Thép không gỉ, loại austenit
316H Stainless Steel (S31609)
A high carbon modification of alloy 316 developed for use in elevated temperature service.
The alloy has higher strength at elevated temperatures and is used for structural and pressure vessel applications at temperatures above 932°F (500°C). The higher carbon content of 316H also delivers higher tensile and yield strength than 316/316L and its austenitic structure provides excellent toughness down to cryogenic temperatures.
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, high-temperature variant of 316, combining enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures with excellent corrosion resistance. It is widely used in power generation, chemical processing, aerospace, and industrial applications where both high strength and corrosion resistance are essential.
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316H Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Hệ thống / Tiêu chuẩn | Quốc gia / Khu vực | Cấp bậc / Chức danh |
| AISI | Hoa Kỳ | 316H |
| UNS | Quốc tế | S31609 |
| EN / Số hiệu. | Châu Âu | 1.4401 (316 base grade) |
| Tên (tiếng Anh) | Châu Âu | X5CrNiMo17-12-2 |
| ASTM A240 | Hoa Kỳ | Type 316H (plate, sheet) |
| ASTM A182 | Hoa Kỳ | F316H (forgings, flanges) |
| ASTM A213 | Hoa Kỳ | TP316H (boiler & heat-exchanger tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | Hoa Kỳ | TP316H (seamless pipe) |
| Anh | Trung Quốc | 07Cr17Ni12Mo2 |
| JIS | Nhật Bản | SUS316H |
| BS | Vương quốc Anh | 316H |
| AFNOR | Pháp | Z10CNS17-13 (approx. 316H type) |
Thuộc tính
Thành phần hóa học
316H Stainless Steel Bar
EN 10269:2013
| Nguyên tố hóa học | Quà tặng % |
| Cacbon (C) | 0.04 - 0.08 |
| Crom (Cr) | 16.50 - 18.50 |
| Molypden (Mo) | 2.00 - 2.50 |
| Silic (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Phốt pho (P) | 0.00 - 0.04 |
| Lưu huỳnh (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Niken (Ni) | 10.00 - 13.00 |
| Mangan (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Nitơ (N) | 0.00 - 0.10 |
| Sắt (Fe) | Cân bằng |
Tính chất cơ học
316H Stainless Steel Bar Up to 160mm
EN 10269:2013
| Tính chất cơ học | Giá trị |
| Áp suất giới hạn | 205 MPa |
| Độ bền kéo | 490 to 690 MPa |
| Độ giãn dài tại 50 mm | 35 % |
Các tính chất vật lý chung
| Tính chất vật lý | Giá trị |
| Mật độ | 8.00 g/cm³ |
| Điểm nóng chảy | 1.400 °C |
| Sự giãn nở nhiệt | 15,9 × 10⁻⁶/K |
| Hệ số đàn hồi | 193 GPa |
| Độ dẫn nhiệt | 16,3 W/m·K |
| Điện trở suất | 0,74 × 10⁻⁶ Ω·m |
Applications of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for các ứng dụng ở nhiệt độ cao ở đâu độ bền và khả năng chống ăn mòn are critical. Its high carbon content gives it superior tensile strength at elevated temperatures, making it ideal for welded and high-stress components.
1. Power Generation
Boilers, superheaters, and steam piping in power plants
Pressure vessels and heat exchangers exposed to high-temperature steam
Các thành phần cần thiết high creep and tensile strength
2. Chemical and Petrochemical Industry
Reactors, vessels, and piping handling corrosive or high-temperature chemicals
Heat exchangers and condensers operating under elevated temperature conditions
Equipment exposed to oxidizing and mildly reducing environments
3. Aerospace and High-Temperature Engineering
Exhaust systems, turbocharger components, and high-temperature welded assemblies
Applications where both strength and corrosion resistance at high temperatures are essential
4. Food and Pharmaceutical Processing
High-temperature sterilization equipment
Heat exchangers and vessels in hygienic applications where corrosion resistance is crucial
5. Marine and Offshore Applications
Components exposed to elevated-temperature seawater or coastal atmospheres
Pump shafts, valves, and fittings where high strength is needed under corrosion exposure
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel is widely used in high-temperature industrial, chemical, marine, aerospace, and food-processing applications. Nó high carbon content and excellent corrosion resistance make it suitable for pressure vessels, boilers, piping, heat exchangers, and welded assemblies operating under demanding conditions.
