Aço inoxidável, Austenítico
304L Stainless Steel (S30403)
Low carbon chromium-nickel austenitic stainless steel.
Stainless steel types 1.4301 and 1.4307 are also known as grades 304 and 304L respectively. Type 304 is the most versatile and widely used stainless steel. It is still sometimes referred to by its old name 18/8 which is derived from the nominal composition of type 304 being 18% chromium and 8% nickel.
304L stainless steel é um low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel. It is known for its excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and superior weldability, particularly in applications where post-weld corrosion resistance is critical.
Type 304L is the low carbon version of 304. It is used in heavy gauge components for improved weldability. Some products such as plate and pipe may be available as “dual certified” material that meets the criteria for both 304 and 304L.
Quarto Plate is hot rolled plate over 12mm thick that has not been coiled during production. CPP is continuously produced plate up to 12mm thick that has been coiled during rolling. Sheet is cold rolled.
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| Bar & Tube | Tamanhos Imperiais | Tamanhos Métricos |
| Round Bar | 3" - 16" | |
| Flat Bar | 20 x 10mm - 100 x 25mm | |
| Welded Ornamental Tube | 1⁄2" - 4" | 30mm - 50mm |
| Welded Tube | 1/"2 - 2" | 16mm - 50mm |
| Hygienic Tube | 3⁄4 " - 4" |
| Sheet/Plate | Sheet Size | Thicknesses |
| Polished Sheet | 2000 x 1000 | 0.7mm - 3.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet | 3000 x 1500 | 1.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Polished Sheet (Circle) | 2500 x 1250 | 0.7mm - 1.5mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 2500 x 1250 | 4.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 3000 x 1500 | 4.0mm - 6.0mm |
| Sheet Cold Rolled | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2000 x 1000 | 3.0mm - 6.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 2500 x 1250 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 3000 x 1500 | 3.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 1500 | 10.0mm - 12.0mm |
| CPP Plate ID Finish | 4000 x 2000 | 2.0mm - 12.0mm |
| Quarto Plate ID Finish | 5" - 125" | |
| Polished sheet sizes are for mirror and super mirror finishes. | ||
| Polished Sheet options available: 240 Silicon, 240 Grit and various coating including Fiber Optic Laser for one or two sides. | ||
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304L Stainless Steel Related Specifications
| Sistema / Padrão | País / Região | Grau / Designação |
| AISI | EUA | 304L |
| UNS | Internacional | S30403 |
| PT-BR / nº de série. | Europa | 1.4307 |
| Nome em Português | Europa | X2CrNi18-9 |
| ASTM A240 | EUA | 304L (plate, sheet, strip) |
| ASTM A276 | EUA | 304L (bars, shapes) |
| ASTM A213 | EUA | TP304L (boiler / HX tubes) |
| ASTM A312 | EUA | TP304L (seamless pipe) |
| GB | China | 022Cr19Ni10 |
| JIS | Japão | SUS304L |
| AFNOR | França | Z2CN18-10 |
Propriedades
Composição Química
1.4307 Steel
EN 10088-3 & EN 10088-2
| Elemento Químico | % Presente |
| Carbono (C) | 0.00 - 0.03 |
| Cromo (Cr) | 17.50 - 19.50 |
| Manganês (Mn) | 0.00 - 2.00 |
| Silício (Si) | 0.00 - 1.00 |
| Fósforo (P) | 0.00 - 0.05 |
| Enxofre (S) | 0.00 - 0.02 |
| Níquel (Ni) | 8.00 - 10.50 |
| Nitrogênio (N) | 0.00 - 0.11 |
| Ferro (Fe) | Equilíbrio |
Propriedades Mecânicas
Bar & Section Up to 160mm Diameter/Thickness
ABNT NBR 10088-3
| Propriedade Mecânica | Valor |
| Tensão de Escoamento | 175 Min MPa |
| Resistência à Tração | 500 a 700 MPa |
| Alongamento A50 mm | 45 Min % |
| Dureza Brinell | 215 Max HB |
Sheet Up to 8mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| Propriedade Mecânica | Valor |
| Tensão de Escoamento | 220 Min MPa |
| Resistência à Tração | 520 to 700 MPa |
| Alongamento A50 mm | 45 Min % |
Plate From 8mm to 75mm Thick
EN 10088-2
| Propriedade Mecânica | Valor |
| Tensão de Escoamento | 200 MPa |
| Resistência à Tração | 500 a 700 MPa |
| Alongamento A50 mm | 45 Min % |
Propriedades Físicas Gerais
| Propriedade Física | Valor |
| Densidade | 8,0 g/cm³ |
| Ponto de Fusão | 1450 °C |
| Expansão Térmica | 17.2 x 10-6/K |
| Módulo de Elasticidade | 193 GPa |
| Condutividade Térmica | 16.2 W/m.K |
| Resistividade elétrica | 0.72 x 10⁻⁶ Ω.m |
Applications of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel é um low-carbon austenitic stainless steel known for its excellent corrosion resistance, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content makes it ideal for welded components and equipment exposed to corrosive environments.
