Stainless Steel, Martensitic
416 Stainless Steel (S41600) Bar
Martensitic stainless steel machining bar.
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel known for its excellent machinability combined with good corrosion resistance and moderate strength. It is part of the 416 series, which are designed to provide improved mechanical properties while maintaining reasonable corrosion resistance.
Grade 416 is sometimes used in the unhardened or hardened and highly tempered condition because of its low cost and ready machinability.
Martensitic stainless steels are optimised for high hardness, and other properties are to some degree compromised. Fabrication must be by methods that allow for poor weldability and usually also allow for a final harden and temper heat treatment. Corrosion resistance is lower than the common austenitic grades, and their useful operating temperature range is limited by their loss of ductility at sub-zero temperatures and loss of strength by over-tempering at elevated temperatures.
ດາວໂຫຼດ PDF
ຂອບເຂດ
| ແບບຟອມຜະລິດຕະພັນ | ເງື່ອນໄຂ | ຂະໜາດອິມພີເຣຍລ | ຂະໜາດແມັດຕຣິກ |
| Round Bar | QT650 | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
| Round Bar | Condition P | 1⁄8" - 6" | 4mm - 30mm |
ກະລຸນາຮັບຊາບ
ຖ້າທ່ານບໍ່ເຫັນສິ່ງທີ່ທ່ານກຳລັງຊອກຫາ, ກະລຸນາຕິດຕໍ່ຫາທ່ານ ສູນບໍລິການທ້ອງຖິ່ນ ກັບຄວາມຕ້ອງການສະເພາະຂອງທ່ານ.
416 Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| ລະບົບ / ມາດຕະຖານ | ປະເທດ / ພາກພື້ນ | ຊັ້ນ / ຕຳແໜ່ງ |
| AISI | ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | 416 |
| ສະຫະປະຊາຊາດ | ສາກົນ | S41600 |
| EN / W.Nr. | ເອີຣົບ | 1.4005 |
| ຊື່ EN | ເອີຣົບ | X12CrS13 |
| ASTM A276 | ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | 416 (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A582 | ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | 416 (free-machining bars) |
| ASTM A314 | ສະຫະລັດອາເມລິກາ | 416 (forged/rolled bars) |
| ຈີໄອເອສ | ຍີ່ປຸ່ນ | SUS416 |
| ບີເອສ | ອັງກິດ | 416S21 |
ຊັບສິນ
ສ່ວນປະກອບທາງເຄມີ
1.4005 Steel
EN 10088-3
| ທາດເຄມີ | % ປັດຈຸບັນ |
| ຄາບອນ (C) | 0.06 - 0.15 |
| ໂຄຣມຽມ (Cr) | 12.00 - 14.00 |
| ແມງການີສ (Mn) | 0.00 - 1.50 |
| ຊິລິໂຄນ (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| ຟອສຟໍຣັດ (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| ຊູນຟູຣິກ (S) | 0.15 - 0.35 |
| ໂມລິບດີນຳ (ໂມ) | 0.00 - 0.60 |
| ທາດເຫຼັກ (Fe) | ຍອດເງິນ |
ຄຸນສົມບັດທາງກົນຈັກ
Bar Up to 160mm Dia or Thickness
EN 10088-3
| ຊັບສິນທາງກົນຈັກ | ມູນຄ່າ |
| ຫຼັກຖານຄວາມກົດດັນ | 450 MPa ຕໍ່າສຸດ |
| ຄວາມຕ້ານທານແຮງດຶງ | 650 - 850 MPa |
ຄຸນສົມບັດທາງກາຍະພາບທົ່ວໄປ
| ຊັບສິນທາງກາຍະພາບ | ມູນຄ່າ |
| ຄວາມໜາແໜ້ນ | 7.75 g/cm³ |
| ການຂະຫຍາຍຕົວທາງຄວາມຮ້ອນ | 9.9 x 10-6/K |
| ໂມດູນຄວາມຍືດຫຍຸ່ນ | 200 ເກຣດພາສ |
| ການນຳຄວາມຮ້ອນ | 24.9 W/m.K |
| ຄວາມຕ້ານທານໄຟຟ້າ | 0.57 x 10-6 Ω .m |
Applications of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel known for its excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. It is widely used in applications where precision machining and corrosion resistance are required.
1. Industrial Applications
Valves, pumps, and fittings: Precision components requiring accurate machining.
Gears, shafts, and fasteners: Components subjected to moderate stress and wear.
Precision instruments and tooling: Applications needing tight tolerances and machinability.
2. Automotive Applications
Engine components: Shafts, pins, and fasteners.
Fuel system parts: Where corrosion resistance and machinability are important.
3. General Applications
Industrial machinery parts exposed to mild corrosive environments.
Custom mechanical components requiring good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance.