Characteristics of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon, austenitic stainless steel designed for hoạt động ở nhiệt độ cao. It retains the excellent corrosion resistance of standard 316 stainless steel while offering enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures due to its higher carbon content.
1. High-Temperature Strength
Increased carbon content (typically 0.04–0.10%) provides higher tensile and creep strength than 316 or 316L at elevated temperatures.
Suitable for continuous service at temperatures up to ~800°C (1470°F).
Duy trì mechanical integrity under high thermal stress.
2. Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Khả năng chống chịu tuyệt vời đối với general corrosion, oxidation, and mildly reducing chemicals.
Hoạt động tốt trong oxidizing environments such as atmospheric, chemical, and marine conditions.
Retains corrosion resistance after welding, although stress relief may be recommended for high-temperature applications.
3. Mechanical Properties
High tensile strength and yield strength compared to standard 316 stainless steel.
Tốt độ dẻo và độ bền, even at elevated temperatures.
Cold working improves strength further but reduces ductility.
4. Fabrication and Weldability
Weldable using TIG, MIG và SMAW processes.
Stress relief after welding is sometimes recommended to minimize thermal stresses in high-temperature applications.
Có thể hot- or cold-worked with proper process controls.
5. Applications Leveraging Characteristics
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and high-temperature industrial components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring both corrosion resistance and high-temperature strength
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel combines the high-temperature strength of a high-carbon austenitic steel with the excellent corrosion resistance of 316 stainless steel. It is particularly suited for pressure vessels, high-temperature piping, chemical equipment, and welded assemblies operating under demanding thermal and corrosive environments.
Thông tin bổ sung
Khả năng hàn
Weldability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel, a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel, is generally weldable using conventional methods, though care must be taken due to its higher carbon content, which can increase the risk of sensitization and intergranular corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
1. Các phương pháp hàn phù hợp
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precise welds and thin sections
MIG (GMAW): Suitable for thicker sections and industrial applications
SMAW (Stick Welding): Common for maintenance and field welding
Hàn điện trở: Spot and seam welding for sheet metal applications
2. Considerations Due to High Carbon
Higher carbon content increases the risk of sự kết tủa cacbua crom trong quá trình hàn.
Post-weld solution annealing or stress relief is recommended for high-temperature service to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Sử dụng matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316 or ER316H) to reduce sensitization risk.
3. Heat Input and Distortion Control
Austenitic stainless steels expand more than carbon steels during welding.
Sử dụng lượng nhiệt vừa phải and proper welding sequence to minimize distortion and residual stresses.
Avoid prolonged welding in one area to reduce localized sensitization.
4. Applications Leveraging Weldability
High-temperature piping, boilers, and pressure vessels
Chemical processing reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and power generation components
Thiết bị chế biến thực phẩm và dược phẩm
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel is weldable with standard techniques, but the high carbon content requires careful attention to heat input, filler selection, and post-weld treatment. When properly welded, it maintains high-temperature strength, corrosion resistance, and structural integrity, khiến nó trở nên phù hợp cho pressure vessels, chemical, and high-temperature applications.
Sản xuất
Fabrication of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for các ứng dụng ở nhiệt độ cao. Its fabrication combines standard austenitic stainless steel techniques with special considerations due to the elevated carbon content, which affects weldability, work hardening, and heat treatment.