1. Indústria Química e Petroquímica
Storage tanks and pressure vessels
Piping systems for acids and corrosive liquids
Trocadores de calor e condensadores
2. Food and Beverage Industry
Food processing equipment and containers
Brewing, dairy, and pharmaceutical machinery
Tanks, pipelines, and fittings requiring superfícies higiênicas
3. Architectural and Decorative Applications
Cladding and exterior panels
Handrails, trims, and decorative fixtures
Kitchen and household appliances
4. Medical and Pharmaceutical Equipment
Surgical instruments and medical devices
Sterile processing equipment
Laboratory benches and components
5. Industrial Applications
Pumps, valves, and fasteners in corrosive environments
Components in wastewater treatment systems
General manufacturing equipment exposed to moisture or mild chemicals
Resumo
304L stainless steel is widely used in applications requiring excellent corrosion resistance, high weldability, and good formability. Its ability to resist intergranular corrosion after welding o torna ideal para chemical, food, pharmaceutical, architectural, and industrial applications.
Characteristics of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel é um low-carbon variant of 304 austenitic stainless steel, offering excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, and enhanced weldability. It is widely used in applications where post-weld corrosion resistance is important.
1. Composição Química
Low carbon content (≤0.03%) to minimize sensibilização durante a soldagem.
Contém chromium (18–20%) e nickel (8–12%).
Trace elements enhance corrosion resistance and mechanical stability.
2. Resistência à Corrosão
Excelente resistência a oxidation, general corrosion, and mild acid attack.
Resistente a intergranular corrosion after welding, unlike standard 304 stainless steel.
Adequado para food, chemical, and pharmaceutical environments.
3. Propriedades Mecânicas
Bom tensile strength and yield strength.
Alto ductilidade e tenacidade, even at low temperatures.
Maintains excellent properties over a wide range of temperatures.
4. Fabrication and Formability
Excelente cold working and forming characteristics.
Pode ser welded easily with minimal risk of corrosion in the heat-affected zone.
Adequado para deep drawing, bending, and stamping.
5. Heat and Temperature Resistance
Funciona bem em moderate heat applications.
Retains strength and corrosion resistance under normal service temperatures.
6. Aplicações
Food processing equipment and storage tanks
Chemical and pharmaceutical equipment
Architectural and decorative components
Piping, valves, and tanks requiring high weld integrity
Resumo
304L stainless steel is characterized by excellent corrosion resistance, good mechanical properties, high ductility, and superior weldability. Its low carbon content ensures post-weld corrosion protection, tornando-o ideal para chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and industrial applications.
Informações Adicionais
Soldabilidade
Weldability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel that offers excelsa soldabilidade. The reduced carbon content (<0.03%) minimizes the risk of sensibilização e corrosão intergranular in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) after welding, making 304L ideal for welded assemblies in corrosive environments.
1. Compatible Welding Processes
TIG (GTAW): Ideal for precision welding of thin sections.
MIG (GMAW): Common for thicker sections and high-productivity applications.
Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW): Suitable for field and maintenance welding.
Soldagem por Resistência Spot and seam welding are effective for sheet and thin components.
2. Carbon Content Benefits
The baixo teor de carbono reduces the likelihood of chromium carbide precipitation.
Prevents sensibilização in welded or heat-affected zones, maintaining corrosion resistance without the need for post-weld annealing.
3. Filler Material Selection
Matching filler metals such as ER308L are recommended to maintain corrosion resistance and mechanical properties.
Low-carbon fillers are preferred for thicker sections or critical applications.
4. Heat Input and Distortion
Austenitic stainless steels, including 304L, have alta expansão térmica, which can lead to distortion.
Moderate heat input and proper welding sequence help minimize warping and residual stresses.
Fixturing and tack welding can further reduce distortion during fabrication.
5. Post-Weld Treatment
Post-weld annealing is usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content.
Stress relief may be applied in critical applications where dimensional stability or high-temperature service is required.