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel is primarily used in precision-machined components for industrial, automotive, and general mechanical applications, where machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and mechanical strength are essential.
Characteristics of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel ອອກແບບມາສຳລັບ excellent machinability while maintaining moderate corrosion resistance and good mechanical strength. It is widely used for precision components where both performance and ease of machining are required.
1. Mechanical Properties
High strength and hardness: Can be heat treated to enhance mechanical properties.
Good wear resistance: Suitable for components subjected to moderate stress and friction.
2. Machinability
Excellent machinability: One of the key advantages of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined efficiently with minimal tool wear compared to other martensitic stainless steels.
3. Corrosion Resistance
ຄວາມຕ້ານທານປານກາງຕໍ່ oxidation and mild corrosive environments.
Not recommended for highly corrosive or chloride-rich environments.
4. Fabrication
Can be formed and machined easily due to its ductility and machinability.
Weldable using appropriate methods, but care must be taken to avoid ການເຮັດໃຫ້ຮູ້ສຶກໄວ and maintain corrosion resistance.
5. Applications
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel ດ້ວຍ excellent machinability, good mechanical strength, and moderate corrosion resistance. Its combination of properties makes it ideal for precision-machined components in automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
ຂໍ້ມູນເພີ່ມເຕີມ
ການຜະລິດ
Fabrication of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel ດ້ວຍ excellent machinability, moderate corrosion resistance, and good mechanical strength. Its properties make it suitable for a variety of fabrication processes in industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
1. ການຂຶ້ນຮູບ
Cold Working:
Can be bent, drawn, or rolled with care.
Rapid work hardening may require ການອົບແຫ້ງລະດັບປານກາງ for extensive forming.
Hot Working:
Recommended temperature range: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Suitable for forging, hot rolling, or extrusion to shape thick or complex components.
2. Machining
Excellent machinability is a primary advantage of 416 stainless steel.
Can be machined with high-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools, maintaining sharp edges and precise tolerances.
Coolants are recommended to reduce heat buildup and tool wear.
3. Welding
Weldable using conventional methods (TIG, MIG, SMAW), but martensitic steels require care.
Preheating and post-weld tempering may be applied to reduce cracking and retain mechanical properties.
Filler metals should match the 416 grade for best corrosion and strength performance.
4. Heat Treatment
ສາມາດເປັນໄດ້ hardened and tempered to increase strength and wear resistance.
Heat treatment also helps relieve stresses induced by cold working or machining.
5. Applications Related to Fabrication
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery
Custom mechanical parts requiring machinability and corrosion resistance
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel is highly fabricable, offering excellent machinability, good mechanical properties, and moderate corrosion resistance. Proper forming, machining, welding, and heat treatment enable the production of precision components for automotive, industrial, and general engineering applications.
ຄວາມສາມາດໃນການເຊື່ອມ
Weldability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel known for its excellent machinability and good mechanical strength. While it can be welded, certain precautions are necessary due to its high carbon content, which can increase the risk of cracking and reduced corrosion resistance ໃນເຂດທີ່ໄດ້ຮັບຜົນກະທົບຈາກຄວາມຮ້ອນ.
1. Welding Methods
Can be welded using standard methods:
ເຄື່ອງຈັກ TIG (GTAW) – for precise, high-quality welds
ເຄື່ອງຈັກ MIG (GMAW) – for faster production welding
SMAW (Stick Welding) – suitable for general fabrication
Care must be taken to avoid overheating, which can lead to cracking.
2. Welding Considerations
Preheating (150–300°C / 300–570°F) may be applied for thicker sections to reduce thermal stress.
Post-weld tempering is recommended to restore ຄວາມຍືດຫຍຸ່ນ ແລະ ຄວາມແຂງກະດ້າງ and relieve residual stresses.
Filler metals matching 416 or compatible martensitic stainless steel should be used to maintain mechanical properties and corrosion resistance.
3. Limitations
Higher carbon content increases the risk of intergranular cracking.
Corrosion resistance in the weld zone may be slightly reduced compared to the base metal.
4. Applications Related to Weldability
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring welded assemblies
Automotive components and shafts
Industrial machinery components that require joined parts with precise tolerances
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel is weldable, but due to its martensitic structure and high carbon content, welding requires controlled preheating, proper filler metals, and post-weld tempering. Following these practices ensures strong, durable, and moderately corrosion-resistant welded joints suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
ຄວາມສາມາດໃນການປຸງແຕ່ງ
Machinability of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel specifically designed for excellent machinability while maintaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its machinability makes it ideal for precision components and high-volume production.
1. Key Machining Characteristics
Excellent machinability: One of the primary advantages of 416 stainless steel among martensitic stainless steels.
ຜະລິດ clean, continuous chips during machining.
