic stainless steels.
Produces clean, continuous chips during machining.
Minimal tool wear compared to other high-carbon martensitic stainless steels.
2. Recomendaciones sobre herramientas
Herramientas de acero rápido (HSS) o carburo are recommended for efficiency and durability.
Adecuado cooling and lubrication help reduce heat buildup and improve surface finish.
Sharp tools are essential to minimize endurecimiento del trabajo of the material.
3. Consideraciones sobre el mecanizado
416 stainless steel can be turned, milled, drilled, or tapped with high precision.
Controlled cutting speeds and feed rates improve tool life and dimensional accuracy.
Mecanizado posterior alivio del estrés o templado para aplicaciones de alta resistencia o alto desgaste.
4. Aplicaciones relacionadas con la maquinabilidad
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Válvulas, bombas y accesorios
Automotive components and industrial machinery requiring tight tolerances
Custom mechanical parts in high-volume manufacturing
Resumen
416 stainless steel offers excellent machinability while retaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its ease of machining makes it suitable for precision components, automotive parts, industrial machinery, and high-volume production requiring accurate and efficient machining.
Resistencia a la corrosión
Corrosion Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that combines excellent machinability with moderate corrosion resistance. While it does not match the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels, it performs well in ambientes ligeramente corrosivos.
1. Resistencia general a la corrosión
Adecuado para mild oxidizing environments such as air, water, and light chemicals.
Better corrosion resistance than standard carbon steels, but lower than 300-series stainless steels.
2. Stress Corrosion Resistance
Resistencia moderada a agrietamiento por corrosión bajo tensión under normal service conditions.
Care should be taken in chloride-rich environments, where susceptibility increases, especially after welding or machining.
3. Corrosion Resistance After Machining or Welding
Low carbon content compared to some martensitic steels reduces the risk of sensitization.
Post-fabrication passivation or pickling can enhance surface corrosion resistance.
Heat treatment after welding or machining helps restore corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
4. Aplicaciones relacionadas con la resistencia a la corrosión
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly corrosive environments
Automotive components exposed to air or mild chemicals
Industrial machinery parts requiring moderate corrosion protection and high machinability
Resumen
416 stainless steel provides resistencia moderada a la corrosión, adecuado para ambientes ligeramente corrosivos. Combinado con su excellent machinability and mechanical strength, es ideal para precision components, industrial machinery, automotive parts, and other applications where corrosion is not extreme.
Trabajo en frío
Cold Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con good ductility and excellent machinability, making it suitable for a variety of cold working processes. Cold working improves strength and hardness but must be done carefully to avoid excessive work hardening.
1. Procesos de trabajo en frío
Doblado y conformado: Can be bent into precise shapes for industrial and automotive components.
Rodando: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and coils.
Dibujo y estampación: Used to create complex or deep-drawn parts.
Perforación y cizallamiento: Components requiring precision cutting can be fabricated with proper tooling.
2. Endurecimiento del trabajo
416 stainless steel el trabajo se endurece moderadamente durante el trabajo en frío.
Una deformación excesiva puede requerir recocido intermedio para restaurar la ductilidad.
El trabajo en frío aumenta tensile strength and hardness reduciendo al mismo tiempo la ductilidad.
3. Consideraciones sobre la fabricación
Utilice deformación gradual para evitar grietas o deformaciones.
Ensure proper utillaje y lubricación for smooth forming.
Los componentes trabajados en frío pueden beneficiarse de tratamiento térmico de alivio de tensiones antes del servicio, especialmente en aplicaciones sometidas a grandes esfuerzos.
4. Aplicaciones relacionadas con el trabajo en frío
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Válvulas, bombas y accesorios
Componentes de automoción
Industrial machinery parts requiring precisión dimensional y resistencia mecánica
Resumen
416 stainless steel exhibits buenas propiedades de trabajo en frío, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping. Cold working enhances resistencia y dureza pero puede requerir alivio de tensiones o recocido intermedio for extensive deformation. This makes 416 stainless steel suitable for precision components in industrial, automotive, and general engineering applications.
Tratamiento térmico
Heat Treatment of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that can be heat treated to enhance hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Heat treatment is essential for achieving the desired mechanical properties for precision components and industrial applications.
1. Recocido
Propósito: Relieve internal stresses from cold working or machining and restore ductility.
