Stainless Steel, Martensitic
416 Stainless Steel (S41600) Bar
Barre da lavorazione di acciaio inossidabile martensitico.
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel noto per il suo excellent machinability combined with good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. It is part of the 416 series, which are designed to provide improved mechanical properties while maintaining reasonable corrosion resistance.
Grade 416 is sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready machinability.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
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| Modulo Prodotto | Condizione | Misure imperiali | Dimensioni metriche |
| Barra tonda | QT650 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Barra tonda | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
NOTA BENE
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416 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Standard | Paese / Regione | Grado / Qualifica |
| AISI | Stati Uniti d'America | 416 |
| UNS | Internazionale | S41600 |
| DE / W.Nr. | Europa | 1.4005 |
| Nome | Europa | X12CrS13 |
| ASTM A276 | Stati Uniti d'America | 416 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A582 | Stati Uniti d'America | 416 (free-machining bars) |
| ASTM A314 | Stati Uniti d'America | 416 (forged/rolled bars) |
| JIS | Giappone | SUS416 |
| BS | REGNO UNITO | 416S21 |
Proprietà
Composizione chimica
1.4005 Steel
UNI EN 10088-3
| Elemento Chimico | % Presente |
| Carbonio (C) | 0.06 - 0.15 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| Silicio (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fosforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Zolfo (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 |
| Molibdeno (Mo) | 0.00 - 0.60 |
| Ferro (Fe) | Equilibrio |
Proprietà Meccaniche
Bar Up to 160mm Dia or Thickness
UNI EN 10088-3
| Proprietà meccaniche | Valore |
| Tensione di snervamento | 450 Min MPa |
| Resistenza alla trazione | 650 - 850 MPa |
Proprietà fisiche generali
| Proprietà fisica | Valore |
| Densità | 7,75 g/cm³ |
| Dilatazione termica | 9.9 x 10-6/K |
| Modulo di elasticità | 200 GPa |
| Conduttività termica | 24.9 W/m.K |
| Resistività elettrica | 0.57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel noto per il suo excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. È ampiamente utilizzato in applicazioni in cui precision machining and corrosion resistance are required.
1. Industrial Applications
Valves, pumps, and fittings: Precision components requiring accurate machining.
Gears, shafts, and fasteners: Components subjected to moderate stress and wear.
Precision instruments and tooling: Applications needing tight tolerances and machinability.
2. Applicazioni automobilistiche
Engine components: Shafts, pins, and fasteners.
Fuel system parts: Where corrosion resistance and machinability are important.
3. General Applications
Industrial machinery parts exposed to mild corrosive environments.
Custom mechanical components requiring good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance.
Riassunto
416 stainless steel is primarily used in precision-machined components for industrial, automotive, and general mechanical applications, where machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength are essential.
Characteristics of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel designed for excellent machinability while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance and good mechanical strength. It is widely used for precision components where both performance and ease of machining are required.
1. Proprietà meccaniche
High strength and hardness: Can be heat treated to enhance mechanical properties.
Good wear resistance: Suitable for components subjected to moderate stress and friction.
2. Machinability
Excellent machinability: One of the key advantages of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined efficiently with minimal tool wear compared to other martensitic stainless steels.
3. Corrosion Resistance
Moderate resistance to oxidation and mild corrosive environments.
Not recommended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich environments.
4. Fabrication
Can be formed and machined easily due to its ductility and machinability.
Weldable using appropriate methods, but care must be taken to avoid sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance.
5. Applicazioni
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
Riassunto
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con excellent machinability, good mechanical strength, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for precision-machined components in automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
Informazioni aggiuntive
Fabbricazione
Fabrication of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. Its properties make it suitable for a variety of fabrication processes in industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
Formazione
Lavorazione a freddo
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled with care.
Rapid work hardening may require intermediate annealing for extensive forming.
Lavorazione a caldo:
Recommended temperature range: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex components.
2. Lavorazione meccanica
Excellent machinability is a primary advantage of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined with acciaio rapido (HSS) o utensili in carburo, maintaining sharp edges and precise tolerances.
Coolants are recommended to reduce heat buildup and tool wear.
Saldatura
Weldable using conventional methods (TIG, MIG, SMAW), but martensitic steels require care.
Preheating and post-weld tempering may be applied to reduce cracking and retain mechanical properties.
Filler metals should match the 416 grade for best corrosion and strength performance.
4. Trattamento Termico
Can be hardened and tempered to increase strength and wear resistance.
Heat treatment also helps relieve stresses induced by cold working or machining.