6. Applications Leveraging Weldability
Chemical and food processing equipment
Pressure vessels and piping systems
Architectural structures
Heat exchangers and tanks requiring welded assemblies
Resumo
304L stainless steel provides excelsa soldabilidade due to its low carbon content, enabling strong, corrosion-resistant welds without the need for extensive post-weld heat treatment. Proper filler selection, heat control, and welding technique ensure reliable performance in industrial, chemical, and architectural applications.
Fabricação
Fabrication of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel widely used for its excellent resistência à corrosão, soldabilidade e conformabilidade. It is highly versatile and can be fabricated using standard metalworking processes.
Formando
Conformação a Frio:
304L has excellent cold formability, making it suitable for bending, rolling, stamping, and deep drawing.
Work hardening occurs during deformation, so intermediate annealing may be necessary for extensive forming.
Conformação a Quente:
Hot working can be performed at 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F) to shape thick or complex components.
Produces uniform mechanical properties and reduces the effects of work hardening.
2. Corte e Cisalhamento
Can be cut using shears, saws, laser cutting, or waterjet cutting.
Sharp tools and proper feeds are recommended to minimize encruamento and ensure smooth edges.
3. Usinagem
304L is moderately difficult to machine due to its toughness and tendency to work harden.
Carbide tooling is preferred for high-speed cutting.
Coolants and cutting fluids help control heat and extend tool life.
4. Soldagem
304L exhibits excelsa soldabilidade thanks to its low carbon content.
Prevents chromium carbide precipitation and intergranular corrosion in welded areas.
Common processes: TIG (GTAW), MIG (GMAW), SMAW, and resistance welding.
Eletrodos de solda, como ER308L are recommended for maintaining corrosion resistance.
5. Cold Working
Cold working increases strength via work hardening.
Extensive deformation reduces ductility, so têmpera de recozimento may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication.
6. Acabamento de Superfície
Can be supplied in various finishes, including 2B (mill finish), BA (bright annealed), and polished.
Cold working may require additional finishing to achieve desired surface aesthetics or corrosion resistance.
7. Aplicações que Utilizam Fabricação
Chemical and food processing equipment
Pressure vessels, piping systems, and tanks
Architectural panels and structural components
Heat exchangers and welded assemblies
Resumo
304L stainless steel is highly versatile and easy to fabricate, offering excellent cold and hot formability, machining, and welding properties. Its low carbon content ensures corrosion resistance is maintained during welding and forming, making it ideal for industrial, chemical, architectural, and food processing applications.
Conformação a Quente
Hot Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with excellent Trabalhabilidade a quente, allowing it to be formed, rolled, or forged at elevated temperatures. Hot working reduces work hardening and improves ductility, toughness, and uniformity in mechanical properties.
1. Temperatura Recomendada de Trabalho a Quente
Faixa típica: 1010–1175°C (1850–2150°F)
Working above this range may cause crescimento de grão, reducing toughness.
Working below this range increases flow stress and the risk of cracking.
2. Processos Adequados de Conformação a Quente
Laminação a Quente: For sheets, plates, strips, and structural components
Forjamento a Quente: For high-strength or complex-shaped parts
Extrusão a Quente: For rods, tubes, and profiles
Prensagem/Conformação a Quente: For thick or large components that are difficult to cold-work
3. Vantagens da Conformação a Quente
Reduces the effects of encruamento em comparação com conformação a frio
Enhances ductilidade e tenacidade
Produz uniform grain structure and mechanical properties
Habilita a fabricação de large, thick, or complex components
4. Tratamentos Pós-Trabalho a Quente
Recozimento may be applied to relieve residual stresses and restore ductility.
Decapagem ou passivação enhances surface corrosion resistance after hot working.
5. Aplicações que Utilizam Conformação a Quente
Structural components in industrial machinery
Automotive and aerospace parts
Pressure vessels and piping
Large sheets, plates, or complex forms requiring elevated-temperature shaping
Resumo
304L stainless steel demonstrates excelente trabalhabilidade a quente, allowing rolling, forging, extrusion, and forming at 1010–1175°C. Hot working improves ductility, reduces work hardening, and ensures uniform mechanical properties while preserving corrosion resistance, making it ideal for industrial, structural, and high-performance applications.
Resistência ao calor
Heat Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel com bem high-temperature properties, suitable for service in moderately elevated temperatures. Its low carbon content minimizes sensibilização and maintains corrosion resistance during prolonged heat exposure.
1. Temperatura de Serviço Contínuo
Suitable for continuous service in oxidizing atmospheres up to ~870°C (1600°F).