Minimal tool wear compared to other high-carbon martensitic stainless steels.
2. ຄໍາແນະນໍາກ່ຽວກັບເຄື່ອງມື
High-speed steel (HSS) or carbide tools are recommended for efficiency and durability.
ເໝາະສົມ cooling and lubrication help reduce heat buildup and improve surface finish.
Sharp tools are essential to minimize ການແຂງຕົວຂອງວຽກ of the material.
3. Machining Considerations
416 stainless steel can be turned, milled, drilled, or tapped with high precision.
Controlled cutting speeds and feed rates improve tool life and dimensional accuracy.
Post-machining stress relief or tempering may be applied for high-strength or high-wear applications.
4. Applications Related to Machinability
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components and industrial machinery requiring tight tolerances
Custom mechanical parts in high-volume manufacturing
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel offers excellent machinability while retaining good corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Its ease of machining makes it suitable for precision components, automotive parts, industrial machinery, and high-volume production requiring accurate and efficient machining.
ຄວາມຕ້ານທານການກັດກ່ອນ
Corrosion Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that combines excellent machinability with moderate corrosion resistance. While it does not match the corrosion resistance of austenitic stainless steels, it performs well in mildly corrosive environments.
1. ຄວາມຕ້ານທານການກັດກ່ອນທົ່ວໄປ
ເໝາະສົມສຳລັບ mild oxidizing environments such as air, water, and light chemicals.
Better corrosion resistance than standard carbon steels, but lower than 300-series stainless steels.
2. Stress Corrosion Resistance
ຄວາມຕ້ານທານປານກາງຕໍ່ stress corrosion cracking under normal service conditions.
Care should be taken in chloride-rich environments, where susceptibility increases, especially after welding or machining.
3. Corrosion Resistance After Machining or Welding
Low carbon content compared to some martensitic steels reduces the risk of ການເຮັດໃຫ້ຮູ້ສຶກໄວ.
Post-fabrication passivation or pickling can enhance surface corrosion resistance.
Heat treatment after welding or machining helps restore corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
4. Applications Related to Corrosion Resistance
Valves, pumps, and fittings in mildly corrosive environments
Automotive components exposed to air or mild chemicals
Industrial machinery parts requiring moderate corrosion protection and high machinability
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel provides moderate corrosion resistance, suitable for mildly corrosive environments. Combined with its excellent machinability and mechanical strength, it is ideal for precision components, industrial machinery, automotive parts, and other applications where corrosion is not extreme.
ການເຮັດວຽກເຢັນ
Cold Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel ດ້ວຍ good ductility and excellent machinability, making it suitable for a variety of cold working processes. Cold working improves strength and hardness but must be done carefully to avoid excessive work hardening.
1. Cold Working Processes
ການບິດງໍ ແລະ ການຂຶ້ນຮູບ: Can be bent into precise shapes for industrial and automotive components.
ມ້ວນ: Suitable for producing sheets, strips, and coils.
Drawing and Stamping: Used to create complex or deep-drawn parts.
Punching and Shearing: Components requiring precision cutting can be fabricated with proper tooling.
2. Work Hardening
416 stainless steel work hardens moderately during cold working.
Excessive deformation may require ການອົບແຫ້ງລະດັບປານກາງ ເພື່ອຟື້ນຟູຄວາມຍືດຫຍຸ່ນ.
Cold working increases tensile strength and hardness while reducing ductility.
3. Fabrication Considerations
ໃຊ້ gradual deformation to prevent cracking or distortion.
Ensure proper tooling and lubrication for smooth forming.
Cold-worked components may benefit from stress-relief heat treatment before service, especially in high-stress applications.
4. Applications Related to Cold Working
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings
Automotive components
Industrial machinery parts requiring dimensional accuracy and mechanical strength
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel exhibits good cold working properties, allowing bending, rolling, drawing, and stamping. Cold working enhances ຄວາມເຂັ້ມແຂງແລະຄວາມແຂງ but may require stress relief or intermediate annealing for extensive deformation. This makes 416 stainless steel suitable for precision components in industrial, automotive, and general engineering applications.
ການປິ່ນປົວດ້ວຍຄວາມຮ້ອນ
Heat Treatment of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel that can be heat treated to enhance hardness, strength, and wear resistance. Heat treatment is essential for achieving the desired mechanical properties for precision components and industrial applications.
1. Annealing
ຈຸດປະສົງ: Relieve internal stresses from cold working or machining and restore ductility.
Temperature range: 815–900°C (1500–1650°F)
ການເຮັດໃຫ້ເຢັນ: Slow furnace cooling or air cooling, depending on desired properties.
2. Hardening (Quenching)
ຈຸດປະສົງ: Increase hardness and tensile strength for wear-resistant applications.