1. Tạo hình
Đúc nguội:
Phù hợp với bending, rolling, deep drawing, and stamping
Work hardens moderately; extensive deformation may require intermediate solution annealing to restore ductility
Đúc nóng:
Recommended for thicker sections or complex shapes
Phạm vi thông thường: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Sản xuất uniform mechanical properties and reduces work hardening
2. Cắt và xén
Có thể cắt bằng laser, waterjet, plasma, or mechanical methods
Sharp tools and proper feeds minimize work hardening and surface defects
3. Gia công
Moderate machinability due to toughness and work-hardening tendency
Dụng cụ cacbua preferred for heavy-duty or high-speed operations
Coolants and lubricants reduce heat, improve surface finish, and extend tool life
4. Hàn
Can be welded using TIG, MIG, SMAW, and resistance welding
Higher carbon content increases risk of quá trình nhạy cảm hóa, so post-weld solution annealing or stress relief may be needed for high-temperature service
Sử dụng matching or slightly higher alloy filler metals (ER316H) for optimal corrosion resistance
5. Cold and Hot Working
Cold working increases strength via work hardening but decreases ductility
Hot working (forging, rolling) restores ductility and produces uniform grain structure
Proper process planning ensures both mechanical performance and corrosion resistance
6. Hoàn thiện bề mặt
Standard finishes: 2B, BA, or polished
Post-fabrication pickling or passivation may be applied to restore surface corrosion resistance
7. Các ứng dụng tận dụng công nghệ chế tạo
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace and industrial high-temperature components
Food and pharmaceutical equipment requiring high strength and corrosion resistance
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel can be fabricated using standard forming, machining, and welding methods, but its high carbon content requires careful handling to prevent sensitization and maintain corrosion resistance. Proper hot/cold working, welding procedures, and heat treatment make it ideal for high-temperature and demanding industrial applications.
Gia công nóng
Hot Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for các ứng dụng ở nhiệt độ cao. Hot working is used to form or shape thick or complex components while maintaining mechanical strength and corrosion resistance.
1. Nhiệt độ làm việc nóng khuyến nghị
Typical temperature range: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Above this range, sự phát triển của hạt may occur, reducing toughness
Below this range, flow stress increases, making forming more difficult
2. Các quy trình gia công nóng phù hợp
Cán nóng: Plates, sheets, and structural components
Rèn nóng: High-strength or complex-shaped parts
Ép đùn nóng: Rods, tubes, and profiles
Ép nóng/Định hình: Thick or large components that cannot be cold-worked
3. Ưu điểm của gia công nóng
Giảm quá trình làm cứng so với gia công nguội
Cải thiện độ dẻo và độ bền
Sản xuất uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Cho phép sản xuất large or complex components
4. Các biện pháp xử lý sau gia công nhiệt
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility
Ngâm axit hoặc xử lý thụ động enhances surface corrosion resistance if needed
5. Các ứng dụng tận dụng gia công nóng
Pressure vessels, boilers, and piping in power plants
Heat exchangers and chemical reactors
Aerospace and industrial components subjected to high temperatures and stress
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel exhibits khả năng gia công khi nóng tuyệt vời, allowing shaping and forming at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, toughness, and uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for pressure vessels, chemical, high-temperature, and industrial applications.
Khả năng chịu nhiệt
Heat Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for các ứng dụng ở nhiệt độ cao. Its increased carbon content provides enhanced tensile strength at elevated temperatures, khiến nó trở nên phù hợp cho pressure vessels, boilers, and high-temperature piping.