5. Applicazioni correlate alla fabbricazione
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery
Custom mechanical parts requiring machinability and corrosion resistance
Riassunto
416 stainless steel is highly fabricable, offering excellent machinability, good mechanical properties, and moderate corrosion resistance. Proper forming, machining, welding, and heat treatment enable the production of precision components for automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
Saldabilità
Weldability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel noto per il suo excellent machinability and good mechanical strength. While it can be welded, certain precautions are necessary due to its high carbon content, which can increase the risk of cracking and reduced corrosion resistance in the heat-affected zone.
1. Welding Methods
Can be welded using standard methods:
TIG (GTAW) – for precise, high-quality welds
MIG (GMAW) – for faster production welding
SMAW (Stick Welding) – suitable for general fabrication
Care must be taken to avoid overheating, which can lead to cracking.
2. Considerazioni sulla saldatura
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) may be applied for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Post-weld tempering is recommended to restore Duttilità e tenacità and relieve residual stresses.
Filler metals matching 416 or compatible martensitic stainless steel should be used to maintain mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
3. Limitazioni
Higher carbon content increases the risk of intergranular cracking.
Corrosion resistance in the weld zone may be slightly reduced compared to the base metal.
4. Applicazioni relative alla saldabilità
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring welded assemblies
Automotive components and shafts
Industrial machinery components that require joined parts with precise tolerances
Riassunto
416 stainless steel is saldabile, but due to its martensitic structure and high carbon content, welding requires controlled preheating, proper filler metals, and post-weld tempering. Following these practices ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welded joints suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
Lavorabilità
Machinability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel specifically designed for excellent machinability while maintaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its machinability makes it ideal for precision components and high-volume production.
1. Caratteristiche Chiave di Lavorazione
Excellent machinability: One of the primary advantages of 416 stainless steel among martensitic stainless steels.
Produces clean, continuous chips during machining.
Minimal tool wear compared to other high-carbon martensitic stainless steels.
2. Raccomandazioni sugli strumenti
Acciai rapidi (HSS) o utensili in carburo are recommended for efficiency and durability.
Proper cooling and lubrication help reduce heat buildup and improve surface finish.
Sharp tools are essential to minimize incrudimento of the material.
3. Considerazioni sulla lavorazione
416 stainless steel can be turned, milled, drilled, or tapped with high precision.
Controlled cutting speeds and feed rates improve tool life and dimensional accuracy.
Post-machining stress relief or tempering may be applied for high-strength or high-wear applications.
4. Applicazioni relative alla lavorabilità
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery requiring tight tolerances
Custom mechanical parts in high-volume manufacturing
Riassunto
416 stainless steel offers excellent machinability while retaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its ease of machining makes it suitable for precision components, automotive parts, industrial machinery, and high-volume production requiring accurate and efficient machining.
Resistenza alla corrosione
Corrosion Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that combines excellent machinability with moderate corrosion resistance. While it does not match the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels, it performs well in mildly corrosive environments.
1. Resistenza generale alla corrosione
Adatto per mild oxidizing environments such as air, water, and light chemicals.
Better corrosion resistance than standard carbon steels, but lower than 300-series stainless steels.
2. Stress Corrosion Resistance
Moderate resistance to stress corrosion cracking under normal service conditions.
Care should be taken in chloride-rich environments, where susceptibility increases, especially after welding or machining.
3. Corrosion Resistance After Machining or Welding
Low carbon content compared to some martensitic steels reduces the risk of sensitization.
Post-fabrication passivation or pickling can enhance surface corrosion resistance.
Heat treatment after welding or machining helps restore corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
4. Applicazioni Relative alla Resistenza alla Corrosione
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly corrosive environments
Automotive components exposed to air or mild chemicals
Industrial machinery parts requiring moderate corrosion protection and high machinability
Riassunto
416 stainless steel provides moderate corrosion resistance, adatto a mildly corrosive environments. Abbinato con il suo excellent machinability and mechanical strength, è ideale per precision components, industrial machinery, automotive parts, and other applications where corrosion is not extreme.
Lavorazione a freddo
Cold Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con good ductility and excellent machinability, making it suitable for a variety of lavorazioni a freddo. Cold working improves strength and hardness but must be done carefully to avoid excessive work hardening.
1. Lavorazioni a freddo
Piegatura e Formatura Can be bent into precise shapes for industrial and automotive components.
Rotolamento: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and coils.
Disegno e Stampa: Used to create complex or deep-drawn parts.
Puntinatura e tranciatura Components requiring precision cutting can be fabricated with proper tooling.
2. Lavorazione a freddo
416 stainless steel work hardens moderately during cold working.
Excessive deformation may require intermediate annealing per ripristinare la duttilità.
Cold working increases tensile strength and hardness while reducing ductility.