Temperature range: 980–1030°C (1800–1900°F)
ການເຮັດໃຫ້ເຢັນ: Rapid quenching in oil or water.
3. Tempering
ຈຸດປະສົງ: Reduce brittleness after hardening and improve toughness.
Temperature range: 150–370°C (300–700°F)
Achieves a balance of hardness, strength, and ductility suitable for precision components.
4. Stress Relief
Applied to machined or welded parts to minimize residual stress and prevent distortion.
Typically done at 425–650°C (800–1200°F) for moderate durations.
5. Applications Related to Heat Treatment
Precision gears, shafts, and fasteners
Valves, pumps, and fittings requiring high strength and wear resistance
Automotive components and industrial machinery parts
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel can be annealed, hardened, tempered, and stress-relieved to achieve the desired combination of hardness, strength, and ductility. Proper heat treatment ensures durable, wear-resistant, and dimensionally stable components suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision applications.
ຄວາມຕ້ານທານຄວາມຮ້ອນ
Heat Resistance of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel primarily designed for excellent machinability and mechanical strength. ມັນ heat resistance is moderate compared to austenitic stainless steels, making it suitable for applications with intermittent or mild high-temperature exposure.
1. ອຸນຫະພູມການບໍລິການຢ່າງຕໍ່ເນື່ອງ
ເໝາະສົມສຳລັບ continuous service up to approximately 315°C (600°F).
Maintains mechanical properties in moderately elevated temperatures but is not ideal for prolonged high-temperature oxidizing environments.
2. ການສຳຜັດກັບແສງເປັນໄລຍະໆ
ສາມາດທົນໄດ້ short-term exposure up to around 425°C (800°F).
High temperatures beyond this may lead to loss of strength, hardness, and corrosion resistance.
3. ຄວາມຕ້ານທານການຜຸພັງ
Forms a thin chromium oxide layer that provides limited protection against oxidation.
ບໍ່ແນະນຳໃຫ້ໃຊ້ສຳລັບ high-temperature, aggressive oxidizing environments.
4. Applications Related to Heat Resistance
Automotive components with moderate thermal exposure
Valves, pumps, and fittings in industrial machinery
Precision components requiring moderate strength retention at elevated temperatures
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel provides ຄວາມຕ້ານທານຄວາມຮ້ອນປານກາງ, suitable for applications with intermittent or mild elevated temperatures. Its combination of machinability, mechanical strength, and moderate thermal stability makes it ideal for industrial, automotive, and mechanical components that do not require prolonged exposure to high heat.
ການເຮັດວຽກຮ້ອນ
Hot Working of 416 Stainless Steel
416 stainless steel is a martensitic, high-carbon stainless steel ດ້ວຍ good machinability and moderate corrosion resistance. Hot working can be used to shape or form components while reducing the risk of cracking and improving ductility.
1. ອຸນຫະພູມເຮັດວຽກທີ່ແນະນຳໃຫ້ໃຊ້ຮ້ອນ
Optimal temperature range: 980–1150°C (1800–2100°F).
Working above this range can cause ການເຕີບໃຫຍ່ຂອງເມັດພືດ, reducing mechanical properties.
Working below this range may increase the risk of cracking.
2. Hot Working Processes
Forging: Suitable for producing shafts, gears, and thick components.
ມ້ວນຮ້ອນ: Used for plates, sheets, and strips.
Extrusion: Allows shaping of rods, bars, and complex profiles.
Hot Forming and Pressing: Enables production of large or intricate parts with minimal work hardening.
3. ຂໍ້ດີຂອງການເຮັດວຽກຮ້ອນ
ຫຼຸດຜ່ອນ ການແຂງຕົວຂອງວຽກ ເມື່ອປຽບທຽບກັບການເຮັດວຽກເຢັນ.
Improves ຄວາມຍືດຫຍຸ່ນ ແລະ ຄວາມແຂງກະດ້າງ, allowing for easier shaping of components.
Produces components with uniform mechanical properties throughout the part.
4. Post-Hot Working Treatment
ການອົບແຫ້ງ may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility.
ການດອງ ຫຼື ການເຮັດໃຫ້ຊຸ່ມ can enhance surface corrosion resistance if scale forms during hot working.
5. ຄໍາຮ້ອງສະຫມັກທີ່ກ່ຽວຂ້ອງກັບການເຮັດວຽກຮ້ອນ
ສ່ວນປະກອບເຄື່ອງຈັກອຸດສາຫະກຳ
Automotive parts requiring forging or extrusion
Shafts, gears, and precision components that require uniform mechanical properties
ສະຫຼຸບ
416 stainless steel exhibits good hot working properties, allowing forging, rolling, extrusion, and hot forming at 980–1150°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties, making 416 stainless steel suitable for industrial, automotive, and precision components.