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above this range may lead to oxidation scaling and reduced mechanical properties.
Exposição Intermitente
Tolerar intermittent heating up to ~925°C (1700°F) without significant degradation.
Useful for components subjected to occasional thermal cycles.
3. Resistência à Oxidação
Forma um camada protetora de óxido de cromo em atmosferas oxidantes.
Prevents scaling and surface deterioration in moderate temperature service.
Not suitable for strongly oxidizing or sulfidizing environments at very high temperatures.
4. Efeitos Térmicos nas Propriedades Mecânicas
Maintains good resistência à tração e ductilidade up to moderate temperatures.
Prolonged exposure to high heat may reduce work-hardening effects in cold-worked material.
Grain growth can occur if improperly annealed at elevated temperatures.
5. Aplicações Relacionadas à Resistência ao Calor
Heat exchangers and furnace components
Tanks and piping exposed to moderate high temperatures
Food and chemical processing equipment requiring heat exposure
Welded assemblies operating at elevated temperatures
6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades
Heat resistance is slightly lower than 321 or 347 stainless steels for long-term high-temperature service.
304L is chosen for applications emphasizing corrosion resistance and weldability rather than extreme high-temperature strength.
Resumo
304L stainless steel provides boa resistência ao calor, suitable for continuous service up to ~870°C and intermittent exposure up to ~925°C. Its low carbon content preserves corrosion resistance and prevents sensitization, making it ideal for welded assemblies and moderately high-temperature industrial applications.
Usinabilidade
Machinability of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel isso é moderately difficult to machine. Its toughness, work-hardening tendency, and low thermal conductivity require careful selection of tooling, cutting parameters, and cooling methods to achieve efficient machining and good surface finish.
1. Comportamento de Encruamento
304L exhibits encruamento during cutting, especially when using slow feed rates or worn tooling.
Superfícies endurecidas aumentam as forças de corte e aceleram o desgaste da ferramenta.
Continuous and smooth cutting helps minimize work-hardening.
2. Recomendações de Ferramentas
Carbide tooling is preferred for high-speed and high-volume machining.
High-speed steel (HSS) tools can be used at lower cutting speeds.
Ferramentas com ângulos de saída positivos reduce cutting forces and heat generation.
3. Velocidades e Avanços de Corte
Slower cutting speeds than carbon steels are recommended.
Use moderate to heavy feeds to maintain continuous chip flow and prevent local work-hardening.
4. Resfriamento e lubrificação
Aços inoxidáveis austeníticos possuem low thermal conductivity, causing heat buildup at the cutting zone.
Flood coolant, cutting oils, or high-pressure lubricants help reduce heat, extend tool life, and improve surface finish.
5. Formação de Cavaco
Chips are usually tough and stringy, which can be difficult to remove.
Use chip breakers or specially designed inserts to manage chip evacuation effectively.
6. Acabamento Superficial
Good surface finishes are achievable with sharp tools, proper feeds, and effective cooling.
Avoid dwelling or pauses on the workpiece, as these can create hardened spots and reduce finish quality.
Resumo
304L stainless steel has usinabilidade moderada, exigindo sharp tools, controlled cutting parameters, and proper cooling to counteract work-hardening and achieve high-quality finished components. Its low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in welded and machined parts, making it suitable for industrial, chemical, and food-processing applications.
Resistência à corrosão
Corrosion Resistance of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel known for its excelente resistência à corrosão in a wide range of environments. Its low carbon content minimizes precipitação de carbeto de cromo during welding, maintaining corrosion resistance in welded and heat-affected areas.
1. Resistência Geral à Corrosão
Resiste oxidação e corrosão geral in atmospheric, industrial, and mildly corrosive environments.
Funciona bem em food, chemical, and pharmaceutical applications where hygiene and corrosion resistance are critical.
2. Resistance to Intergranular Corrosion
Low carbon (<0.03%) prevents precipitação de carbeto de cromo durante a soldagem.
Protects against sensibilização in the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and welded areas.
Eliminates the need for post-weld solution annealing in most applications.
3. Resistance to Chlorides
Moderately resistant to chloride-induced pitting and crevice corrosion, though less resistant than Mo-bearing grades like 316.
Suitable for freshwater, mild saltwater, and general chemical exposure, but not for highly concentrated chloride solutions.
4. Corrosão em Alta Temperatura
Continuous service up to ~870°C (1600°F) em atmosferas oxidantes.
Intermittent service up to ~925°C (1700°F).