1. Nhiệt độ hoạt động liên tục
Phù hợp với continuous operation up to ~800°C (1470°F)
Duy trì mechanical properties, tensile strength, and creep resistance ở nhiệt độ cao
Prolonged exposure above this temperature may slightly reduce ductility or cause surface scaling
2. Intermittent or Cyclic Exposure
Có thể chịu đựng được short-term exposures above 800°C without significant surface degradation
Phù hợp với thermal cycling applications in industrial and power generation equipment
3. Khả năng chống oxy hóa
Tạo thành một lớp oxit crôm bảo vệ that resists oxidation and scaling
Hoạt động tốt trong industrial furnaces, boilers, and heat exchangers
Không phù hợp với strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
4. Mechanical Properties at High Temperature
Retains tensile strength, creep resistance, and ductility
Hot-worked or cold-worked areas maintain good mechanical stability after proper heat treatment
Grain growth can occur if exposed to excessive heat without quá trình ủ
5. Applications Leveraging Heat Resistance
High-temperature pressure vessels and boiler components
Chemical and petrochemical reactors and heat exchangers
Aerospace components exposed to elevated temperatures
Food and pharmaceutical processing equipment requiring high-temperature service
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel offers excellent high-temperature performance, with continuous service up to ~800°C. Its high carbon content ensures superior tensile strength and creep resistance, while maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and high-temperature applications, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, industrial, and aerospace environments.
Khả năng gia công
Machinability of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel that exhibits khả năng gia công ở mức trung bình. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and relatively low thermal conductivity require careful tool selection, cutting speeds, and lubrication to achieve efficient machining with good surface finish.
1. Hiện tượng cứng hóa do gia công
316H work-hardens rapidly during machining
Hardened surfaces increase cutting forces and accelerate tool wear
Smooth, continuous cutting reduces localized work hardening
2. Khuyến nghị về dụng cụ
Dụng cụ cacbua are preferred for high-speed or heavy-duty machining
Dụng cụ bằng thép tốc độ cao (HSS) can be used for lighter cuts or slower operations
Positive rake angles help reduce cutting forces and improve surface finish
3. Tốc độ cắt và tốc độ tiến dao
Sử dụng slower cutting speeds compared with carbon steels
Moderate to heavy feeds maintain continuous chip flow and prevent hard spots
Avoid stopping or dwelling on the workpiece to prevent localized work hardening
4. Làm mát và bôi trơn
Sử dụng flood coolant or cutting fluid to minimize heat buildup
High-pressure lubrication helps evacuate chips efficiently
Giảm tool wear and improves surface finish
5. Quá trình hình thành chip
Chips là tough, stringy, and sticky
Sử dụng chip breakers or controlled feeds to manage chip formation
6. Bề mặt hoàn thiện
Achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and adequate cooling
Work-hardened areas may require những đường chuyền quyết định for a smooth surface
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel has khả năng gia công ở mức trung bình, requiring careful tool selection, cutting parameters, and cooling. Proper machining ensures high-precision components with good surface finish and durability, phù hợp với high-temperature, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Khả năng chống ăn mòn
Corrosion Resistance of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel designed for high-temperature and corrosive environments. Its composition provides excellent general corrosion resistance while maintaining strength at elevated temperatures.
1. Khả năng chống ăn mòn nói chung
Chống lại oxidation, atmospheric corrosion, and mildly corrosive chemicals
Hoạt động tốt trong industrial, marine, and chemical environments
Maintains corrosion resistance even after welding or high-temperature service
2. Intergranular Corrosion
The higher carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk during welding
Post-weld solution annealing or stress-relief minimizes the risk of sự ăn mòn giữa các hạt
Suitable for welded components with proper heat treatment
3. Pitting and Crevice Corrosion
Các hiện vật good resistance to chloride-induced corrosion
Better than 304/304L but slightly less than 316L in severe chloride conditions
Phù hợp với marine, coastal, and mildly aggressive chemical environments
4. Ăn mòn ở nhiệt độ cao
Chống lại oxidation and scaling at elevated temperatures (continuous service up to ~800°C)
Hoạt động tốt trong steam, hot gases, and chemical processing environments
Không phù hợp với strongly sulfidizing or highly oxidizing atmospheres at extreme temperatures
5. Các ứng dụng tận dụng khả năng chống ăn mòn
High-temperature pressure vessels, boilers, and piping
Chemical reactors, heat exchangers, and condensers
Marine components exposed to elevated temperatures
Thiết bị chế biến thực phẩm và dược phẩm
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel combines excellent high-temperature strength cùng với khả năng chống ăn mòn tốt, đặc biệt là ở welded and industrial applications. Đúng post-weld heat treatment ensures durability, making it ideal for power generation, chemical, marine, and industrial applications.