3. Considerazioni sulla fabbricazione
Usa deformazione graduale per evitare screpolature o distorsioni.
Ensure proper tooling and lubrication for smooth forming.
Cold-worked components may benefit from stress-relief heat treatment before service, especially in high-stress applications.
4. Applicazioni relative alla lavorazione a freddo
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components
Industrial machinery parts requiring dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength
Riassunto
416 stainless steel exhibits good cold working properties, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping. Cold working enhances forza e durezza but may require stress relief or intermediate annealing for extensive deformation. This makes 416 stainless steel suitable for precision components in industrial, automotive, and general engineering applications.
Trattamento termico
Heat Treatment of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that can be heat treated to enhance hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Heat treatment is essential for achieving the desired mechanical properties for precision components and industrial applications.
Ricottura
Scopo: Relieve internal stresses from cold working or machining and restore ductility.
Intervallo di temperatura: 815–900°C (1500–1650°F)
Raffreddamento: Slow furnace cooling or air cooling, depending on desired properties.
2. Hardening (Quenching)
Scopo: Increase hardness and tensile strength for wear-resistant applications.
Intervallo di temperatura: 980–1030°C (1800–1900°F)
Raffreddamento: Rapid quenching in oil or water.
3. Tempering
Scopo: Reduce brittleness after hardening and improve toughness.
Intervallo di temperatura: 150–370°C (300–700°F)
Achieves a balance of hardness, strength, and ductility suitable for precision components.
4. Stress Relief
Applied to machined or welded parts to minimize residual stress and prevent distortion.
Typically done at 425–650°C (800–1200°F) for moderate durations.
5. Applications Related to Heat Treatment
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring high strength and wear resistance
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
Riassunto
416 stainless steel can be annealed, hardened, tempered, and stress-relieved to achieve the desired combination of hardness, strength, and ductility. Proper heat treatment ensures durable, wear-resistant, and dimensionally stable components suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
Resistenza al calore
Heat Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel primarily designed for excellent machinability and mechanical strength. Its heat resistance is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels, making it suitable for applications with intermittent or mild high-temperature exposure.
1. Temperatura di servizio continua
Adatto per continuous service up to approximately 315°C (600°F).
Maintains mechanical properties in moderately elevated temperatures but is not ideal for prolonged high-temperature oxidizing environments.
2. Intermittent Exposure
Può tollerare short-term exposure up to around 425°C (800°F).
High temperatures beyond this may lead to loss of strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
3. Resistenza all'ossidazione
Forms a thin chromium oxide layer that provides limited protection against oxidation.
Non raccomandato per high-temperature, aggressive oxidizing environments.
4. Applicazioni correlate alla resistenza al calore
Automotive components with moderate thermal exposure
Valves, pumps, and fittings in industrial machinery
Precision components requiring moderate strength retention at elevated temperatures
Riassunto
416 stainless steel provides resistenza moderata al calore, adatto a applications with intermittent or mild elevated temperatures. La sua combinazione di machinability, mechanical strength, and moderate thermal stability lo rende ideale per industrial, automotive, and mechanical components that do not require prolonged exposure to high heat.
Lavorazione a caldo
Hot Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel è un martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel con good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance. Hot working can be used to shape or form components while reducing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. Temperatura Raccomandata per la Lavorazione a Caldo
Intervallo di temperatura ottimale: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Working above this range can cause crescita del grano, riducendo le proprietà meccaniche.
Working below this range may increase the risk of cracking.
2. Processi di Lavorazione a Caldo
Forgiatura: Suitable for producing shafts, gears, and thick components.
Laminazione a caldo: Used for plates, sheets, and strips.
Extrusion: Allows shaping of rods, bars, and complex profiles.
Hot Forming and Pressing: Enables production of large or intricate parts with minimal work hardening.
3. Vantaggi della lavorazione a caldo
Riduce incrudimento rispetto alla lavorazione a freddo.
Migliora Duttilità e tenacità, allowing for easier shaping of components.
Produce componenti con proprietà meccaniche uniformi throughout the part.
4. Trattamenti Post-Lavorazione a Caldo
Ricottura may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility.
Decapaggio o passivazione can enhance surface corrosion resistance if scale forms during hot working.
5. Applicazioni relative alla lavorazione a caldo
Componenti di macchinari industriali
Automotive parts requiring forging or extrusion
Shafts, gears, and precision components that require uniform mechanical properties
Riassunto
416 stainless steel exhibits buone proprietà di lavorazione a caldo, consentendo tranciatura, laminazione, estrusione e formatura a caldo a 980–1150°C. La lavorazione a caldo migliora duttilità, riduce l'incrudimento e garantisce proprietà meccaniche uniformi, making 416 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision components.