Rango de temperaturas: 815–900°C (1500–1650°F)
Refrigeración: Slow furnace cooling or air cooling, depending on desired properties.
2. Endurecimiento (temple)
Propósito: Aumentan la dureza y la resistencia a la tracción para aplicaciones resistentes al desgaste.
Rango de temperaturas: 980–1030°C (1800–1900°F)
Refrigeración: Rapid quenching in oil or water.
3. Templado
Propósito: Reduce la fragilidad tras el endurecimiento y mejora la tenacidad.
Rango de temperaturas: 150-370°C (300-700°F)
Achieves a equilibrio entre dureza, resistencia y ductilidad suitable for precision components.
4. Alivio del estrés
Aplicado a piezas mecanizadas o soldadas to minimize residual stress and prevent distortion.
Normalmente se hace en 425-650°C (800-1200°F) para duraciones moderadas.
5. Aplicaciones relacionadas con el tratamiento térmico
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring high strength and wear resistance
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
Resumen
416 stainless steel can be recocido, templado, revenido y aliviado de tensiones para lograr la combinación deseada de dureza, resistencia y ductilidad. Un tratamiento térmico adecuado garantiza componentes duraderos, resistentes al desgaste y dimensionalmente estables adecuado para aplicaciones industriales, de automoción y de precisión.
Resistencia al calor
Heat Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel primarily designed for excellent machinability and mechanical strength. Su heat resistance is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels, making it suitable for applications with intermittent or mild high-temperature exposure.
1. Temperatura de servicio continuo
Adecuado para continuous service up to approximately 315°C (600°F).
Maintains mechanical properties in moderately elevated temperatures but is not ideal for prolonged high-temperature oxidizing environments.
2. Exposición intermitente
Puede tolerar short-term exposure up to around 425°C (800°F).
High temperatures beyond this may lead to loss of strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
3. Resistencia a la oxidación
Forma una fina capa de óxido de cromo que proporciona protección limitada contra la oxidación.
Not recommended for ambientes oxidantes agresivos a alta temperatura.
4. Aplicaciones relacionadas con la resistencia al calor
Automotive components with moderate thermal exposure
Valves, pumps, and fittings in industrial machinery
Precision components requiring moderate strength retention at elevated temperatures
Resumen
416 stainless steel provides resistencia moderada al calor, adecuado para aplicaciones con temperaturas elevadas intermitentes o leves. Its combination of machinability, mechanical strength, and moderate thermal stability makes it ideal for industrial, automotive, and mechanical components que no requieren una exposición prolongada a altas temperaturas.
Trabajo en caliente
Hot Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel es un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance. Hot working can be used to shape or form components while reducing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. Temperatura de trabajo en caliente recomendada
Temperatura óptima: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Working above this range can cause crecimiento del grano, reduciendo las propiedades mecánicas.
Working below this range may increase the risk of agrietamiento.
2. Procesos de trabajo en caliente
Forja: Suitable for producing shafts, gears, and thick components.
Laminación en caliente: Used for plates, sheets, and strips.
Extrusión: Permite dar forma a varillas, barras y perfiles complejos.
Conformado y prensado en caliente: Permite la producción de piezas grandes o complejas con un endurecimiento mínimo.
3. Ventajas del trabajo en caliente
Reduce endurecimiento del trabajo en comparación con el trabajo en frío.
Mejora ductilidad y tenacidad, allowing for easier shaping of components.
Produce componentes con propiedades mecánicas uniformes throughout the part.
4. Tratamiento posterior al trabajo en caliente
Recocido may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility.
Decapado o pasivado puede mejorar la resistencia a la corrosión superficial si se forman incrustaciones durante el trabajo en caliente.
5. Aplicaciones relacionadas con el trabajo en caliente
Componentes de maquinaria industrial
Piezas de automoción que requieren forja o extrusión
Ejes, engranajes y componentes de precisión que requieren propiedades mecánicas uniformes
Resumen
416 stainless steel exhibits buenas propiedades de trabajo en caliente, que permiten la forja, el laminado, la extrusión y el conformado en caliente en 980–1150°C. El trabajo en caliente mejora ductilidad, reduce el endurecimiento por deformación y garantiza propiedades mecánicas uniformes., making 416 stainless steel suitable for componentes industriales, de automoción y de precisión.