Xử lý nhiệt
Heat Treatment of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel. Like other austenitic stainless steels, it is not hardenable by conventional heat treatment. Xử lý nhiệt chủ yếu được sử dụng để relieve stresses, restore ductility, and maintain corrosion resistance, particularly after welding or cold working.
1. Ủ dung dịch
Mục đích:
Restore ductility after cold working or forming
Relieve residual stresses
Dissolve any undesired chromium carbides formed during high-temperature exposure
Phạm vi nhiệt độ: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Làm mát: Rapid air or water quench to preserve austenitic structure
Tác dụng:
Restores mechanical properties
Maintains corrosion resistance due to titanium or high-carbon stabilization
2. Stress Relief Annealing
Mục đích: Giảm ứng suất dư do quá trình tạo hình, uốn hoặc hàn
Phạm vi nhiệt độ: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Tác dụng:
Minimizes distortion
Reduces risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Generally recommended for high-temperature service applications
Relieves welding-induced stresses and reduces risk of sensitization
Helps maintain mechanical strength and corrosion resistance
4. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility
Intermediate solution annealing may be applied to restore formability for further fabrication
5. Hạn chế
Xử lý nhiệt không làm tăng đáng kể độ cứng
Excessive exposure at elevated temperatures may reduce cold-work strengthening effects slightly
Tóm tắt
Heat treatment of 316H stainless steel is primarily for stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance. Đúng solution annealing and stress relief ensure optimal mechanical properties for pressure vessels, boilers, chemical equipment, and high-temperature applications.
Gia công nguội
Cold Working of 316H Stainless Steel
316H stainless steel is a high-carbon austenitic stainless steel cùng với good cold-working characteristics. Quá trình gia công nguội làm tăng độ bền và độ cứng through work hardening while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility, provided it is managed carefully.
1. Hiện tượng cứng hóa do gia công
316H stainless steel work-hardens moderately to rapidly trong quá trình biến dạng lạnh.
Độ bền và độ cứng tăng lên, trong khi độ dẻo giảm dần khi quá trình biến dạng diễn ra.
Extensive cold working may require quá trình ủ to restore ductility before further fabrication.
2. Cold Working Processes
Cuộn: Tấm, dải và tấm phẳng
Bản vẽ: Ống, thanh và dây
Uốn và tạo hình: Các bộ phận kết cấu, giá đỡ và kẹp
Dập và dập sâu: Industrial, food-processing, and chemical equipment components
3. Mechanical Property Control
Gia công nguội cho phép điều chỉnh độ bền kéo, giới hạn chảy và độ cứng.
Intermediate solution annealing can restore độ dẻo for further forming operations.
4. Ảnh hưởng đến khả năng chống ăn mòn
High carbon content slightly increases sensitization risk, but proper stress relief or solution annealing after cold work preserves intergranular corrosion resistance.
Suitable for components exposed to chemical, marine, or high-temperature environments.
5. Những vấn đề cần lưu ý sau khi định hình
Solution annealing may be applied to relieve stresses and restore ductility if multiple cold-working steps are planned.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor strain-induced martensite formation.
6. Các ứng dụng tận dụng quá trình gia công nguội
Springs, clips, and fasteners requiring higher strength
Structural components with both độ bền và khả năng chống ăn mòn
Tubes, rods, and wires for chemical, marine, and high-temperature equipment
Formed components for food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications
Tóm tắt
316H stainless steel exhibits đặc tính gia công nguội tuyệt vời, allowing increased strength through work hardening while preserving corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and heat treatment ensures durable, high-performance components suitable for pressure vessels, chemical, marine, and high-temperature applications.