Low carbon content helps maintain corrosion resistance in high-temperature welding applications.
5. Aplicações que se Beneficiam da Resistência à Corrosão
Pressure vessels, tanks, and piping in chemical and food-processing industries
Architectural structures and cladding exposed to weather
Heat exchangers and boilers
Welded assemblies in corrosive environments
6. Comparison to Other Austenitic Grades
Better resistance to intergranular corrosion than 304 due to low carbon content.
Slightly lower chloride resistance than 316 ou 317 stainless steels.
Preferred for welded assemblies and environments where corrosion resistance and weldability are both critical.
Resumo
304L stainless steel provides excelente resistência à corrosão geral e intergranular, particularly in welded structures, thanks to its low carbon content. It is suitable for a broad range of industrial, chemical, food-processing, and architectural applications, combining durability, hygiene, and reliability in corrosive environments.
Tratamento Térmico
Heat Treatment of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel isso é not hardened by heat treatment. Instead, heat treatment is used primarily to restore ductility, relieve residual stresses, and maintain corrosion resistance, particularly after cold working or welding.
1. Recozimento de Solução
Propósito:
Restore ductility after cold working
Aliviar tensões residuais
Dissolve any chromium carbides formed during improper heating
Faixa de Temperatura: 1010–1120°C (1850–2050°F)
Refrigeração: Rapid air or water quenching to maintain a fully austenitic structure
Efeito:
Returns mechanical properties to the annealed condition
Maintains corrosion resistance due to low carbon content
2. Alívio do estresse
Propósito: Reduzir tensões residuais de conformação, dobramento ou soldagem
Faixa de Temperatura: 450–650°C (840–1200°F)
Efeito: Minimizes distortion and reduces the risk of stress corrosion cracking without significantly altering mechanical properties
3. Cold-Worked Condition Considerations
Cold working increases strength but decreases ductility.
Intermediate solution annealing may be performed to restore formability for subsequent fabrication steps.
4. Post-Weld Heat Treatment
Usually not required for corrosion resistance due to low carbon content (<0.03%).
Stress relief annealing may be applied in critical high-temperature or dimension-sensitive applications.
5. Limitações
Tratamento térmico faz não aumenta significativamente a dureza; 304L relies on cold working for strengthening.
Prolonged exposure to temperatures above ~500°C may slightly reduce cold work strengthening effects.
Resumo
Heat treatment of 304L stainless steel is primarily for stress relief, ductility restoration, and maintaining corrosion resistance. Solution annealing and controlled stress relief ensure optimal mechanical and chemical performance, making 304L ideal for welded, cold-worked, and moderately high-temperature applications.
Laminação a Frio
Cold Working of 304L Stainless Steel
304L stainless steel is a low-carbon austenitic stainless steel with excellent cold-working characteristics. Cold working increases Força e dureza through work hardening, while maintaining good corrosion resistance and ductility.
1. Comportamento de Encruamento
304L work-hardens during cold deformation, increasing tensile and yield strength.
Excessive cold working reduces ductility, so intermediate annealing may be required for extensive forming.
2. Processos de Trabalho em Comum para Gripe
Rolamento: For sheets, strips, and plates
Desenho For wires, tubes, and rods
Dobragem e Conformação: For clips, brackets, and structural components
Estampagem e Repuxo: For intricate parts or industrial components
3. Mechanical Properties Control
O trabalho a frio permite o ajuste de resistência à tração, limite de escoamento e dureza.
Extensive cold working may necessitate têmpera de recozimento to restore ductility before further processing.
4. Efeito na Resistência à Corrosão
304L’s low carbon content prevents precipitação de carbeto de cromo, maintaining corrosion resistance even after significant cold work.
Unlike standard 304, 304L is highly resistant to corrosão intergranular em áreas soldadas ou muito trabalhadas.
5. Considerações Pós-Formatação
Solution annealing may be applied for stress relief and restoring formability if multiple cold-forming steps are required.
Cold working may induce slight magnetism due to minor martensitic transformation, but this is typically negligible.
6. Aplicações que Utilizam Trabalho a Frio
Molassas, clipes e fixadores
Componentes estruturais que exigem maior resistência
Tubes, rods, and wire for chemical and food processing
Components requiring formability combined with corrosion resistance
Resumo
304L stainless steel exhibits excelentes propriedades de trabalho a frio, allowing increased strength through work hardening while maintaining corrosion resistance. Proper management of deformation and intermediate annealing ensures high-quality, durable components for industrial, chemical, food-processing, and structural applications.
